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In recent times, it has been witnessed that wireless systems based on IoT-based have developed rapidly in various sectors. The IoT (Internet of Things) is the network in which physical devices, equipment, sensors and other objects can communicate among themselves without human involvement. The WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) is a central component of the IoT, which has proliferated into several different applications in real-time. The IoT and WSNs now have various critical and non-critical applications impacting nearly every area of our everyday life. WSN nodes are usually small and battery-driven machines. Thus, the energy effective data aggregation techniques that increase the lifespan of the network are highly significant. Various approaches and algorithms for energy-efficient data aggregation in IoT-WSN systems were presented. This paper reviews the literature with specific attention to aspects of wireless networking for the preservation of energy and aggregation of data.

Purpose This paper aims to determine the regression rate using wax fuels for three different grain configurations and find a suitable grain port design for hybrid rocket application. Design/methodology/approach The design methodology of this work includes different grain port designs and subsequent selection of solid fuels for a suitable hybrid rocket application. A square, a cylindrical and a five-point star grained were designed and prepared using paraffin and beeswax fuels. They were tested in a laboratory-scale rocket with gaseous oxygen to study the effectiveness of solid fuels on these grain structures. The regression rate by static fire testing of these wax fuels was analyzed. Findings Beeswax performance is better than that of paraffin wax fuel for all three designs, and the five-slotted star fuel port grain attained the best performance. Beeswax fuel attained an average regression rate ≈of 1.35 mm/s as a function of oxidizer mass flux Gox ≈ 111.8 kg/m2 s and for paraffin wax 1.199 mm/s at Gox ≈ 121 kg/m2 s with gaseous oxygen. The local regression rates of fuels increased in the range of 0.93–1.194 mm/s at oxidizer mass flux range of 98–131 kg/m2 s for cylindrical grain, 0.99–1.21 mm/s at oxidizer mass flux range of 96–129 kg/m2s for square grain and 1.12–1.35 mm/s at oxidizer mass flux range of 91–126 kg/m2 s for a star grain. A complete set of the regression rate formulas is obtained for all three-grain designs as a function of oxidizer flux rate. Research limitations/implications The experiment has been performed for a lower chamber pressure up to 10 bar. Originality/value Different grain configurations were designed according to the required dimension of the combustion chamber, injector and exhaust nozzle of the design of a lab-scale hybrid rocket, and input parameters were selected and analyzed.

In Tamil Nadu, India, the old wind turbines installed in 1988 have to be repowered and replaced by modern/advanced technological wind turbines. A solar power plant can be set up using the vast area between the wind turbines on the farm. The economic evaluation must be carried out to determine whether this hybrid project is economically beneficial. This article aims to examine the financial viability of repowering old wind turbines with solar power plants’ inclusion. According to the initial investment costs specified within fixed areas and the distance between turbines, the issue is articulated as optimizing the net present value (NPV) of the project. In this study, the economic investigation on the wind farm located in Kayathar was explored by replacing 30 numbers of 200 kW old wind turbines with modern wind turbines of 2000–3000 kW and installing the solar power plant between wind turbines, excluding the shadow region of wind turbines. The HOMER Pro software and Excel spreadsheet were used to analyze the optimal allocation, economic, electricity production, and sensitivity analyses of the effective hybrid systems. The value of electricity prices was measured using the levelized cost of energy and NPV methods. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis of the chosen parameters for the internal rate of return and debt service coverage ratio was estimated for wind and solar hybridization. The economic analysis suggests satisfactory profitability for the project, even without depending on subsidies. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis helps one see the consequences of the risk on the life of the wind farm and its impact on the project’s productivity and performance.

Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) addresses the drawbacks of Mobile Users (MU) where the in-depth evaluation of mobile applications is transferred to a centralized cloud via a wireless medium to reduce load, therefore optimizing resources. In this paper, we consider the resource (i.e., bandwidth and memory) allocation problem to support mobile applications in a MCC environment. In such an environment, Mobile Cloud Service Providers (MCSPs) form a coalition to create a resource pool to share their resources with the Mobile Cloud Users. To enhance the welfare of the MCSPs, a method for optimal resource allocation to the mobile users called, Poisson Linear Deep Resource Allocation (PL-DRA) is designed. For resource allocation between mobile users, we formulate and solve optimization models to acquire an optimal number of application instances while meeting the requirements of mobile users. For optimal application instances, the Poisson Distributed Queuing model is designed. The distributed resource management is designed as a multithreaded model where parallel computation is provided. Next, a Linear Gradient Deep Resource Allocation (LG-DRA) model is designed based on the constraints, bandwidth, and memory to allocate mobile user instances. This model combines the advantage of both decision making (i.e. Linear Programming) and perception ability (i.e. Deep Resource Allocation). Besides, a Stochastic Gradient Learning is utilized to address mobile user scalability. The simulation results show that the Poisson queuing strategy based on the improved Deep Learning algorithm has better performance in response time, response overhead, and energy consumption than other algorithms.

