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Probiotics have been suggested as a potential intervention for improving outcomes, particularly ventilatory-associated pneumonia, in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, with the rapid development of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is little direct evidence available in infected patients. The objective of this scoping review is to examine the availability and nature of literature describing the effect of probiotics in adults with conditions or infections similar to COVID-19 infection on related health outcomes. MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, and Cochrane Databases were searched for studies published from 1999 to May 1, 2020, examining the effect of probiotics in conditions applicable to individuals infected with COVID-19, including, but not limited to, other forms of coronavirus, critical illness, and mechanical ventilation. The databases search identified 1925 unique articles, 77 full-text articles were reviewed, and 48 studies were included in this scoping review, including 31 primary studies and 17 systematic reviews. Primary studies examined a range of interventions that varied by probiotic diversity and types, including 8 studies that focused on synbiotics, which include both pre- and probiotics. Several systematic reviews examined the effect of probiotics on ventilator-associated pneumonia and other infections. Although most systematic reviews concluded probiotics may improve these outcomes, most systematic review authors concluded that the evidence was low in quality and high in heterogeneity. In the absence of direct evidence with patients infected with COVID-19, studies in comparable populations are currently the best resource to guide probiotics interventions in conjunction with clinical expertise and multidisciplinary health care planning.

Malnutrition during the critical period of pregnancy has significant health outcomes for both the mother and her offspring. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) by a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) may help mitigate negative health effects, although studies that support the role of the RDN have not been comprehensively evaluated. The objective was to explore the health effects of MNT by an RDN on maternal and infant outcomes in pregnant women with malnutrition. A systematic review of studies published between 2000 and 2014 that incorporated MNT by an RDN during pregnancy were retrieved from a PubMed search, using criteria established by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Process. Among 94 identified studies, five controlled trials met the inclusion criteria. The initial search was extended to include one study published between 2014 and 2019. Outcomes included maternal gestational weight gain, maternal markers of glycemic control, maternal complications such as hypertension, incidence of caesarean section, infant birth weight both in grams and in clinical categories, infant gestational age, and infant complications. There was good/strong evidence that MNT by an RDN decreased gestational weight gain, although there was no effect on maternal complications, caesarean section deliveries, and gestational age among women with mixed body mass index status or those who were overweight/obese. The evidence was deemed fair in support of an effect on glycemic control, infant birth weight, and infant complications. The heterogeneity in the results are due to the variation among populations studied, types of interventions, and inconsistency among outcomes. In addition, the training and educational requirements of the RDN or the international equivalent may vary widely across the four countries in which studies were conducted. There was good evidence for MNT by an RDN during pregnancy on improving gestational weight gain among overweight/obese women. To better support the role of MNT by an RDN in the health care of pregnant women, research that clearly identifies the role of the RDN in the intervention, includes a control group, and studies more heterogeneous populations is needed.

The objectives of this scoping review were to identify and characterize studies examining nutrition assessment, interventions, and measures to monitor gluten-free diet (GFD) adherence/compliance in patients with celiac disease (CD). An electronic literature search of four databases (Cochrane Database for systematic reviews, CINAHL, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE) was conducted to identify articles examining nutrition care in CD individuals. Except for narrative review, grey literature, and case study/report, all types of peer-reviewed articles published between January 2007 and August 2018 were eligible. There were a total of 10,823 records; 10,368 were excluded during the first round of screening due to irrelevancy and/or duplication. Of the 455 full-text articles that were assessed, 292 met the criteria and were included. Most of the studies were observational studies (n=212), followed by experimental trials (n=50), evidence-based practice guideline (EBPG)/report/statement (n=16), and systematic review (SR) (n=14). Nine original studies examined assessment, focusing mainly on different tools/ways to assess GFD adherence. The majority of the included original articles (n=235) were in the nutrition intervention category with GFD, oats, and prebiotics/probiotics as the top-three most studied interventions. There were eight SRs on GFD and five on oats. One SR and 21 original studies investigated the effectiveness of different measures to monitor GFD adherence/compliance. Although recent CD EBPGs were identified, different methods with varying levels of rigor, in terms of literature search and assessment of evidence strength, were used. Based on this scoping review, interventions focused on gluten-free diet and oats have been significantly covered by either SRs or EBPGs. Studies related to prebiotics/probiotics and education program/counseling focused interventions, as well as assessment, in CD patients have increased in recent years. Thus, it might be beneficial to conduct SRs/EBPGs focused on these topics to guide practitioners.

