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Periodic breathing is a respiratory pattern typical of preterm infants, but its clinical significance has not been clarified yet. The present study was designed to investigate whether the presence of periodic breathing is specifically associated to low post-conceptional ages, preterm birth, or common clinical disorders related to preterm birth.The study included 271 consecutive infants submitted to neonatal polysomnography, of whom 138 were born before 37 complete gestational weeks (preterm) and 133 were full-term. The main outcome measure was periodic breathing. A multivariate analysis was performed to test the specific impact of preterm birth, respiratory distress syndrome and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy on the occurrence of periodic breathing, with adjustment for potential confounding factors such as the post-conceptional age by the time of the polysomnography.Periodic breathing was twice more frequent in infants born before term (83/138 [60%]) than in full-term babies (41/133 [31%], chi2 = 22.3, P0.0001). The presence of periodic breathing was not significantly associated to either hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy or respiratory distress syndrome. After a multivariate analysis, only preterm birth remained in the regression model as a specific risk factor for periodic breathing (adjusted odds ratio=5.62, P0.0001).Periodic breathing is a respiratory pattern independently associated with preterm birth, and this association cannot be imputed to the coexistence of either respiratory distress syndrome or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy among preterm infants.The finding of periodic breathing in neonatal polysomnography correlates with preterm birth but not with its associated clinical disorders.

INTRODUCTION: X-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia (XLAG) is a recently described genetic disorder caused by mutation in the aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene (Xp22.13). Patients present with lissencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, refractory epilepsy of neonatal onset, acquired microcephaly and male genotype with ambiguous genitalia. CASE REPORT: Second child born to healthy nonconsanguineous parents, presented with seizures within the first hour of life that remained refractory to phenobarbital, phenytoin and midazolam. Examination identified microcephaly, axial hypotonia, pyramidal signs and ambiguous genitalia. EEG showed disorganized background activity and seizures starting at the right midtemporal, central and occipital regions. MRI showed diffuse pachygyria, moderate thickening of the cortex, enlarged ventricles, agenesis of the corpus callosum and septum pellucidum. Karyotype showed a 46,XY genotype. Additional findings were hypercalciuria, vesicoureteral reflux, patent ductus arteriosus and chronic diarrhea. INTRODUÇÃO: Lisencefalia com genitália ambígua ligada ao X (XLAG) é doença genética recentemente descrita, causada por mutação no gene aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) (Xp22.13). Os pacientes apresentam lisencefalia, agenesia de corpo caloso, epilepsia refratária com início no período neonatal, microcefalia adquirida e genótipo masculino com genitália ambígua. RELATO DE CASO: Segundo filho de pais não-consangüíneos, apresentou crises na primeira hora de vida que permaneceram refratárias a fenobarbital, fenitoína e midazolam. Apresentava microcefalia, hipotonia axial, sinais de liberação piramidal e genitália ambígua. EEG demonstrou atividade de base desorganizada, crises convulsivas com início nas regiões temporal-média, central e occipital direitas. RNM demonstrou paquigiria difusa, moderado espessamento do córtex, ventrículos aumentados, agenesia de corpo caloso e septo pelúcido. Cariótipo evidenciou genótipo 46,XY. Achados adicionais foram: hipercalciúria, refluxo vésico-ureteral, ducto arterioso persistente e diarréia crônica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate classification, EEG tracings and neuroimage following the first episode of unprovoked epileptic seizure in a pediatric population. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with first episode of unprovoked epileptic seizure from May 2000 to May 2005 were included. All subjects were submitted to EEG and cranial CT in the first 72 hours after the event. Seizures were classified according to the ILAE classification criteria of 1981. RESULTS: 387 patients, 214 (55.3%) male, average age 4.2 years. Neuropsicomotor development was normal in 315 (81.4%) patients. Seizure classification: 167 (43.15%) generalized, tonic-clonic being the most frequent of these (105/62.85%), followed by typical absence (22/13.17%), clonic (20/11.98%), tonic (13/7.78%) and atonic (7/4.19%). Focal seizures: 220 (56.85%), complex partial with secondary generalization as the most common of these (81/36.82%). EEG was normal in 208 (53.75%) cases. Brain atrophy was the most frequent abnormality on cranial CT. DISCUSSION: The majority of the children had normal neurodevelopment after a first unprovoked epileptic seizure. Partial seizures were more frequent than generalized seizures. Early EEG identifies interictal paroxysms or focal slowing in virtually half the patients. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a classificação, resultados de EEG e de neuroimagem após a primeira crise epiléptica não-provocada em uma população pediátrica. METODOLOGIA: Pacientes atendidos entre maio de 2000 e maio de 2005 com diagnóstico de primeira crise epiléptica não-provocada. Todos foram submetidos a EEG e tomografia de crânio nas primeiras 72 horas após o evento. As crises foram classificadas segundo a Classificação da ILAE, 1981. RESULTADOS: 387 pacientes, sendo 214 (55.30%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 4.2 anos. O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor foi normal em 315 (81.40%) pacientes. Classificação das crises: 167 (43.15%) generalizadas, das quais a mais freqüente foi a crise tônico-clônica (105/62.85%), seguida pelas crises de ausência típica (22/13.17%), clônica (20/11.98%), tônica (13/7.78%) e atônica (7/4.19%). Crises focais: 220 (56.85%), sendo a crise parcial complexa com generalização secundária a mais freqüente (81/36.82%). EEG normal em 208 (53.75%) casos. A anormalidade mais observada na tomografia de crânio foi atrofia cerebral. CONCLUSÕES: A maioria das crianças apresentou desenvolvimento neuro-psicomotor normal após a primeira crise epiléptica não-provocada. Crises parciais foram mais freqüentes que as generalizadas. EEG realizado precocemente identifica paroxismos interictais ou alentecimentos focais em praticamente metade dos pacientes.