The developments in information and communication technology in the digital age are primarily based on the IoT. The IoT-based services are enhancing the real world progress of the domestic/commercial/industrial sector. IoT-based automation is more common and all electrical gadgets are networked to monitor the operating condition without human interference. This helped us to develop an idea to manage the illumination control of electrical systems in the workplace to control the excess heat and light ray reflection. The sensors sense the operations of selected gadgets over a smart phone. The gadgets data are monitored around the globe in real time, either for easy access or security purposes. Gadgets operating information is sent to the cloud via wifi module with ESP8266 and router support. This work uses the Adafruit cloud and obtains data. In order to track the working state, the user can view the data in the Adafruit dash board and also be authenticated to the public to view same.

BiSb nanoparticles were synthesized by solvothermal method. The synthesized material having a trigonal structure with space group R3m was confirmed through X-ray diffraction pattern. The Williamson-Hall method was employed to analyze the lattice stress and micro-strain produced in the BiSb nanoparticles. On the prepared material surface morphology studies were carried out using HR-SEM with EDXA. UV-visible absorption spectrum shows a wide absorption peak at 287 nm and the estimated band gap value is at Eg = 1.6 eV (from Tauc plot). The values of remanent polarization Pr = 0.156 μC/cm2, saturation polarization Ps = 0.253 μC/cm2, and coercive electric field Ec = 13.5 kV/cm obtained from the loop were close to the value. The BiSb nanoparticles exhibit semi-metallic-reported characteristics. This material is useful for thermoelectric power generation applications.

This article has been retracted at the request of the Publisher. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal

The regulations of legislative bodies regarding the recycling and reusage of automotive materials has caused a great deal of obligation among automotive manufacturers to use natural fibres or green composites. Green composites or more commonly known as bio-composites are made up of natural fibres. Natural fibres are used by humankind since prehistoric times. The natural fibre is obtained from plants as well as animals. Since the natural fibre is obtained from natural as well as biological resources, it is biodegradable and recyclable. This paper presents the study and analysis conducted to address the suitability of natural fibre in the automotive industry. This paper discusses the finite element analysis of four different natural fibre composites used for making car door panel, i.e., flax, jute, sisal, and leather are taken for the material study. This paper helps to find the effectiveness of each of the four natural fibre composites that have already been used in the automotive sector. This paper includes the analysis of four different natural fibres with and without the addition of the aluminium as the reinforcement material. This project revolves around the design of the composite fibre sheet and analysis of the mechanical parameters such as equivalent stress, shear stress, strain, deformation, and so on. The studies and observations of the analysis showed that the natural fibre with the aluminium reinforcement proved to be much stronger than that without the reinforcement. The results of finite element analysis showcased lowest total deformation and equivalent strain in the flax as 1.026 m and 0.017 mm/mm, respectively. However, sisal showed the lowest equivalent stress and shear stress which were 68.09 and 38.178 MPa, respectively. Additionally, leather showed the highest amount of stress, strain, and deformation, and hence leather was deemed to have undesirable properties regarding the usage in car door panels. All the materials except leather were found to be safe under the loading conditions. Hence, the flax fibre is recommended by the project to have superior properties compared to the other materials.

The aim of this work is to study the attainable velocities for a supersonic diffuser. Numerical analysis is carried out to identify the supersonic characteristics. The deceleration of air from free stream supersonic velocities in the 2D channel has been studied and analysed at a specific altitude. Ramp instalment maximizes the total pressure recovery. The geometry is generated in CATIA software and 2-D flow numerical simulation is done using ANSYS-CFD V15.0. Flow analysis is done by keeping the altitude constant and varying the inlet Mach number. A comprehensive study from the analysis provides the range in which Mach number at the inlet can be varied for a supersonic aircraft. The obtained flow phenomena in the supersonic diffuser domain are reported with the help of Mach number, static pressure, and velocity plots.