Background While obesity presents specific acute and long-term risks to the pregnant woman and her offspring, the effects of bariatric surgery on pregnancy outcomes are undetermined. Objective A systematic review was performed according to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library process to determine the effects of bariatric surgery on both maternal and infant health outcomes of pregnancy. Design A comprehensive literature search of PubMed was conducted to identify studies published from years 2000 to 2015 that examined the health effects of pregnancy after bariatric surgery. Experimental studies and observational studies with a control group were included. Main outcome measures Outcomes of interest were gestational weight gain, maternal complications (ie, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, hypertension, and postpartum hemorrhage), miscarriage and/or stillbirth, cesarean section, birth weight in grams, birth weight in categories (ie, macrosomia, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and large for gestational age), gestational age and preterm birth, infant illness and complications (ie, perinatal death, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, neonatal illness, and congenital malformation rates), and Apgar scores. Results Thirteen of 246 studies were included. Compared to body mass index–matched controls without surgery, bariatric surgery before pregnancy reduced infant birth weight in grams, with no effect on total maternal gestational weight gain or Apgar scores. Surgery did not increase risk of adverse outcomes, such as miscarriage and/or stillbirth, preterm birth, or infant complications. Effects of surgery on maternal complications, infant birth weight categories, and surgical delivery rates were inconsistent. Conclusions Bariatric surgery is a successful treatment of maternal obesity, but certain surgery-specific risks may exist. More data are needed to determine clinical guidelines. The long-term effects of surgery on pregnancy outcomes are unknown.

Recent narrative reviews have described the potential efficacy of providing individuals infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with additional micronutrients to reduce disease severity. Although there are compelling reasons why providing additional micronutrients or conditional amino acids may affect COVID-19-related outcomes, evidence is lacking. The objective of this scoping review is to explore and describe the literature examining the effect of providing additional micronutrients or conditional amino acids (glutamine, arginine) in adults with conditions or infections similar to COVID-19 infection on COVID-19-related health outcomes. A literature search of the MEDLINE database and hand search of Cochrane Database of systematic reviews retrieved 1,423 unique studies, and 8 studies were included in this scoping review. Four studies examined a target population with ventilator-related pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, and the other 4 studies included patients who were at risk for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Interventions included intravenous ascorbic acid, intramuscular cholecalciferol, enteral and intramuscular vitamin E, enteral zinc sulfate, and oral and parenteral glutamine. In 6 of the 8 included studies, baseline status of the nutrient of interest was not reported and, thus, it is uncertain how outcomes may vary in the context of nutrient deficiency or insufficiency compared with sufficiency. In the absence of direct evidence examining efficacy of providing additional micronutrients or conditional amino acids to standard care, registered dietitian nutritionists must rely on clinical expertise and indirect evidence to guide medical nutrition therapy for patients infected with COVID-19.

Recent evidence examining adults infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has indicated a significant impact of malnutrition on health outcomes. Individuals who have multiple comorbidities, are older adults, or who are malnourished, are at increased risk of being admitted to the intensive care unit and of mortality from COVID-19 infections. Therefore, nutrition care to identify and address malnutrition is critical in treating and preventing further adverse health outcomes from COVID-19 infection. This document provides guidance and practice considerations for registered dietitian nutritionists providing nutrition care for adults with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection in the hospital, outpatient, or home care settings. In addition, this document discusses and provides considerations for registered dietitian nutritionists working with individuals at risk of malnutrition secondary to food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct an evidence scoping review to determine the need and scope for a systematic review (SR) and evidence-based practice guideline (EBPG). The main objectives were to identify and characterize studies examining weight management interventions provided by a registered dietitian nutritionist or international equivalent (RDN) among adults with overweight or obesity. METHODS: An electronic literature search of six databases – MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PyscINFO (Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL (Ovid), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Ovid), and CINAHL (Ebsco) – was conducted. All types of peer-reviewed articles, except for narrative review, grey literature, and case study/report, published between January 2008 and April 26, 2019 were eligible. Two content advisors guided the process and reviewed the search plan and findings. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 30,551 records: 29,756 were excluded during the first round of screening due to duplication or irrelevancy. Of the 811 full-text articles (including 16 articles identified through other sources) that were assessed, 139 met the criteria and were included. Studies were primarily based in the United States or Canada (43%) and 51% of them were conducted in the community setting. About 90% of the studies were clinical trials with varying intervention delivery modes, from face to face in an individual (42%) or group (37%) settings to telemedicine (21%). RDN(s) delivered the weight management intervention (especially the nutrition component) in all studies but some (61%) also involved an interdisciplinary team to deliver other components of the intervention. The average length of the intervention was about 9 months with a follow up that ranged from 0 to 9 years. The commonly reported outcomes were anthropometrics, endocrine and heart-related measures, nutrition intake, and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the scoping review, there were SRs and EBPGs on weight management interventions but none of them met our inclusion or exclusion criteria. Thus, it would be beneficial to conduct a SR/EBPG on adult weight management interventions provided by an RDN to guide practitioners and to evaluate their effects on nutrition-related outcomes. FUNDING SOURCES: Weight Management Dietetic Practice Group, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

