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China's economic development faces an energy challenge, and the appropriate solution to this energy bottleneck is the key to a robust, rapid, and sustainable development. Abundant hydropower resources provide unprecedented advantages and opportunities for China's rapid hydropower development over the last five decades. China's hydropower growth contributed greatly to the global output net growth, with the current installed hydropower capacity at 320 GW. This study uses the 13th Five-Year energy plan to summarize the development of China's hydropower sector for the past 50 years and its current progress, recommend the major hydropower bases and its scale, describe the main problems encountered in developing China's hydropower resources and the solutions to these difficulties, and predict China's hydropower development trends and prospects in the future. This study aims to give an overview of the present situation of hydropower in China and its future political, economic and environment perspectives and challenges.

As an important energy base of China, Xinjiang is the key part of the “Silk Road” economic belt development strategy and is in an superior position. This paper analyzes the problems exist in the sustainable energy industry based on the distribution status of sustainable resources of Xinjiang. The evaluation index system of the application level of Renewable Energy Systems (RESs) is discussed using the wind farm as an example. Besides it investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the development process of each node in the “Silk Road” economic belt areas according to the current situation of the resources, economic and social development. Suggestions for the development of each area are proposed in the end. This paper will contribute to the sustainable development of renewable energy industry and economy in Xinjiang.

Hami in Xinjiang is one of China's comprehensive energy bases. However, in recent years, this region has been plagued by some problems affecting the development of the energy industry. For example, wind and solar power generation is facing serious curtailment. The region is also characterized by significant pollution because of the coal chemical industry. Hydrogen energy storage has wide application potential and has become a hot research topic in the field. Building a hybrid pluripotent coupling system with wind power, photovoltaic (PV) power, and hydrogen energy storage for the coal chemical industry is an effective way to solve the above-mentioned problems. In this paper, a hybrid multi-energy coupling system is established, which includes a wind energy and PV complementary system, power distribution system, hydrogen energy storage system, gas distribution system, coal chemical industry system, waste heat utilization system, and methanol, O 2 , and H 2 hybrid power generation system. Based on the wind and solar energy resources in Hami, the optimization model of the wind and solar power system is established. The hydrogen energy storage system model is obtained using energetic macroscopic representation. Finally, the economic performance of the system is studied. Results show that the integrated system of wind power, solar power, PV power, and hydrogen energy storage for the coal chemical industry can meet the current situation of China's energy development. The system can also make full use of new energy sources, such as wind power, PV energy, and other forms of energy, thereby reducing the environmental pollution caused by the coal chemical industry and minimizing the industry's ecological impact. In addition, hydrogen energy storage can also be applied to the new energy automotive industry. The findings of this study are of great strategic significance to China's energy system.

China's wind power installed capacity is the largest in the world, but the utilization of wind power equipment is not very good, far behind USA. In this paper, the development of China's wind power is reviewed, and the present wind power curtailment restricts the sound development of China's wind power industry. The characteristics of China's wind farm are summered. With the insatiability and intermittence, wind power is not welcome to China's electric grid, and large-scale wind power construction does not match with the existing power grid, therefore, wind power curtailment is serious and the level of wind power utilization is very low. To solve the wind power curtailment rationing problem, in this paper, combined with the characteristics of China's wind farm operation, the wind power utilization level evaluation index system has been built, reflecting the wind resource characteristics, wind power equipment type, wind power output, wind power curtailment, grid technology, operation management and so on. Taking Hami wind farm in Xinjiang province as an example, wind power utilization level is evaluated comprehensively, combined the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM). The results show that the establishment of wind power utilization level comprehensive evaluation index system is helpful to find the main factors which effect the level of wind power utilization and improve the wind power field operation, which can provide reference for the planning and design of wind farm, and the results have certain value on theoretical significance and engineering application.

Pre-trained distributed word representations have been proven useful in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the effect of words’ geometric structure on word representations has not been carefully studied yet. The existing word representations methods underestimate the words whose distances are close in the Euclidean space, while overestimating words with a much greater distance. In this paper, we propose a word vector refinement model to correct the pre-trained word embedding, which brings the similarity of words in Euclidean space closer to word semantics by using manifold learning. This approach is theoretically founded in the metric recovery paradigm. Our word representations have been evaluated on a variety of lexical-level intrinsic tasks (semantic relatedness, semantic similarity) and the experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms several popular word representations approaches.