Acute pancreatitis is one of the dreaded complications of hypertriglyceridemia. According to the literature, 7% of cases of acute pancreatitis are due to hypertriglyceridemia or chylomicronemia associated with genetic defects in the lipid metabolism. Here, we report a 17-day-old baby, who presented as a case of necrotizing enterocolitis. Incidental phlebotomy showed pink creamy serum. This highly suggestive of hypertriglyceridemia, lipid profile study was done that confirmed elevated serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels with decreased high-density lipoprotein. To minimize the risk of pancreatitis, exchange transfusion, a procedure widely performed in neonatology was sought to, that dramatically reduced the serum TG and cholesterol levels. Baby was then started on skimmed milk, fenofibrate, and medium-chain TGs oil to maintain the plasma TG levels low. Genetic analysis confirmed the diagnosis of type I hyperlipoproteinemia/familial combined hyperlipidemia-3. This report emphasizes the importance of suspecting hypertriglyceridemia on witnessing milky serum so that early intervention with novel modalities such as exchange transfusion can prevent complications such as acute pancreatitis.

There are several defect that are occurring in fabrics they occur in the form of a hole, mark, improper stitch, oil stains, missed threads etc. The common thing about these defect are, they cannot be viewed by the naked eye. Hence we firmly say that they defects cannot be effectively identified by manual inspection. However, a much-automated method of inspection is essential. Hence, we are going for computer vision based defect detection. The primary requirement about computer vision is a full-fledged camera that can capture even minute defects. We use K-means clustering along with FCM segmentation in order to segment the flaws efficiently. The classifier used here is SVM classifier, with sensible classification rates of up to 98.9%.

The aim of this project is to study the effect of flow inside the subsonic co-axial nozzle used in aircraft turbofan engine. The study has been carried out by varying the Mach number of secondary flow by maintaining the constant Mach number of primary flow. The coaxial nozzle of the circular section was designed and analysed using CATIA and ANSYS V15.0 software for a Mach number range of 0.3 to 0.6 with secondary sub-sonic flow .The pressure and velocity contours were investigated along the flow. The increase in the velocity difference between the primary and secondary flow results in more turbulence which in turn decreases the potential core length.

In this modern era, power generation seems to be a very demanding factor. New models and methods have been proposed to derive from various natural and manmade resources. In such instances, this paper gives a detailed report on the power generation from Micro Turbines. Micro turbine plays a very important role in electric power generation. Especially they are used in the combined cycle process power plants. The parameters of Rowen’s model 265-MW single shaftheavy duty gas turbines which are used in dynamic studies are estimated in this paper using the operational and performance data. These data are also used to briefly explain the extraction of parameters of the used model. Micro turbine parameters are approximated using simple thermodynamics assumptions. Micro turbine power generation seems to be an uprising and a promising source and an exact design with a perfect model is capable of producing the highest efficiency. Thus this paper is proposed on the aspects of social awareness to elaborate the control design of Micro Turbine Power Generation System. The parameters of micro turbine models are derived and the results of several simulated tests using Matlab/Simulink are presented.

Digitization of images usually suffer from poor image quality, lack of contrast and presence of shading and artifacts, to improve quality of image, especially in effectiveness or attractiveness enhancement is required, The main objective is to enhance the color image by converting the RGB value of each pixel of the original image to HSV then 2D-DWT applied to the luminance value of V component. It decomposes the original image into four sub bands. The low frequency sub band is smoothened by using geometric mean filter. Then the IDWT applied with new low frequency and other sub bands. The enhanced V is combined with H and S are converted back into RGB. The experimental results vividly displays the proposed algorithm is efficient to enough to remove the noise resulting good enhancement and then achieved increased value of PSNR and reducing value of MSE. The above proposed scheme implemented in Xilinx Spartan-6 FPGA for increasing the speed greatly and reduces the size of the needed storage space.

The present study deals with the application of the Magneto-Rheological (MR) fluid assisted semi-active damper as a replacement to the conventional suspension system in Maruti 800 car (source vehicle). MR fluid damper is designed, fabricated and automated with a microcontroller. This experimentation is carried out with real time instrumentation on the selected road profile as a vehicle dynamic approach. Results obtained from the travel imply that MR fluid suspension suppresses the vibrations more effectively than the existing passive damper system. The MR fluid dampens the acceleration and displacement of the piston to a greater extent thereby controlling the ride comfort.

