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1. C2HEST score for atrial fibrillation risk prediction models: a Diagnostic Accuracy Tests meta-analysis

Author: Habib Haybar, Fakher Rahim, and Kimia Shirbandi
Subjects: Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, MEDLINE, Atrial fibrillation (AF), Review, macromolecular substances, Internal medicine, medicine, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, cardiovascular diseases, education, education.field_of_study, Framingham Risk Score, business.industry, Area under the curve, C2HEST score, Atrial fibrillation, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Meta-analysis, RC666-701, cardiovascular system, Risk assessment, business, Atrial flutter
Abstract: Background This meta-analysis aimed to assess the value of the C2HEST score to facilitate population screening and detection of AF risk in millions of populations and validate risk scores and their composition and discriminatory power for identifying people at high or low risk of AF. We searched major indexing databases, including Pubmed/Medline, ISI web of science, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane central, using (“C2HEST” OR “risk scoring system” OR “risk score”) AND (“atrial fibrillation (AF)” OR “atrial flutter” OR “tachycardia, supraventricular” OR “heart atrium flutter”) without any language, study region or study type restrictions between 1990 and 2021 years. Analyses were done using Meta-DiSc. The title and abstract screening were conducted by two independent investigators. Results Totally 679 records were found through the initial search, of which ultimately, nine articles were included in the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The risk of AF accompanied every one-point increase of C2HEST score (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p, Use of C2HEST score to predict Atrial Fibrillation.For identifying people at high or low risk of Atrial Fibrillation.Assessment the value of the C2HEST score. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s43044-021-00230-0.
Published: 2021

2. Application of Bayesian Decision Tree in Hematology Research: Differential Diagnosis of β-Thalassemia Trait from Iron Deficiency Anemia

Author: Mina Jahangiri, Fakher Rahim, Najmaldin Saki, and Amal Saki Malehi
Subjects: Cart, Article Subject, General Immunology and Microbiology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Logit, Bayesian probability, R858-859.7, Decision tree, General Medicine, medicine.disease, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Regression, Iron-deficiency anemia, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Modeling and Simulation, Statistics, Medicine, Differential diagnosis, business, Mean corpuscular volume
Abstract: Objective. Several discriminating techniques have been proposed to discriminate between β-thalassemia trait (βTT) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). These discrimination techniques are essential clinically, but they are challenging and typically difficult. This study is the first application of the Bayesian tree-based method for differential diagnosis of βTT from IDA. Method. This cross-sectional study included 907 patients with ages over 18 years old and a mean (±SD) age of 25 ± 16.1 with either βTT or IDA. Hematological parameters were measured using a Sysmex KX-21 automated hematology analyzer. Bayesian Logit Treed (BLTREED) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART) were implemented to discriminate βTT from IDA based on the hematological parameters. Results. This study proposes an automatic detection model of beta-thalassemia carriers based on a Bayesian tree-based method. The BLTREED model and CART showed that mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was the main predictor in diagnostic discrimination. According to the test dataset, CART indicated higher sensitivity and negative predictive value than BLTREED for differential diagnosis of βTT from IDA. However, the CART algorithm had a high false-positive rate. Overall, the BLTREED model showed better performance concerning the area under the curve (AUC). Conclusions. The BLTREED model showed excellent diagnostic accuracy for differentiating βTT from IDA. In addition, understanding tree-based methods are easy and do not need statistical experience. Thus, it can help physicians in making the right clinical decision. So, the proposed model could support medical decisions in the differential diagnosis of βTT from IDA to avoid much more expensive, time-consuming laboratory tests, especially in countries with limited recourses or poor health services.
Published: 2021

3. Human Amniotic Fluid for the Treatment of Hospitalized, Symptomatic, and Laboratory-verified SARS-CoV-2 Patients

Author: Mojgan Barati and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Amniotic fluid, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), fungi, medicine.disease, Gastroenterology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Fibrosis, Internal medicine, medicine, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, business
Abstract: New reports offer evidence that under different circumstances, intrauterine mother-infant transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs. In contrast, early observations in the COVID-19 pandemic recommended that vertical transmission from women infected with SARS-CoV-2 can be challenging and no virus is detected in human amniotic fluid (HAF). The present study aimed to propose the idea that HAF can be used as a potential therapy for hospitalized, symptomatic, and laboratory-verified SARS-CoV-2 patients by mitigating COVID-19 related inflammation and decreasing its fibrosis. Considering that COVID-19 can cause a severe pulmonary fibrotic response in some patients, HAF by decreasing fibrosis may be considered as an alternative and novel therapy against COVID-19. Lastly, given the inexpensive, easy to access, and safe nature of HAF, integrating this therapy may decrease the COVID-19 attributed death and burden to the health system, especially in countries with limited access to vaccines where HAF is widely available.
Published: 2021