Objective To examine the risk factors of developing functional decline and make probabilistic predictions by using a tree-based method that allows higher order polynomials and interactions of the risk factors. Methods The conditional inference tree analysis, a data mining approach, was used to construct a risk stratification algorithm for developing functional limitation based on BMI and other potential risk factors for disability in 1,951 older adults without functional limitations at baseline (baseline age 73.1 ± 4.2 y). We also analyzed the data with multivariate stepwise logistic regression and compared the two approaches (e.g., cross-validation). Over a mean of 9.2 ± 1.7 years of follow-up, 221 individuals developed functional limitation. Results Higher BMI, age, and comorbidity were consistently identified as significant risk factors for functional decline using both methods. Based on these factors, individuals were stratified into four risk groups via the conditional inference tree analysis. Compared to the low-risk group, all other groups had a significantly higher risk of developing functional limitation. The odds ratio comparing two extreme categories was 9.09 (95% confidence interval: 4.68, 17.6). Conclusions Higher BMI, age, and comorbid disease were consistently identified as significant risk factors for functional decline among older individuals across all approaches and analyses.

Objective. To test whether prenatal earthquake exposure (as a surrogate for acute prenatal stress) could have unfavorable effects on uric acid status in later life. Methods. We included 536 individuals who had been prenatally exposed to the Tangshan earthquake in 1976, and 536 sex- and age-matched individuals without this exposure. Serum uric acid concentrations were measured based on fasting blood samples which were repeatedly collected in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Mean uric acid concentrations in 2010 and the increasing rate from 2006 to 2010, between two groups, were compared after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, serum concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate and other potential confounders. We also used multiple logistic regression to estimate the risk of hyperuricemia (> 416 μmol/L in men or > 357 μmol/L in women) in 2010 by calculating the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CIs) after adjustment for aforementioned covariates. Results. Participants with prenatal exposure to the earthquake had higher concentrations of serum uric acid (adjusted means: 315 vs 296 µmol/L, p=0.002) and higher likelihood of having hyperuricemia (multivariate adjusted OR=1.70; 95% CI 1.09-2.66) in 2010 relative to those without the exposure. Consistently, prenatal exposure to the earthquake was significantly associated with a faster increase in uric acid concentrations from 2006 to 2010 (P