This paper deals with the fabrication of test specimens of Glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), Glass-Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (G-CFRP) and Carbon glass fiber reinforced plastic (C-GFRP) by using hand layup method. The low velocity point load setup was fabricated and fixed in the milling machine by using cam pointer arrangement. The specimens have been subjected to the low velocity point load for specific duration by exposure time such as 0,15,30,45 and 60 minutes. Then impact and DMA tests are also carried out for the above specimens. From the DMA test results it was found that the storage modulus and loss factor of GFRP specimen are high compared with others. Izod impact test result shows that impact strength of G-CFRP specimen is high. The flexural results reveals that among the four types of laminates CFRP gives higher order of flexural strength and modulus compared to the others

Background: Stenosing tenosynovitis of the thumb is an inflammation of flexor tendon sheath of A1 pulley. Percutaneous release has recently gained popularity. Successful percutaneous release depends upon proper prediction of the location of the A1 pulley and circumventing injury to the neurovascular bundles. The aim of this study was to determine the safety of percutaneous release of trigger thumb.Methods: Twenty eight patients were included in the study between 2015 and 2018. All the patients were percutaneously released using push-pull technique. Steroid injection was given following the release. Quinnell grading, patient questionnaire and visual analogue scale score was used to assess the patients at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 6 months and 1 year.Results: Satisfactory results were found in 93% of patients. Two patients complained of pain and swelling till third week. No digital nerve injury occurred in any patients.Conclusions: Percutaneous trigger thumb release using this push-pull technique is a simple and a safe technique with very minimal complications.

The predicted global energy emergency expected shortly is due to the fast exhaustion of conventional fossil non-renewable energy source assets and reliably decreasing expenses of solar photovoltaic (SPV) modules. This photovoltaic (PV) power conversion stage prompts an expanded cost, size, unpredictability and diminished effectiveness for automotive applications. As an advanced system, the solar PV fed brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) is being used for most of the automotive applications. A primary control method fit for working the solar PV array at its peak power utilizes a conventional voltage source inverter (VSI) to control proposed fractional order BLDCM chaos control utilizing versatile threshold optimization (VTO) algorithm. The SPV is used as primary sources while the battery as reinforcement. The proposed control takes out the BLDCM phase using current control techniques. No extra power is related to the speed control of BLDCM and its fine start. The suitability of proposed framework is shown through its execution assessment utilizing MATLAB2017a programming in light of the simulated results and experimental approval on a created model, under practical operating conditions. Execution of the proposed FPGA-based control drive of BLDC motor is likewise researched through experimental test setup utilizing SPARTAN-6 FPGA, the run-time data are analyzed through IOT network using Adaptive Least Square Regression. The proposed system simulation result is justified by the hardware result.

In this paper, we propose an survey on heterogeneous wireless sensor network (HWSN) and how the efficiency and redundancy management is exploit in the various methods .Here timeliness and security are main concern to maximize the system lifetime by ensuring various methods like Intrusion detection system (ids), multipath routing, etc, The main goal of the paper is to reveal various methods which are used to maintain best redundancy level and increasing the energy efficiency. I. Introduction: Wireless sensors networks (WSN) are planned in unattended surroundings in which energy replacement is difficult if not possible. Due to partial income, a WSN should not only assure the application specific QoS requirements such as timeliness, security, and reliability, but also reduce energy consumption to extend the system helpful lifetime. The WSN aim is maximize the system lifetime exchange between the energy consumption vs. reliability. However, no previous work exists to consider the exchange in the presence of malicious attackers. It is commonly believed in the explore neighborhood that cluster is an effective solution for reach scalability, energy conservation, and reliability. If use homogeneous nodes which rotate among themselves in the roles of cluster heads (CHs) and sensor nodes (SNs) leveraging CH election protocols such as HEED (10) for lifetime maximization has been consider. Demonstrated that using heterogeneous nodes can further improve performance and extend the system lifetime. In the last case, nodes with greater resources provide as CHs performing computation all intensive tasks while inexpensive less capable SNs are utilized mainly for sensing the environment. The tradeoff issue between energy consumption vs. QoS increase becomes much more difficult when inside attackers are present as a path may be broken when a malicious node in the path. The case in heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) environments in which CH nodes may take a more critical role in gathering and routing intellect data. The system would occupy an intrusion detection system (IDS) with the purpose to detect and remove the malicious node. While the literature is plentiful in intrusion detection techniques for WSNs (3), the issue of how often intrusion detection should be invoked for energy reasons in order to remove potentially malicious nodes so that the system lifetime is maximized are largely unfamiliar. The issue is particularly dangerous for energy constrained WSNs designed to stay alive for a long mission time. The multipath routing is regard as an efficient mechanism designed for fault and intrusion tolerance to get better data release in WSNs. The basic idea is that the probability of at least one path reaching the sink node or base station increases as we have more paths doing data delivery. The most previous research focused on using multipath routing to improve reliability (3), some attention has been paid to using multipath routing to tolerate inside attacks. These studies, still, mainly unobserved the exchange between QoS gain vs. energy consumption which can harmfully shorten the system lifetime. The research problem we are addressing in this paper is efficient redundancy management of a clustered HWSN to extend its lifetime process in the presence of unreliable and malicious nodes. We address the exchange between energy consumption vs. QoS gain in as timeliness, security, and reliability through the goal to exploit the lifetime of a clustered HWSN as fulfilling application QoS requirements in the environment of multipath routing. We study the best amount of redundancy through which data are routed to a remote sink in the presence of unreliable and malicious nodes, so query success probability is exploiting while maximizing the HWSN lifetime. This optimization problem designed for the case in which a voting based distributed intrusion detection algorithm is used to eliminate malicious nodes from the Heterogeneous Wireless sensor network (HWSN). Our contribution is a model-based analysis methodology by which the optimal multipath redundancy levels and intrusion detection settings may be identified for satisfying application QoS requirements while maximizing the lifetime of HWSNs. For the issue of intrusion tolerance through multipath routing, there are two major problems to solve one is how many paths to use and second one is what path to use. To the finest of our information, we are the first to address the "how many path to use" problem designed for the "what path to use" problem, our evolution on the before than is different from presented effort in that we do not consider specific routing protocols, nor the use of feedback information to explain the trouble. Somewhat, for energy conservation, we use a distributed light-weight IDS by