4. Comparing success of immediate versus delay loading of implants in fresh sockets: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Amal Saki-Malehi, Alireza Hashemi Ashtiani, Fakher Rahim, Hojatollah Yousefimanesh, Ebrahim Eini, and Amin Olapour
Subjects: Rehabilitation, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Dentistry, PsycINFO, Osseointegration, Otorhinolaryngology, Meta-analysis, medicine, Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Surgery, Implant, Oral Surgery, business, Dental implant, Restorative dentistry
Abstract: The replacement of teeth with osseointegrated implants is one of the significant advances in the field of restorative dentistry. The time interval between tooth extraction and the implant can be very short or long. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to collect and evaluate articles related to determining the effect of instant loading of dental implants are placed in the fresh socket initial stability on the clinical success of the implant compared to delay loading dental implants. In this study, all the available articles indexed in leading databases, including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, PROSPERO, and Scopus, were searched. The full text of the articles meeting the primary criteria to be included in this research was obtained and appraised. Data of studies were extracted if they were scored as a high or moderate level of evidence. A total of 2258 published articles were found through electronic database searching. After screening the titles and abstracts, and full text of articles, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results of this study revealed that regarding the success rate, although there was no significant difference between immediate and delayed of dental implants, immediate procedure showed a lower incidence of bone loss in single implants. Based on the results of this study, immediate loading of dental implant, under certain conditions, is a successful treatment process and is effective in reducing treatment time. Thus, immediate loading represents a valid alternative to the traditional delayed loading rehabilitation.
Published: 2021

5. Prevalence and factors contributing to medication errors in a referral hospital in Iran: A retrospective study

Author: Golshan Afshari, Meisam Moezzi, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Referral, business.industry, Emergency medicine, medicine, Retrospective cohort study, business
Abstract: Background: A medication error is defined as any inappropriate drug administration that can harm the patient while being preventable and equally occurring under the supervision of a medical team. Objectives: The current study was conducted to clarify the error status, evaluate the regularity of medical mistakes in a referral hospital in the South West of Iran. Methods: Data were gathered from multiple wards at various shift works based on an optional error reporting form, either self-reporting or colleague-reporting, and then it has been made available to the "Quality Improvement Office" experts. Since the current study was retrospective, the samples were calculated from 2017 to 2019. The average and standard deviations were implemented to describe qualitative variables, and ANOVA to determine any statistically significant differences between groups. Results: Of 305 medication errors reported to the Quality Improvement Office, the "Administering the wrong drug" rate was 32.5%, and it has dedicated the most significant percentage of mistake types. The most-reported medication errors occurred in the general ward, and there was no significant difference in the number of mistakes in other shifts. Conclusion: Results suggest there is an association between the incidence of medication errors and the therapeutic ward. Although the most prevalent medication error in this study was "Administering the wrong drug. Keywords: medical error, error reporting, drug administration, mistakes, hospital
Published: 2021

6. The worldwide molecular spectrum and distribution of thalassaemia: a systematic review

Author: Javad Mohammadi-Asl, Fakher Rahim, and Mina Ebrahimi
Subjects: Isi web of science, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Aging, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Mediterranean anemia, Physiology, Epidemiology, business.industry, beta-Thalassemia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, MEDLINE, Context (language use), alpha-Thalassemia, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Mutation, Rare mutations, Inclusion and exclusion criteria, Genetics, medicine, Humans, business, Systematic search, Cohort study
Abstract: Thalassaemia is one of the most common inherited autosomal recessive disorders around the world. A considerable amount of literature has been published about the type of mutations and the prevalence of thalassaemia, but findings are often contradictory. This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive view of the prevalence of thalassaemia-associated mutations in different countries, their effect on haemoglobin (Hb) levels, as well as reporting thalassaemia-associated rare mutations. A systematic search of the literature was carried out through major indexing databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane central, and ISI web of science) using keywords: “Co-inheritance, αα, β, thalassaemia” and “α-β thalassaemia, Mediterranean anemia, mutations” from 1998-September 2019. Hand-searching was also performed. There was no language restriction. The initial searches yielded 1059 studies, of which 92 articles were included following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 3.3% (3) of articles were cohort studies, and 96.7% (89) of the remaining articles were cross-sectional studies. Our findings showed that 45.6% (42) of researchers investigated β-thalassaemia, 22.9% (21) αα-β thalassaemia, and 31.5% (29) α thalassaemia. The present study provides valuable information about the spectrum of thalassaemia-associated mutations, which can be useful for preventing thalassaemia, reducing costs of care, reducing the treatment-related side effects, and showing the most defective mutations.HighlightEvaluating the increase or decrease in the birth prevalence of thalassaemiaIdentifying the most common and rare mutations in various parts of the worldComparing researchers' findings from various parts of the world Evaluating the increase or decrease in the birth prevalence of thalassaemia Identifying the most common and rare mutations in various parts of the world Comparing researchers' findings from various parts of the world
Published: 2021

7. Prevalence of frailty and associated socio-demographic factors among community-dwelling older people in southwestern Iran: a cross-sectional study

Author: Saeid Saeidimehr, Nasibeh Zanjari, Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz, Fakher Rahim, and Ahmad Delbari
Subjects: Cross-sectional study, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Socio demographics, Medical record, Frailty Index, Logistic regression, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal Medicine, Marital status, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Older people, business, Socioeconomic status, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Research Article, Demography
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This community-based cross-sectional study aimed to identify the frailty prevalence and associated socio-demographic factors among older adults in five cities of the south west of Iran. METHODS: We selected a random sample of adults aged 60 years and above from five Southwest cities in Iran. Data for this study were retrospectively collected from 540 community-dwelling older adults. To measure frailty, we utilized the frailty index of cumulative deficit (FICD). Data were collected from medical records and socio-demographic factors, including gender, age, marital status, education level, lifestyle, income, and job status. The chi-square test and Spearman’s correlation coefficient test were used to assess the relationship between the demographic variables and frailty status (SPSS version 22). Also, multiple binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of demographic characteristics on the frailty recurrence. RESULTS: The overall frailty prevalence was as follows: 77 (14.3%) frail, 139 (25.7%) pre-frail, and 324 (60%) not frail. The findings showed that all variables except education level and marital status are significantly associated with frailty status (P
Published: 2021