With climate warming and the energy crisis growing throughout the world, China as a developing country must undergo a revolution in energy production and consumption to change the traditional structure and patterns of energy utilization and establish a safe, green, and efficient energy system. Accelerating the development of new energy, increasing the proportion of clean energy, and developing high-voltage transmission and smart grids is the strategic choice for China׳s energy security and energy restructuring as well as for atmospheric environment improvement and reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. As a strategically emerging industry, the wind power industry in China, particularly its spatial patterns and influencing factors, should be provided close attention. This paper presents a large amount of data on Chinese wind power equipment manufacturing companies from statistics on China׳s installed wind power capacity (CWEA) from 2000 to 2014. The spatial patterns and influencing factors in China׳s wind turbine manufacturing industry are analyzed, and its features and factors are discussed to provide a scientific reference in an ordered pattern. Results on spatial patterns are discussed according to the following two distinct points. First, China׳s wind turbine manufacturing has formed a relatively complete “production, marketing, transportation, installation, operation and management, maintenance and overhaul” industrial chain, and enterprises own many bases but display a multi-point scattered spatial distribution. However, different parts of manufacturing enterprises adopt different exhaustive strategies as shown in this research. Overall, national and regional manufacturing centers are being formed. Second, China׳s domestic wind power equipment manufacturing enterprises are mainly established through relevant equipment manufacturing business investment and are located in the same city as their investment companies; meanwhile, foreign enterprises are generally located in cities with a solid foundation equipment manufacturing industrial base. The subsidiary firms of wind turbine manufacturing enterprises are located in Northwest, North, and Northeast China, whereas wind farms are generally located in eastern coastal areas with abundant wind resources. Furthermore, the influencing factors in China׳s wind turbine manufacturing industry are analyzed as a composite issue from several aspects of wind resource endowment, industrial base, policy support, and economic and technical support. (1) The industrial base primarily affects the choice of location of the wind power equipment business parent company. (2) Wind resource endowments mainly affect the location selection of subsidiary companies; cities with many wind resource areas contain a large number of wind power equipment company subsidiaries. (3) Local government support considerably affects choice of location of wind power equipment company subsidiaries. (4) Among wind resource endowment, industrial base, and local government support, the industrial base plays the most important role. Overall, the strong support provided by government policy is the foundation, and improving the technical level is a necessary condition. The industrial base often plays a decisive role. Regional economic openness has a significant impact on the spatial patterns of foreign wind power manufacturers in the early development of the wind power industry. Market and labor capabilities are also vital factors that affect the spatial patterns of China׳s wind turbine manufacturing industry. The results of this study provide important information for wind equipment manufacturing companies to select new locations and for local governments to develop strategic industrial development policies. The results also provide a useful reference for foreign firms that intend to explore the Chinese wind power market.

The year 2010 was an important turning point in China׳s wind power industry. The main contradiction in China׳s wind power development shifted to a conflict between large-scale rapid development of wind power capacity and power transmission and consumption. The present wind power curtailment restricts the sound development of China׳s wind power industry. In this study, the situation of wind power curtailment is reviewed through the data summary and analysis of more than 10 provinces, including Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, in the past five years. Within the context of China׳s overall power structure and based on the characteristics of different regions, this study analyzes the parameters affecting wind power curtailment to determine the factors affecting wind power curtailment in China, summarize the specific reasons for wind power accommodation, and discuss the methods and strategies to reasonably solve the wind power curtailment issue in different regions of China. Specific measures include strengthening the power grid construction to realize the transmission of wind power from north to east, constructing demonstration projects of wind power heating to promote local wind power accommodation in four provinces in Northwest China, and using wind power storage to minimize the difficulty of wind power curtailment. Predictions and prospects for the development of China׳s wind power industry are also presented in this paper.

China is accelerating the formulation of a renewable portfolio standard to promote the development and utilization of renewable energy. The implementation of the standard and corresponding tradable green certificates will change the scheduling procedures of thermal power and other renewable energy generators in the electric power system. This paper formulates a multi-objective dynamic economic emission dispatch model for wind-solar-hydro power under tradable green certificates. Weibull, Beta and Gumbel distributions are used to simulate the random behavior of wind, solar and hydro power, respectively, thus taking into account the overestimation and underestimation costs caused by the randomness of renewable energy. Moreover, a new multi-objective moth-flame optimization (MOMFO) based solution is proposed according to the characteristics of the dispatch model. The MOMFO is based on the external elite reservation and Pareto dominance. To improve the search capability, the strategy of average entropy initialization, Levy flight and variable scale chaotic strategy are introduced. A heuristic dynamic relaxation method is proposed, which is used to handle the complex constraints of the model. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed scheduling model and the effectiveness of the algorithm are illustrated using examples of different scheduling situations based on IEEE 39-bus standard system.

With the rapid development of wind power, countries not only pay attention to wind power quantity, but also to quality or utilization efficiency. Therefore, establishing a set of complete systems and suitable conditions to evaluate the wind power utilization level of China is necessary. The present study summarizes the development status of wind power in China, and then compares the domestic and foreign wind power utilization levels. The results show that the wind power total utilization level of China is equal to that of the United States, the regional “Three North” grid wind power utilization level is commensurate with that of Germany, and “East Mongolia” reaches the world-leading utilization level along with Denmark. In the present study, the diversifying index system of wind power utilization level is also constructed in consideration of the basic indices, development scale indices, and utilization efficiency indices of wind power. The developments in Chinese wind power are reviewed and the future wind power utilization level of China is analyzed using power system integrated optimization model. Research results show that the wind power utilization level must measure many aspects rather than a single index, and we should focus on the coordinated development of wind power and the entire power system. China must improve the overall planning and operation level of the power system, which is the key to developing its wind power industry, to scientifically and orderly promote wind power as well as ensure healthy development while improving the wind power utilization level.