Location-Based Services (LBS) is used to identify the current location of the user and the user is able to search the point of interest such as hotels, parks which is located near to him. Many of the systems are still using GPS to search any location which does not have privacy. The systems which are proposed earlier have some drawbacks on privacy. The proposed system provides privacy by using Dynamic Grid System (DGS). DGS provides continuous connection with the base station and whenever the user request to find location by querying he has to reveal his current location to the base station. To find the nearby Point Of Interest (POI) the K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm is used. K-Nearest Neighbour provides the user required POI even if the user is on the move. The system uses semi-trusted third party which is known as Query Server (QS) which do not collect and store any information of the user.

Concrete usage around the world is second only to water. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is conventionally used as the primary binder to produce concrete. But the amount of carbon dioxide released during the manufacture of OPC due to the calcinations of lime stone and combustion of fossil fuel is in the order of 600 kg for every ton of OPC produced. In addition, the extent of energy requires to produce OPC is only next to steel and aluminum. On the other hand, the abundant availability of fly ash worldwide creates opportunity to utilize (by ‐ product of burning coal, regarded as a waste material) as substitute for OPC to manufacture concrete. Binders could be produced by polymeric reaction of alkali liquids with the silicon and the aluminum in the source materials such as fly ash and rice husk ash and these binders are termed as Geopolymer. In Geopolymer Concrete, fly ash and aggregates are mixed with alkaline liquids such as a combination of Sodium Silicate and Sodium Hydroxide. United Nation’s Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC) prepared a report on global warming during April 2007 which enlists various methods of reduction of CO2 emissions into atmosphere. As per that report, unmindful pumping of CO2 into the atmosphere is the main culprit for the climate change. Large volume of fly ash is being produced by thermal power stations and part of the fly ash produced is used in concrete industry, low laying area fill, roads and embankment, brick manufacturing etc. The balance amount of fly ash is being stored in fly ash ponds. Hence it is imperative on the part of Scientists and Engineers to devise suitable methodologies for the disposal of fly ash. Disposal of fly ash has the objective of saving vast amount of land meant for ash pond to store fly ash. Further, use of fly ash as a value added material as in the case of geopolymer concrete, reduces the consumption of cement. Reduction of cement usage will reduce the production of cement which in turn cut the CO2 emissions. Many researchers have worked on the development of geopolymer cement and concrete for the past ten years. The time has come for the review of progress made in the field of development of geopolymer concrete. Consequently 102 papers pertaining to the ingredients and technology of geopolymer concrete have been reviewed in this state of the art paper.

The color space conversion employs a significant function in preprocessing phase of digital image processing. Color conversion can improve the quality of images. The color space conversion is used in various applications such as commercial, multimedia, computer vision, visual tracking systems etc. The objective is to convert one color space to another and the inverse of same. Various color space conversions are used such as RGBHSV, RGBHSI and RGBHSL. The conversion process can be done using color space conversion algorithm. The hardware realization of color space conversion models can be implemented by using Xilinx System Generator (XSG) is implemented on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Spartan-6 XC6SLX16 Family. Finally, the above color space conversion models are implemented in real time and then tabulated in terms of percentage resources utilization and power report of various color space models. By means of color conversion the efficiency and speed are increased.