8. Experimental Therapeutic Strategies in Epilepsies Using Anti-Seizure Medications

Author: Mehdi Sayyah, Alireza Malayeri, Fakher Rahim, and Reza Azizimalamiri
Subjects: Pharmacology, medicine.medical_specialty, Valproic Acid, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, seizure, drug strategies, Review, Lamotrigine, medicine.disease, Therapeutic approach, Epilepsy, experimental therapeutic, medicine, Molecular Medicine, epilepsy, Pharmacology (medical), Epilepsy surgery, Levetiracetam, business, Adverse effect, Intensive care medicine, medicine.drug, Ketogenic diet
Abstract: Epilepsies are among the most common neurological problems. The disease burden in patients with epilepsy is significantly high, and epilepsy has a huge negative impact on patients’ quality of life with epilepsy and their families. Anti-seizure medications are the mainstay treatment in patients with epilepsy, and around 70% of patients will ultimately control with a combination of at least two appropriately selected anti-seizure medications. However, in one-third of patients, seizures are resistant to drugs, and other measures will be needed. The primary goal in using experimental therapeutic medication strategies in patients with epilepsy is to prevent recurrent seizures and reduce the rate of traumatic events that may occur during seizures. So far, various treatments using medications have been offered for patients with epilepsies, which have been classified according to the type of epilepsy, the effectiveness of the medications, and the adverse effects. Medications such as Levetiracetam, valproic acid, and lamotrigine are at the forefront of these patients’ treatment. Epilepsy surgery, neuro-stimulation, and the ketogenic diet are the main measures in patients with medication-resistant epilepsies. In this paper, we will review the therapeutic approach using anti-seizure medications in patients with epilepsy. However, it should be noted that some of these patients still do not respond to existing treatments; therefore, the limited ability of current therapies has fueled research efforts for the development of novel treatment strategies. Thus, it seems that in addition to surgical measures, we should look for more specific agents that have less adverse events and have a greater effect in stopping seizures.
Published: 2021

9. Diagnostic utility of antigen detection rapid diagnostic tests for Covid-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Narges Nazari Harmooshi, Somayeh Ghasemi, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Histology, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Diagnostic Tests, Routine, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), COVID-19, Diagnostic test, Disease, General Medicine, Sensitivity and Specificity, Asymptomatic, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Antigen, Meta-analysis, medicine, Humans, Sampling (medicine), medicine.symptom, Intensive care medicine, business, Pandemics
Abstract: Background The early detection of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection to improve disease management becomes the greatest challenge. Despite the high sensitivity of RT-PCR, not only it was reported that 20–67% of infected patients had false-negative results. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used as a point-of-care test for SARS-CoV-2 detection in pharyngeal and blood specimens. It’s more appealing since it’s less time-consuming, doesn’t seem to be as expensive, and doesn’t need any specific training, but the poor sensitivity is the major limitation. Several reports indicated the rapid test of blood and pharyngeal samples has the same sensitivity as the RT-PCR, but some reports have lower sensitivity, especially in asymptomatic patients. Methods In the present survey, we investigate the eligible studies for the sensitivity and specificity of rapid tests and explore the factors that influence the result to help better diagnose COVID-19 infection. 20 studies met the inclusion criteria which imposed 33 different tests. Results Our findings showed the type of sample, the type of assay, the time of sampling, and the load of virus influence on the sensitivity of RDTs. Conclusion This research extends our knowledge of how to improve the sensitivity of RDTs to better diagnose the infected patients to address the controlling COVID-19 pandemic.
Published: 2022

10. Cross-Country Comparison of Case Fatality Rates of COVID-19/SARS-COV-2

Author: Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronavirus, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, 01 natural sciences, case fatality rates, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Recovery rate, Pandemic, Case fatality rate, Medicine, Medical history, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, Cross country, business.industry, 010102 general mathematics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, RC952-1245, Infectious Diseases, covid-19, Special situations and conditions, Original Article, Level of care, business, Demography
Abstract: Objectives Case fatality rates (CFR) and recovery rates are important readouts during epidemics and pandemics. In this article, an international analysis was performed on the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods Data were retrieved from accurate databases according to the user's guide of data sources for patient registries, CFR and recovery rates were calculated for each country. A comparison of CFR between countries with total cases ≥ 1,000 was observed for 12th and 23rd March. Results Italy's CFR was the highest of all countries studied for both time points (12th March, 6.22% versus 23rd March, 9.26%). The data showed that even though Italy was the only European country reported on 12rd March, Spain and France had the highest CFR of 6.16 and 4.21%, respectively, on 23rd March, which was strikingly higher than the overall CFR of 3.61%. Conclusion Obtaining detailed and accurate medical history from COVID-19 patients, and analyzing CFR alongside the recovery rate, may enable the identification of the highest risk areas so that efficient medical care may be provided. This may lead to the development of point-of-care tools to help clinicians in stratifying patients based on possible requirements in the level of care, to increase the probabilities of survival from COVID-19 disease.
Published: 2020