Small clinical studies have suggested that individuals with insufficient sleep could experience taste dysfunction. However, this notion has not been examined in a large-scale, population-based study.This study aimed to examine whether overall sleep quality, as assessed by insomnia, daytime sleepiness, snoring, and sleep duration, was associated with the odds of having altered taste perception in a large population-based study.This was a cross-sectional study that used data from a subcohort of the Kailuan study, an ongoing multicenter cohort study that began in 2006 in Tangshan City, China.The participants were 11,030 adults aged 25 years or older (mean age 53.7 ± 10.7 years), who were free of neurodegenerative diseases. All the participants had undergone questionnaire assessments and medical examinations at Kailuan General Hospital from June 2012 to October 2013.Altered taste and olfactory perception were assessed via a questionnaire with two questions regarding whether participants had any problems with sense of taste or smell for ≥3 months.The association between sleep quality and altered taste/olfactory perception was examined using a logistic regression model, adjusting for age, sex, lifestyle factors (eg, obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, and physical activity) and health status (eg, lipid profiles, blood pressure, modification use, and presence of chronic diseases).Poor overall sleep quality was associated with a higher risk of having altered taste perception (adjusted odds ratio for low vs high sleep quality 2.03, 95% CI 1.42 to 2.91; P0.001). Specifically, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, and short sleep duration, but not prolonged sleep duration and snoring, were significantly associated with altered taste perception. A significant association between overall sleep quality and the risk of having altered olfactory perception was also observed (adjusted odds ratio for low vs high sleep quality 2.17, 95% CI 1.68 to 2.80; P0.001).In this population-based study, poor sleep quality was associated with a high likelihood of altered taste perception.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct an evidence scoping review to determine the need/scope for a systematic review (SR) and evidence-based practice guideline (EBPG). Main objectives were: To identify and characterize studies examining nutrition assessment, interventions, and measures to monitor adherence/compliance in patients with celiac disease (CD). METHODS: An electronic literature search of four databases – Cochrane Database for systematic reviews, CINAHL, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE – was conducted to identify articles examining nutrition care in CD patients. All types of peer-reviewed articles, except for narrative review, grey literature, and case study/report, published between January 2007 and August 2018 were eligible. Two content advisors reviewed the search plan and findings. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 10,823 records; 10,368 were excluded during the first round of screening due to irrelevancy and/or duplication. Of the 455 full-text articles that were assessed, 292 met the criteria and were included. The majority of the studies were observational studies (n = 212), followed by experimental trials (n = 50), EBPG/report/statement (n = 16), and SR (n = 14). Nine original studies examined assessment, focusing mainly on different tools/ways to assess gluten-free diet (GFD) adherence. Most of the included original articles (n = 235) were in the nutrition intervention category with GFD, oat, and prebiotics/probiotics as the top-three most studied interventions. There were eight SRs on GFD and five on oat. One SR and 21 original studies investigated the effectiveness of different measures to monitor GFD adherence/compliance. Although recent CD EBPGs were identified, different methods with varying levels of rigor, in terms of literature search and assessment of evidence strength, were used. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the scoping review, interventions focused on gluten-free diet and oats have been significantly covered by either SRs or EBPGs. In recent years, evidence related to prebiotics/probiotics and education program/counseling focused interventions, as well as assessment, in CD patients has increased. Thus, it might be beneficial to conduct SRs/EBPG focused on these topics to guide practitioners. FUNDING SOURCES: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Background Given the high rates of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and possible effects on offspring health, a systematic review on this topic was conducted to help inform future practice guidelines. Objective To evaluate associations between maternal vitamin D supplementation, maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, and health outcomes. Methods A PubMed literature search was conducted to identify studies that examined the health effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and infant health outcomes published from 2000 to 2016. Among 976 identified publications, 20 randomized clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. The initial search was extended to include five studies published between July 2016 and September 2018. Main outcome measures Maternal and infant 25(OH)D concentrations, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia or gestational hypertension, cesarean section, maternal parathyroid hormone and calcium concentrations, and infant gestational age, birth weight, and birth length. Statistical analyses Mean differences, odds ratios, and 95% CIs were calculated, only for the initial search, using separate random-effects meta-analyses for each outcome. Results Evidence was good or strong that maternal vitamin D supplementation significantly increased maternal (13 studies, n=18, mean difference, 14.1 ng/mL [35.2 nmol/L]; 95% CI=9.6-18.6 ng/mL [24.0-46.4 nmol/L]) and infant (nine studies, n=12; 9.7, 5.2, 14.2 ng/mL [24.2, 12.9, 35.5 nmol/L]) 25(OH)D concentrations, although heterogeneity was significant (I2=95.9% and I2=97.4, respectively, P Conclusions Results show vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy improves maternal and infant 25(OH)D concentrations and may play a role in maternal insulin resistance and fetal growth. To further inform practice and policies on the amount of vitamin D, which supports a healthy pregnancy, high quality dose-response randomized clinical trials, which assess pregnancy-specific 25(OH)D thresholds, and appropriately powered clinical outcomes are needed.