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines have become popular due to their inherent potential for reduction of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption to meet increasingly stringent environmental standards. These en- gines require high-pressure fuel injection in order to improve the fuel atomization process and accelerate mixture preparation. The conventional diesel engine was modified to GDI engine by increasing the clearance volume. The compression ratio (CR) 17:1 of the diesel engine was modified to CR 9:1. By the use of GDI engine we can able to reduce the losses in carburetor like evaporation. Also it help to avoid fuel wall film in the manifold improved accuracy of air/fuel ratio, CO2 emission also reduce, increased performance and volumetric efficiency due to cooling air charge , better cold start performance and better drive comfort . A set of test was done at dif- ferent spark angles (16°,18° and 20°) and injection start angle (90°,120° and 150°) respectively keeping the particular constant like air - fuel ratio 14:67 , water flow rate (2L/min) and speed at 1500 rpm . During the test exhaust gas released like CO, HC, NOx , CO2 and O2 at different load and degree of spark angle advance and SOI angle has been determined The exhaust gases decreases in every gases like HC, CO, NOx except O2 which increases load and brake power irrespective for all different spark angles and SOI of ATDC. According to test condition and experiment set up spark angle of 20° BTDC and 150° ATDC SOI are appropriatefor obtaining better performance and exhaust gas emission.

To improve the efficiency of supersonic combustion apart from cavity flows, micro vortex generator is an active research for high speed combustion. The effectiveness of such vortex generators greatly depends on location and strength of growing boundary layer, which makes the experimental study complicated thereby numerical simulation becomes a useful tool prior to experiments. Reacting flow simulations have been carried out for cavity based and micro vortex based combustor using a commercial software FLUENT. At the combustor inlet, pure air is considered and kerosene is injected from the wall surfaces. It was found that at the exit plane there is considerable amount of unburnt kerosene vapour in the core regions and unused oxygen in the side wall regions in the baseline combustor due to improper fuel air mixing. Modified combustor with micro vortex generators is found to improve the fuel air mixing and performance of combustor. These results helped to understand the effectiveness of vortex generators as a mixing enhancing device in high speed combustion flows.

Outlier detection in multivariate dataset is not quite trivial when compared to univariate. The tediousness in multivariate outlier is due to presence of swamping and masking effect which portrays an ideal sample point as outlier instead of true one. To overcome all this problems, robust techniques can be applied instead of classical outlier detection methods because the latter fails to find out the correct outlier. This paper enumerates various techniques like Mahalanobis, Cook’s, Leverage points, DFFITS, minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) and minimum covariance determinant (MCD) for detection of outliers or anomalies in multivariate space and best will be identified. Researchers can use that technique to identify outliers before going for analysis, as this will assist in significant results.

Background/Context: The online narrative of the cancer care continuum shows an alarming rise in pseudoscience-driven material; often acting to confuse patients who are in the cancer journey, especially those with inadequate information, for making various decisions on cancer treatment and care. This worrying phenomenon is co-opting more patients away from scientifically tested care strategies. Sentiment analysis refers to the use of natural language processing, text analysis, computational linguistics, and biometrics to systematically identify, extract, quantify, and study affective states and subjective information in populations. Working together, MIMOS Berhad, Malaysia's largest Applied Research and Development Centre in Information and Communications Technology, Industrial Electronics Technology and Nano-Semiconductor Technology; and the National Cancer Society of Malaysia aimed to tackle this serious health systems gap in provision of health information to cancer patients, families and the larger public. Aim: The aim of this project was to construct a sentiment analysis tool on cancer and develop an expert-driven support network for utilizing this tool for identifying pseudoscience-related cancer discussions and material in the Malaysian online space; and act to counterbalance these discussions with scientific facts. Strategy/Tactics: First, the tool was evaluated to determine its accuracy in identifying cancer-related pseudoscience news in the Malaysian context. This was done by having content experts objectively ascertain the analysis carried out by the tool. Once consensus had been reached with the experts, the tool was deployed. The support system mechanism consisted of a voluntarily recruited expert panel consisting of healthcare professionals briefed on the mechanism of the tool. Once the tool was deployed, the resultant analysis was shared out to the expert panel who then responded; counterbalancing the pseudoscience material identified in the respective online medium with accurate information. Program/Policy process: The sentiment analysis tool deployed machine learning, statistics, and natural language processing techniques to automate sentiment analysis on large collections of online cancer-related texts, including Web pages, online news, Internet discussion groups, online reviews, Web blogs, and social media. The tool was combined with a support-systems network of healthcare professionals who acted on the analysis results. A weekly run analysis and feedback mechanism was determined to be viable in terms of turn-around-time (TOT) while still remaining 'current' in the fast-paced online scene. Outcomes/What was learned: A marriage of an artificial intelligence system backed by human content experts can be a viable, sustainable mechanism in reducing the impact of pseudoscience in the online cancer ecosphere and help in provisioning accurate health information to cancer patients, families and the general public as a whole.