11. Cell phone and wireless radiation hazard on TRPV1 channel activation: A Scoping Review study

Author: Fakher Rahim, Kiarash Shirbandi, Omid Mobinfar, Amirmohammad Rezaei Rashnoudi, Gholamreza Hassanzadeh, and Rasoul Akbari
Subjects: Review study, business.industry, Computer science, Neurosciences, Biophysics, Nörolojik Bilimler, Cell Biology, Radiation hazard, Biochemistry, Non-ionizing radiation, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Neurobiology,Non-Ionizing Radiation,Wireless Technology,Cell Phone,Oxidative Stress,TRPV1 protein,Calcium Signaling, Electronic engineering, Wireless, Channel (broadcasting), business, Molecular Biology
Abstract: TRPV1 channel is activated with pH changes, increasing temperature, free radicals, and oxidative stress, and it may be a good measure for detecting the effect of microwave non-ionizing radiation on cellular and molecular responses. The scoping review study aims to survey the influence of mobile and wireless radiation on the TRPV1 channel mechanism. We systematically considered international databases to recognize related studies, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct from the start, PROSPERO and EMBASE use headings for scientific topics (Mesh). The hunt covered the period from 1980 until 2019. A total of seven studies comprising 137 cases, three in vitro tests on breast cancer cell line Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), embryonic kidney HEK293T cells and Rabbit polyclonal anti-TRPV1, and four in vivo experimental studies comprising 21 male and 24 female Wistar Albino rats, were included. Two studies indicated cell phones induced mitochondrial ROS, Oxidative stress-induced in the hippocampus, mitochondrial apoptosis via activation of TRPV1 in HIPPON and DRGN cells. The cytosolic Ca2+ induced by TRPV1 induced oxidative overactions and apoptosis at a distance of 10 cm from the source of the cells. Our review shows that cell phone and wireless radiation have a possible effect on Ca2+ signaling by TRPV1 channel activation. This reaction may induce ROS, Fenton and Haber-Weiss reaction which increase free radicals’ level in the mitochondria.
Published: 2020

12. Quantifying risks and interventions that have affected the burden of lower respiratory infections among children younger than 5 years