Background Malnutrition screening relies on quick and easy-to-use tools that require minimal training of users. Valid and reliable tools should avoid under-referral of adults with a malnutrition diagnosis or over-referral of those without a malnutrition diagnosis to dietitians. Objective Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of adult malnutrition screening tools for validity, agreement, and reliability, and to determine the costs of the malnutrition screening procedure. Methods Following a structured process, a comprehensive search using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL was conducted for relevant research published between 1997 and 2017 that examined the validity, agreement, reliability, and costs of nutrition screening tools. Results Sixty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The Malnutrition Screening Tool exhibited moderate validity, agreement, and reliability based on Grade I (Good/Strong) evidence. The evidence supporting the conclusions for the remaining tools was Fair (Grade II). The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool exhibited high validity and moderate agreement and reliability. The Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form exhibited moderate validity and reliability and low agreement. The Short Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire and the Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 exhibited moderate validity and reliability and the Mini Nutritional Assessment–Short Form Body Mass Index exhibited high validity and moderate agreement. However, these last three tools were missing reliability or agreement data. Limited data were available to evaluate malnutrition screening costs. Conclusions This review provides an analysis of validity, agreement, and reliability of tools to screen adults for malnutrition, regardless of their age, medical history, or location. No tools were found with high validity, reliability, and strong supportive evidence. Tools most often achieved moderate validity, agreement, and reliability, and had large variations in individual results. The minimum validity and reliability of tools to screen adults for malnutrition should be established to shape future research. Cost data for the screening process should be obtained and examined.

NEEDs for Bones (NFB), based on the Health Belief Model, is a 4-lesson osteoporosis-prevention curriculum for 11- to 14-year-olds. This study examined the relationship between enjoyment of food tastings and interest in NFB.NFB was administered by teachers as part of standard practice and evaluated after the fourth lesson using a 21-item survey. Significant clustering of students within classrooms required use of random-intercept multilevel ordinal regression models in SAS proc GLIMMIX, with students nested within classrooms. Analyses considered tasting experience, eating attitudes, sex, grade, and cohort.Students (N = 1619; 50% girls) participated from 85 fourth to eighth grade classrooms (47% sixth grade and 31% seventh grade) in 16 Pennsylvania SNAP-Ed eligible schools over 2 academic years. For all foods tasted, students who did not enjoy the food tasting were less interested in the lesson than students who did enjoy the food tasting (all p.001); refried beans (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30), soy milk (OR = 0.55), cranapple juice (OR = 0.51), sunflower kernels (OR = 0.48), and Swiss cheese (OR = 0.49). The relationship persisted net of covariates.Enjoyment of food tasting activities can predict interest in nutrition education on osteoporosis prevention, supporting resource allocation and inclusion of food tasting activities in school-age nutrition education.

The explanation for reduced mortality among older persons with overweight or class I obesity compared to those of desirable weight remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate the joint effects of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic health status on all-cause mortality in a cohort of advanced age. Adults aged 74 ± 4.7 (mean ± SD) years at baseline (n = 4551) were categorized according to BMI (18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0-34.9, and ≥35.0 kg/m(2)) and the presence or absence of a metabolically healthy phenotype (i.e., 0 or 1 risk factors based on a modified Adult Treatment Panel III). Metabolically unhealthy was ≥2 risk factors. There were 2294 deaths over a mean 10.9 years of follow up. Relative to metabolically healthy desirable weight, metabolically healthy overweight or class I obesity was not associated with a greater mortality risk (HR 0.90; 95 CI% 0.73-1.13 and HR 0.58; 95 CI% 0.42-0.80, respectively) (P-interaction0.001). Results remained consistent in rigorous sensitivity analyses. The "obesity paradox" may be partially explained by the inclusion of metabolically healthy overweight and obese older persons, who do not have elevated mortality risk, in population studies of BMI and mortality.

IntroductionThe ASA24, an innovative internet-based tool widely used by researchers, may be a valid and reliable alternative in research when cost or time constraints do not allow for telephone 24-...