The most commonly used transport system in our country is two wheeler transport system. In that there are varieties of vehicle with vast engine specifications which generate more power. As well as there are many advanced braking system which is invented to reduce or stop the vehicle Even though, the accident rate is increasing day by day. One of the main reasons for the accident is the stopping distance of the vehicle.This project is mainly based on reducing the stopping distance of the vehicle and balancing the vehicle at emergency conditions. We achieve that by creating a drag force against the thrust force. This drag is created with the help of wings which is fixed on both sides of the vehicle. The wings are operated by rack and pinion mechanism which was connected to the starter motor. The starter motor is activated by the driver by means of switch. By implementing our project in commercial vehicle we can reduce the rate of accidents occurring in our day to day life.

Aims: We have previously reported the antidiabetic effect of Cogent db. The present study with alloxan-induced hyperglycaemic rats is focused on the mechanism of action, specifically on the activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, serum and tissue lipids. Methods: Male Wistar rats body weight of 180–200 g (six normal and 18 diabetic rats) were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups after the induction of alloxan diabetes: normal rats; diabetic control; diabetic rats given Cogent db (0.45 g/kg body weight); diabetic rats given glibenclamide (600 µg/kg body weight). After 40 days treatment, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, activities of hepatic lipogenic enzymes, serum and tissue lipids were determined in normal and experimental animals. Results: Oral administration of Cogent db for 40 days resulted in significant reduction in blood glucose, serum and tissue (liver and kidney) lipids, whereas the level of plasma insulin and the activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes were significantly increased in alloxan diabetic rats. Similar studies using glibenclamide have been conducted to compare the mode of action of these two drugs. Conclusions: Thus our study shows that Cogent db exhibits a strong antihyperlipidaemic effect, which could exert a beneficial action against macrovascular complications (cardiovascular disease) associated with diabetes mellitus.

Aims: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of cogent db, a polyherbal drug on blood glucose, plasma insulin and the activities of hepatic glucose metabolic enzymes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats body weight of 180–200 g (six normal and 18 diabetic rats) were used in this study. The rats were divided into four groups after the induction of alloxan diabetes. In the experiment, six rats were used in each group: Group 1, normal rats given 2 ml of saline; Group 2, diabetic control rats given 2 ml of saline; Group 3, diabetic rats given aqueous solution of cogent db (0.45 g/body kg weight); and Group 4, diabetic rats given aqueous solution of glibenclamide (600 µg/kg body weight). The treatment was given for 40 days. After the treatment, fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, urine sugar and the activities of hepatic glucose metabolic enzymes were determined in normal and experimental animals. Results: Treatment with cogent db resulted in a significant reduction in blood glucose and the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the liver, whereas the level of plasma insulin and hepatic hexokinase activity were significantly increased in alloxan-diabetic rats. Conclusions: The present investigation suggests that cogent db controls the blood glucose level by increasing glycolysis and decreasing gluconeogenesis with a lower demand of pancreatic insulin than in untreated rats. This is possible because it regulates the activities of hepatic glucose metabolic enzymes.

In this research we deal with Ant colony-based clustering algorithm (BACCA) for wireless sensor networks which uses low energy adaptive cluster hierarchy (LEACH) as its prototype a good approximation of a proactive network protocol in the case of adaptive routing. Based on this we estimate the amount of energy consumed by these in each case then we use hybrid medium access control (HMAC) used along with TDMA Multiple hop in a single medium access control, end-to-end quality of service, Latency sensitive traffic flows, and high priority channel access. It is shown by computer simulation that these mechanisms result in a significant improvement in energy consumption. Similarly in the final half we do consider the bandwidth utilization using (SFF) and dynamic first fit (DFF) by which we minimize the bandwidth which is a constrain for many user in the case of adaptive routing.

In internal combustion engines, approximately one third of the total fuel input energy was converted into useful work and two-third has loss through exhaust gas and cooling system. Recently research has been focused on the reduction of diesel emitted pollutants due to strict emission regulations. In this study, the effect of ceramic coating to cylinder head, valves and piston crown on diesel engine performance and exhaust emission is examined. Ceramic layers were made by ZrO2 -Al2 O3 by using plasma coating method thickness to about 200 microns. The ceramic coated diesel engine was tested in a single cylinder, four stroke and water cooled DI diesel engine. Second part of the investigation was carried out with the fuel additive di iso propyl ether with thermal barrier coated diesel engine. The results indicate that there is reduction in fuel consumption, NOx emission and slightly increases the thermal efficiency of the engine. The combined effect of coating and fuel additive has significantly reduced the NOx emission.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