Author: Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Félix Carvalho, Luke D. Knibbs, Sonia Lewycka, Sonali Kochhar, Aaron Cohen, Luca Ronfani, Ebrahim M Yimer, Srinivas Murthy, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Josip Car, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Babak Moazen, Mostafa Qorbani, Javad Nazari, Nancy Fullman, Niranjan Kissoon, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Marissa B Reitsma, Benn Sartorius, Ashish Awasthi, Aman Yesuf Endries, Christopher Troeger, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Alessandra C. Goulart, Erlyn Rachelle King Macarayan, Ahmad Daryani, Fakher Rahim, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Justin R. Ortiz, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Alaa Badawi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Sezer Kisa, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Ai Koyanagi, Long Hoang Nguyen, Alireza Rafiei, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Abdallah M. Samy, Catrin E. Moore, André Karch, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Chi Linh Hoang, Katie R Nielsen, Eleonora Dubljanin, Giuseppe Gorini, Charles Shey Wiysonge, Bach Xuan Tran, Christopher J L Murray, Khanh Bao Tran, Maarten J. Postma, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Bartosz Miazgowski, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Aziz Sheikh, Reginald Quansah, Kirsten E. Wiens, Mika Shigematsu, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Yasir Waheed, Robert Reiner, Smita Pakhale, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mahesh P A, Ruth W Kimokoti, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Zakir Hussain, Naohiro Yonemoto, Noore Alam, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Adane Teshome Kefale, Ali H. Mokdad, Rachel L Updike, Amir Kasaeian, Yousef Veisani, Rajesh Kumar Rai, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Mina Anjomshoa, Corey B. Bills, Puja C Rao, Euripide Frinel G Arthur Avokpaho, Lorenzo Monasta, Zoubida Zaidi, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Ali Bijani, Tommi Vasankari, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Young-Ho Khang, Afewerki Gebremeskel Tsadik, Joseph Frostad, Ghulam Mustafa, Jalal Arabloo, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Shanshan Li, David L. Smith, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Andrew T Olagunju, Suleman Atique, Abdullah T Khoja, Ibrahim A Khalil, William M. Gardner, Zikria Saleem, Addisu Melese, Stephen S Lim, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Hmwe H Kyu, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Aleksandra Barac, Spencer L. James, Salvatore Rubino, Lalit Dandona, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Kate Causey, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Simon I. Hay, Ravi Prakash Jha, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Son Hoang Nguyen, Belay Tessema, Muhammad Imran Nisar, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alireza Ahmadi, Theo Vos, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Irfan Ullah, Molly H Biehl, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Tinuke O Olagunju, Florian Fischer, Olatunde Aremu, Brigette F. Blacker, Derrick A Bennett, Vahid Alipour, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Manisha Dubey, Tuomo J. Meretoja, G Anil Kumar, Varshil Mehta, Molly R Nixon, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Anselm Okoro, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shafiu Mohammed, Nuruzzaman Khan, Jost B. Jonas, Samah Awad, Miloje Savic, Soewarta Kosen, Quique Bassat, Amha Admasie, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chalachew Genet Akal, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Adnan Kisa, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Jonathan F. Mosser, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Birhanu Geta, Nobuyuki Horita, Gulfaraz Khan, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Rakhi Dandona, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Samer Hamidi, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Helena Manguerra, Shirin Djalalinia, Degu Abate, Rakesh Lodha, Samuel B. Albertson, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Abdullah Al Mamun, Neeraj Bedi, Parvaiz A Koul, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Katie Welgan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Marek Majdan, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim Ahmed, Public Health, GBD Lower Resp Infect, Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Collaborators, GBD 2017 Lower Respiratory Infections, Clinicum, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Staff Services, University of Helsinki, II kirurgian klinikka, and Department of Oncology
Subjects: Male, Psychological intervention, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Case fatality rate, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Respiratory Tract Infections, INFLUENZAE TYPE-B, education.field_of_study, NUTRITION TRANSITION, CHALLENGES, Trastornos respiratorios, Incidence (epidemiology), Mortality rate, Incidence, Enfermedades en niños, CHILDHOOD PNEUMONIA, Children younger than 5 years, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, Child Mortality, Female, TERRITORIES, CONJUGATE VACCINE, 030231 tropical medicine, Population, 195 COUNTRIES, Infections, Article, CHINA, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, Nutrition transition, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, Risk factor, education, Lower respiratory, Models, Statistical, business.industry, AIR-POLLUTION, Verbal autopsy, Enfermedades respiratorias, Socioeconomic Factors, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Despite large reductions in under-5 lower respiratory infection (LRI) mortality in many locations, the pace of progress for LRIs has generally lagged behind that of other childhood infectious diseases. To better inform programmes and policies focused on preventing and treating LRIs, we assessed the contributions and patterns of risk factor attribution, intervention coverage, and sociodemographic development in 195 countries and territories by drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) LRI estimates. Methods We used four strategies to model LRI burden: the mortality due to LRIs was modelled using vital registration data, demographic surveillance data, and verbal autopsy data in a predictive ensemble modelling tool; the incidence of LRIs was modelled using population representative surveys, health-care utilisation data, and scientific literature in a compartmental meta-regression tool; the attribution of risk factors for LRI mortality was modelled in a counterfactual framework; and trends in LRI mortality were analysed applying changes in exposure to risk factors over time. In GBD, infectious disease mortality, including that due to LRI, is among HIV-negative individuals. We categorised locations based on their burden in 1990 to make comparisons in the changing burden between 1990 and 2017 and evaluate the relative percent change in mortality rate, incidence, and risk factor exposure to explain differences in the health loss associated with LRIs among children younger than 5 years. Findings In 2017, LRIs caused 808 920 deaths (95% uncertainty interval 747 286–873 591) in children younger than 5 years. Since 1990, there has been a substantial decrease in the number of deaths (from 2 337 538 to 808 920 deaths; 65·4% decrease, 61·5–68·5) and in mortality rate (from 362·7 deaths [330·1–392·0] per 100 000 children to 118·9 deaths [109·8–128·3] per 100 000 children; 67·2% decrease, 63·5–70·1). LRI incidence declined globally (32·4% decrease, 27·2–37·5). The percent change in under-5 mortality rate and incidence has varied across locations. Among the risk factors assessed in this study, those responsible for the greatest decrease in under-5 LRI mortality between 1990 and 2017 were increased coverage of vaccination against Haemophilus influenza type b (11·4% decrease, 0·0–24·5), increased pneumococcal vaccine coverage (6·3% decrease, 6·1–6·3), and reductions in household air pollution (8·4%, 6·8–9·2). Interpretation Our findings show that there have been substantial but uneven declines in LRI mortality among countries between 1990 and 2017. Although improvements in indicators of sociodemographic development could explain some of these trends, changes in exposure to modifiable risk factors are related to the rates of decline in LRI mortality. No single intervention would universally accelerate reductions in health loss associated with LRIs in all settings, but emphasising the most dominant risk factors, particularly in countries with high case fatality, can contribute to the reduction of preventable deaths. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020

13. Differential Diagnosis of Microcytic Anemia, Thalassemia or Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Diagnostic Test Accuracy Meta-Analysis

Author: Fakher Rahim, Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Pezeshki, Mina Ebrahimi, Amal Saki Malehi, and Mina Jahangiri
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Hematology, business.industry, Thalassemia, Microcytic anemia, Diagnostic test, Anatomical pathology, medicine.disease, Iron-deficiency anemia, Meta-analysis, Internal medicine, Medicine, Differential diagnosis, business
Published: 2020

14. Socioeconomic Status and Metabolic Syndrome in Southwest Iran: Results from Hoveyzeh Cohort Study(HCS)

Author: Seyed Ahmad Hosseini, Zahra Rahimi, Nader Saki, Fakher Rahim, Seyed Jalal Hashemi, and Bahman Cheraghian
Subjects: business.industry, Environmental health, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine, General Medicine, Metabolic syndrome, medicine.disease, business, Socioeconomic status, Cohort study
Abstract: Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) strongly predicts morbidity and premature mortality, especially for non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, the effect of these factors on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is not clear yet. This study was conducted to assess the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and MetS.Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 10009 people aged 35-70 years enrolled from May 2016 to August 2018. The MetS was defined according to The Standard National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) - adult treatment panel III (ATP III) or NCEP-ATP III criteria. Demographics and socioeconomic data were gathered face to face by trained interviews. Also, lab, anthropometrics, and blood pressure measurements were assayed for participants. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between SES and MetS, adjusted for the potential confounding factors. Results: The overall prevalence of MetS in the participants was 39.1%. The crude odds ratios were statistically significant for all the assessed variables (pMetS. In contrast, no significant associations were seen between educational level and wealth status with MetS. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that SES is related to MetS. Among four assessed SES indicators, skilled levels and Townsend score had a stronger association with MetS. We recommend considering people's SES when interventional programs are planned and conducted on MetS in similar communities.
Published: 2022