Objective To examine the association between baseline body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and all-cause mortality in a well-characterized cohort of older persons. Methods The association between BMI (both as a categorical and continuous variable) and all-cause mortality was investigated using 4,565 Geisinger Rural Aging Study participants with baseline age 74.0 ± 4.7 years (mean ± SD) and BMI 29.5 ± 5.3 kg/m2 over a mean of 10.9 ± 3.8 years of follow-up. Results The relationship between BMI (as a continuous variable) and all-cause mortality was found to be U-shaped (P nonlinearity

Background Insomnia is associated with several adverse health outcomes. Small clinical studies have suggested that an inferior nutrition status is a potential explanation, but to our knowledge, this possibility has not been examined in a large-scale, population-based cohort study. Objective We examined whether individuals with probable insomnia and individual insomnia symptoms had greater energy intake and a lower diet quality as assessed with the use of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) 2 y later. Design A cohort study of 15,273 US men aged 58-93 y who were free of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes and were participating in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study reported information on insomnia symptoms in 2004. Dietary intake was assessed with the use of a food-frequency questionnaire in 2002 and 2006. We calculated the adjusted mean differences of total energy intake in 2006 and the AHEI-component scores and their 95% CIs between subjects with and without probable insomnia in 2004 and also across categories for each insomnia symptom while adjusting for related covariates. Results After dietary intake in 2002, major chronic conditions, and other potential confounders were controlled for, men with probable insomnia had a mean higher consumption of 35.8 kcal/d (95% CI: 17.4, 54.1 kcal/d) and had lower scores in 3 individual AHEI components (trans fat, vegetables, and sodium), which denoted higher consumption of trans fat and sodium and lower intake of vegetables (P ≤ 0.01 for all). For individual insomnia symptoms, nonrestorative sleep and a difficulty maintaining sleep were associated with higher energy intake (P-trend ≤ 0.007 for both). A similar trend was observed in men who had difficulty initiating sleep (P-trend = 0.07). We also observed a significant association between the difficulty of initiating sleep and a lower AHEI score 2 y later (P-trend = 0.004). Conclusion Probable insomnia is associated with higher intakes of total energy, trans fat, and sodium and lower intake of vegetables.

This meta-analysis of observational cohort studies examined the association between weight change (weight loss, weight gain, and weight fluctuation) and all-cause mortality among older adults. We used Pub Med (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Cochrane Library to identify prospective studies published in English from inception to November 2014. Seventeen prospective studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. Higher all-cause mortality risks were noted with weight change: weight loss (pooled RR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.51-1.85; p < 0.001 for heterogeneity), weight gain (pooled RR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-1.33; p = 0.03 for heterogeneity), and weight fluctuation (pooled RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.36-1.72; p = 0.43 for heterogeneity). Similar results were observed with stricter criteria for sensitivity analyses. None of the study characteristics had statistically significant effects on the pooled RR, except for study quality on weight loss. Weight change is associated with higher mortality risk among community-dwelling adults 60 years and older.

Insomnia, characterized by difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), early-morning awakenings (EMA), or nonrestorative sleep (NRS), is the most common sleep disorder. W...

Fuel for Fun: Cooking with Kids is a school-based cooking program for 4th graders (n=415, 8 schools). To design a family component, professional phone interviews were held with their parents (n=24, 41.7 ± 5.7 y ) who represented all surveyed parents (n=85)-white, female, high school graduates, 63% eating competent (EC), 54% normal weight. 38% used at least 1 assistance program (WIC 25%; food banks 21%; SNAP 17%). Assistance program usage was associated with greater interest in label reading (P=.022), meal planning (P=.019), and affordable meals (P=.013). Parents preferred programs on Friday (63%) or Thursday (50%) from 6-8 PM (63%) on cooking skills, active indoor and nutrition games. Preferred participation incentives were having a child involved in activities (96%), give-aways (83%) and being served dinner (79%). 3 topics with definite interest were easy-to-fix home meals, food prep with children, and affordable home meals. Families being more physically active was of greater interest than food prep. EC...

Priority: Schools serve nutritious meals. Occurrences during mealtime affect how children eat. Frequently, children are pressured to eat a certain amount, to try new foods, and do not have enough time to eat. Children are challenged to eat a balanced meal in minimal time before their hurried exit from the cafeteria. Supervising adults may not be trained in appropriate verbal cues to support positive mealtime behaviors. Any combination of these factors can prevent children from eating their meal, impacting academic performance and food waste. Simple phrases and actions by adults can lead to positive mealtimes and improve mealtime management.