Acute scarcity of surface water resources and rapidly falling underground water levels in many regions of the world, have created a compelling need for new fresh water resources, especially for population and industries located in coastal regions. The oceans are mankind’s only reliable and perennial source of water. Seawater Desalination by the Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) process is currently the most cost-effective technology for small as well as large-scale fresh water production from seawater. Due to depletion of fossil fuel reserves, increasing interest is being expressed in the use of Renewable Energy (RE) sources for seawater desalination and amongst the RE Sources, Solar Photo Voltaics (SPV) power is considered as a viable option. The techno-economics both in standalone mode and in PV-biodisel hybrid mode for capacities from 0.05 MLD to 300 MLD are examined here. As a Technology Demonstrator, a plant of 500 litre /day capacity has been designed, installed and functional at Indian Institute of Technology Madras..

One of the principal determinants of business success is technological innovation. New product development is one of the most important components of product policy and product management. Based on the Caterpillar new product development framework and competitive benchmarking, the research objectives of the study are confined to evaluate the adherence of process steps in each of the phases of new product development framework; to plan and build prototype and pilots of the new model of trucks and evaluate the performance of the trucks and to carry out production studies of the new model of trucks with the competitor machines and generate production study data to substantiate the advantages of the new trucks over the competitors. The results of this study determine how systematic adherence to the new product development process at Caterpillar for the introduction of 40/50 ton rear dump trucks has paved the way for the successful production launch of its products.

Aim The aim of the study was to determine whether there is familialclustering of diabetic retinopathy among South Indian Type 2 diabeticsubjects. Methods During the period September 1991 to September 1997, 322 families withat least two diabetic siblings who were registered at our centreand had undergone a retinal examination were selected for the study.The sibling with the longest duration of diabetes was defined as theproband. The prevalence of retinopathy was compared between thesiblings of probands with and without retinopathy. Results Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in 11.2% of the siblingsof the probands without diabetic retinopathy and in 35.3% ofthe siblings of the probands with diabetic retinopathy (P

Cogent db, a compound herbal drug, was investigated for its possible antidiabetic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 g/kg body wt. of the aqueous solution of Cogent db for 40 days exhibited a significant reduction in blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and increased plasma insulin, total haemoglobin along with antihyperlipidemic effects in diabetic rats. The effective dose was found to be 0.45 g/kg body wt. It also prevents body weight loss in diabetic rats. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in experimental diabetic rats in which there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in rats treated with Cogent db. A comparison was made between the action of Cogent db and a known antidiabetic drug — glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body wt.). The antidiabetic effect of Cogent db was more effective than that observed with glibenclamide.

As an attempt to suggest an alternate fuel for diesel with less emission, the effects of diesel-hexanol blends, blended in different percentage ranging from 10%-50% by volume were experimentally investigated on a single-cylinder, water-cooled, direct injection Diesel engine developing a power output of 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm and the results show improved performance with blends compared to neat fuel with substantial reductions in smoke and increase of NOx emissions. Combustion analysis show peak pressure and rate of pressure rise were increased with increase in hexanol. For this reason it is examined the use of hot exhaust gas recirculation to control NOx emissions. From the analysis of experimental findings it is revealed the use of exhaust gas recirculation causes a sharp reduction of NOx with a slight reduction of engine efficiency which in any case does not alter the benefits obtained from the oxygenated fuel.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) has been reported to be common among subjects with diabetes. However, there are not much therapeutic options for NAFL. In this open labeled clinical trial we studied the effect of Essentiale in diabetic subjects with NAFL. Twenty-eight type 2 diabetic patients attending the out-patient division of M.V. Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai and satisfying the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. High resolution B mode ultrasonography was carried out for diagnosis of NAFL. Liver function markers [Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Gamma Glutamyl transferase (GGT)] were measured. 22 out of the 28 patients (78.5%) were available for follow up. The mean age of the study subjects was 41±8 years and 50% were males. A significant reduction in all the liver enzymes were observed after Essentiale treatment (baseline vs. six months after treatment: ALT: 54.5± 29.6 IU/L vs. 37.1±18.7 IU/L, p< 0.05, AST: 38.0±18.0 IU/L vs. 27.6±12.4 IU/L, p< 0.05, GGT: 38.7±27.5 IU/L vs. 29.6±13.8 IU/L, p< 0.05). Ultrasound studies revealed that the hepatic echotexture improved after Essentiale treatment in 12/22 (54.5%) of the study subjects, while there was no change in 9/22 (40.9%), and it worsened in only one patient (4.5%). The study results suggest that Essentiale protects and improves liver function in diabetic subjects with NAFL. Prospective, blinded clinical trials are required to confirm these findings.