15. The Pro-tumor and Anti-tumor Effects of NLRP3 Inflammasome as a New Therapeutic Option for Colon Cancer: a Meta-analysis of Pre-clinical Studies

Author: Babak Arjmand, Fakher Rahim, and Majid Ghanawat
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Colorectal cancer, Purinergic receptor, Gastroenterology, Cancer, Inflammasome, Stimulation, medicine.disease, Meta-analysis, Internal medicine, medicine, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, business, NLRP3 inflammasome complex, medicine.drug
Abstract: Summary: IL-1b secretion is dependent on the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been suggested to require two signals. The first (S1) is provided by toll-like-receptor (TLR)-mediated NF-kappa activation and triggers the synthesis of the IL-1B precursor and assembly of NLRP3. The second (S2) can be mediated by danger signals such as stimulation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor by ATP or other stimuli leading to potassium efflux. High dose MBZ (10 lM) may activate both signals whereas low concentrations (1 lM) only can activate S2, potentially through purinergic receptors (P2R). High dose MBZ can induce S1 by activating TLR 8. Objectives: Therefore, in this review, we aimed to elaborate on these findings and explore how NLRP3 inflammasome affect CRC and which mechanism could be a potential therapeutic target. Methods: We systematically searched major indexing databases, including Pubmed/Medline, ISI web of science (WOS), Scopus, EMBASE, and Cochrane central, using standard terms without any language, study region or type restrictions. We collected information regarding all outcome measures, including assessment of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, histological scoring, clinical scoring, and survival rate from animal tissue. Results: Of the 438 studies found through initial searches, 12 met the inclusion criteria. After applying the exclusion criteria, the main properties of 12 articles on 384 animals included in this meta-analysis. Of 12, eight were about anti-tumoral effect, and four were on pro-tumoral effect of inflammasome. The analysis revealed that NLPR3 inflammasome reduced TNFα (SMD:-3.75, 95% CI: -4.49, -3.02, P
Published: 2022

16. Intelligent Alarm System-Based Devices Designed for People with Disabilities, Caused by Various Chronic Diseases

Author: Fakher Rahim, Roshanak Tirdad, Shayan Samieyan, and Piruz Nami
Subjects: Decision support system, Identification (information), ALARM, business.industry, Internet privacy, Information system, Medicine, Disease, Set (psychology), business, Clinical decision support system, Personalization
Abstract: Context: Chronic diseases (CD) are defined as symptoms or disabilities, caused by diseases, genetic factors, and injury requiring long-term treatment. Intelligent alarm systems, which collect patient health data and transfer it to a medical server, help track and avoid future incidents. Method: The search terms were “computer network” OR “information systems” OR “wireless technology” OR “decision support systems” AND “chronic disease” OR “chronic disease” in major electronic databases, including Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Central. Results: The search resulted in 1275 articles with 11 specific to intelligence-based systems in chronic medical conditions until 08 June 2021. The creation of different access levels for care providers in the system and application customization according to CD conditions were the goals that can be achieved in future research. The human-computer interface (HCI) systems, smart home, and software, such as Fitbit using IoMT to monitor health metrics in people with different CDs, are introduced so far. Conclusions: These systems, if provided on the web and mobile platform, can be accessed at any time and place and are more efficient. Finally, the combination of clinical decision support systems with artificial intelligence has beneficial effects on physician's systems, increases the accuracy in CD diagnosis, and improves the pain management. This intelligent system demonstrates factors influencing back to work and allows identifying high-risk patients and their potential to handle activities of daily living.
Published: 2021

17. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Mosiur Rahman, Rehab Salah, Mario F P Peres, Licia Iacoviello, Benjamin A Stark, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Kamarul Imran Musa, Yannick Béjot, Deanna Anderlini, Carlos Cantú-Brito, Feng Sha, V. E. Nwatah, Pradip Gyanwali, Boris Bikbov, Bartosz Miazgowski, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ali Bijani, Imteyaz A Khan, Yaser Mokhayeri, Bogdan Oancea, Tarang Parekh, Martin Dichgans, Linh Gia Vu, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Mona Pathak, Maciej Banach, Marissa B Reitsma, Derrick A Bennett, Treska S Hassan, Allen Seylani, Gdiom Gebreheat Abady, Islam Y. Elgendy, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Sorin Hostiuc, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Alessandra C. Goulart, Silvia Schiavolin, Simona Sacco, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Badr Hasan Sobaih, Archith Boloor, Aimé Bonny, Graeme J. Hankey, Jiregna Darega Gela, Mohamed I Hegazy, Pedram Keshavarz, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Maseer Khan, Hatem Abdelaziz Mohamed Wafa, Hualiang Lin, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Simon I. Hay, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Xuefeng Liu, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maryam Zamanian, Sezer Kisa, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Alberto Raggi, Shubha Jayaram, Tahira Ashraf, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Matthias Endres, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Dominique Vervoort, Hanadi Al Hamad, Mowafa Househ, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Andrea Sylvia Winkler, Yousef Khader, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Yuming Guo, Yunquan Zhang, Sami Almustanyir, Lalit Dandona, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Chythra R Rao, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Irena Ilic, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Priya Rathi, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Gyu Ri Kim, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alaa Makki, Yun Jin Kim, Vida Abedi, Shanshan Li, Kewal Krishan, David Flood, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Michele Romoli, Gregory A. Roth, Jagdish Khubchandani, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rupak Desai, Mohammed Shannawaz, Aziz Sheikh, Claudiu Herteliu, Xiaoyue Xu, Santi Martini, Kenji Shibuya, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ravi Prakash Jha, Kairat Davletov, Mahya Beheshti, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Ismaeel Yunusa, Maria Inês Schmidt, Koustuv Dalal, Sohail Ahmad, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Oladimeji Adebayo, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ranil Jayawardena, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Mitra Abbasifard, Usman Iqbal, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Alireza Rafiei, Catherine O. Johnson, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Simona Giampaoli, Gaetano Isola, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Vishnu Renjith, Farshad Farzadfar, Irina Filip, Daniel Diaz, André Karch, Samer Hamidi, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, David Colozza, Gbenga A. Kayode, Dinh-Toi Chu, Truong-Minh Pham, Arielle Wilder Bell, Aziz Rezapour, David Laith Rawaf, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Ivo Iavicoli, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Omid Dadras, Anayat Ullah, Gina Agarwal, Shafiu Mohammed, Bing-Fang Hwang, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Sanjay Basu, Michael Brauer, Tanuj Kanchan, Ahmad Azam Malik, Brigid Unim, Min Seo Kim, Kia Vosoughi, Tomasz Miazgowski, Warren D. Lo, Vivek Podder, Dana Bryazka, Chuanhua Yu, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Rufus Akinyemi, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Ettore Beghi, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Bay Vo, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Savita Lasrado, Jalal Arabloo, Pablo M. Lavados, Samaneh Akbarpour, Khezar Hayat, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mariam Molokhia, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Aletta E. Schutte, Zahra Kamiab, Lidia Morawska, Mohammad Ali Moni, Bo Norrving, Tommi Vasankari, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ai Koyanagi, Tissa Wijeratne, Rizwan Kalani, Chenwen Zhong, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sepideh Ahmadi, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Andrzej Rynkiewicz, Pradyumna Agasthi, Saeed Shahabi, Adnan Kisa, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Adnan Ansar, Matilde Leonardi, Ali Koolivand, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Daniel Asfaw Erku, Alok Atreya, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Dhaval Kolte, Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Michael Ekholuenetale, Navid Manafi, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Syed Amir Gilani, Mohamed M. Gad, Christopher J L Murray, Louis Jacob, Robert Ancuceanu, Simona Costanzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Nazanin Rajai, Muhammed Elhadi, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Alireza Zandifar, Walter Muruet, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Hans Orru, Mikk Jürisson, Rajeev Gupta, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Till Bärnighausen, Mark Woodward, Masao Iwagami, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Sherief Ghozy, Amanda G. Thrift, Michael A. Piradov, Florian Fischer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Stefan Lorkowski, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Ali Yadollahpour, Abdiwahab Hashi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Mika Kivimäki, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Alberico L. Catapano, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Ahmed Al Montasir, Fakher Rahim, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Juan Jesus Carrero, Hiroyasu Iso, Abdallah M. Samy, Stefan Stortecky, Reza Malekzadeh, Ashwin Kamath, Nevine El Nahas, Ayesha Humayun, Miguel A Barboza, Sheng-Chia Chung, Carlo La Vecchia, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Rita Krishnamurthi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Milena Ilic, Lalit Yadav, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Abdel Douiri, Yousef Mohammad, Jason H Y Wu, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Ramesh Holla, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Itamar S. Santos, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Ben Lacey, Zahra Aryan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Moien Ab Khan, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Ramin Zand, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sung In Jang, Rakhi Dandona, Emanuele D'Amico, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Jaykaran Charan, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Davide Sattin, Akram Pourshams, Markus P. Schlaich, Arief Hargono, Samaneh Asgari, Ovidiu Baltatu, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Jakub Morze, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Manjari Tripathi, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Yogeshwar Kalkonde, Soraya Siabani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Yihienew Mequanint Bezabih, Samath D Dharmaratne, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Vivek Gupta, Klara Dokova, Alireza Vakilian, Vardhmaan Jain, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Umar Farooque, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Vera Marisa Costa, Alessandro Gialluisi, Valery L. Feigin, Himal Kandel, Suzanne Polinder, Nermin Ghith, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Michael H. Criqui, Asif Hanif, Ahmed Abualhasan, Veer Bala Gupta, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Zahid A Butt, Budi Aji, Baye Dagnew, Rasmus Havmoeller, Victor Volovici, Jitendra Singh, Paramjit Gill, Saverio Stranges, Eun Cheol Park, Andrew T Olagunju, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Woldesellassie M. Bezabhe, Sheikh M. Alif, Junjie Huang, Foad Abd-Allah, Yvonne Teuschl, Rajkumar Doshi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Marcel Ausloos, Mohsen Naghavi, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Maarten J. Postma, Ghozali Ghozali, Yanzhong Wang, Ali H. Mokdad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Nitin Joseph, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Athar, Rustam Al-Shahi Salman, Albertino Damasceno, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Marcello Tonelli, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Sonali G. Choudhari, Abdullah Hamid Feroze, Walter D. Johnson, Ro-Ting Lin, Francesca Giulia Magnani, Hermann Brenner, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Tea Lallukka, Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, V. L., Stark, B. 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M., Boloor, A., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brenner, H., Bryazka, D., Butt, Z. A., Dos Santos, F. L. C., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cantu-Brito, C., Carrero, J. J., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catapano, A. L., Chakraborty, P. A., Charan, J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Chung, S. -C., Colozza, D., Costa, V. M., Costanzo, S., Criqui, M. H., Dadras, O., Dagnew, B., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Damasceno, A. A. M., D'Amico, E., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Gela, J. D., Davletov, K., De La Cruz-Gongora, V., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Dhimal, M. L., Dhimal, M., Diaz, D., Dichgans, M., Dokova, K., Doshi, R., Douiri, A., Duncan, B. B., Eftekharzadeh, S., Ekholuenetale, M., El Nahas, N., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., El-Jaafary, S. I., Endres, M., Endries, A. Y., Erku, D. A., Faraon, E. J. A., Farooque, U., Farzadfar, F., Feroze, A. H., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Gad, M. M., Gaidhane, S., Gheshlagh, R. 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Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Birhanu, M, Boloor, A, Bonny, A, Brauer, M, Brenner, H, Bryazka, D, Butt, Z, Dos Santos, F, Campos-Nonato, I, Cantu-Brito, C, Carrero, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catapano, A, Chakraborty, P, Charan, J, Choudhari, S, Chowdhury, E, Chu, D, Chung, S, Colozza, D, Costa, V, Costanzo, S, Criqui, M, Dadras, O, Dagnew, B, Dai, X, Dalal, K, Damasceno, A, D'Amico, E, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Gela, J, Davletov, K, De La Cruz-Gongora, V, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dharmaratne, S, Dhimal, M, Diaz, D, Dichgans, M, Dokova, K, Doshi, R, Douiri, A, Duncan, B, Eftekharzadeh, S, Ekholuenetale, M, El Nahas, N, Elgendy, I, Elhadi, M, El-Jaafary, S, Endres, M, Endries, A, Erku, D, Faraon, E, Farooque, U, Farzadfar, F, Feroze, A, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Flood, D, Gad, M, Gaidhane, S, Gheshlagh, R, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Ghozali, G, Ghozy, S, Gialluisi, A, Giampaoli, S, Gilani, S, Gill, P, Gnedovskaya, E, Golechha, M, Goulart, A, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, V, Gyanwali, P, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hamidi, S, Hanif, A, Hankey, G, Hargono, A, Hashi, A, Hassan, T, Hassen, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Hegazy, M, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Iacoviello, L, Iavicoli, I, Ibitoye, S, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Ismail, N, Iso, H, Isola, G, Iwagami, M, Jacob, L, Jain, V, Jang, S, Jayapal, S, Jayaram, S, Jayawardena, R, Jeemon, P, Jha, R, Johnson, W, Jonas, J, Joseph, N, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalani, R, Kalhor, R, Kalkonde, Y, Kamath, A, Kamiab, Z, Kanchan, T, Kandel, H, Karch, A, Katoto, P, Kayode, G, Keshavarz, P, Khader, Y, Khan, E, Khan, I, Khan, M, Khatib, M, Khubchandani, J, Kim, G, Kim, M, Kim, Y, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Kolte, D, Koolivand, A, Laxminarayana, S, Koyanagi, A, Krishan, K, Krishnamoorthy, V, Krishnamurthi, R, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Vecchia, C, Lacey, B, Lak, H, Lallukka, T, Lasrado, S, Lavados, P, Leonardi, M, Li, B, Li, S, Lin, H, Lin, R, Liu, X, Lo, W, Lorkowski, S, Lucchetti, G, Saute, R, Abd El Razek, H, Magnani, F, Mahajan, P, Majeed, A, Makki, A, Malekzadeh, R, Malik, A, Manafi, N, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martini, S, Mazzaglia, G, Mehndiratta, M, Menezes, R, Meretoja, A, Mersha, A, Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Mirrakhimov, E, Mohammad, Y, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Mokhayeri, Y, Molokhia, M, Moni, M, Al Montasir, A, Moradzadeh, R, Morawska, L, Morze, J, Muruet, W, Musa, K, Nagarajan, A, Naghavi, M, Swamy, S, Nascimento, B, Negoi, R, Kandel, S, Nguyen, T, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nwatah, V, Oancea, B, Odukoya, O, Olagunju, A, Orru, H, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Pana, A, Parekh, T, Park, E, Kan, F, Pathak, M, Peres, M, Perianayagam, A, Pham, T, Piradov, M, Podder, V, Polinder, S, Postma, M, Pourshams, A, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Raggi, A, Rahim, F, Rahimi-Movaghar, V, Rahman, M, Rahmani, A, Rajai, N, Ranasinghe, P, Rao, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Reitsma, M, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Rezapour, A, Rodriguez, J, Roever, L, Romoli, M, Rynkiewicz, A, Sacco, S, Sadeghi, M, Moghaddam, S, Sahebkar, A, Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salah, R, Samaei, M, Samy, A, Santos, I, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sathian, B, Sattin, D, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Shahabi, S, Shaikh, M, Shannawaz, M, Shawon, M, Sheikh, A, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shibuya, K, Siabani, S, Silva, D, Singh, J, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sobaih, B, Stortecky, S, Stranges, S, Tadesse, E, Tarigan, I, Temsah, M, Teuschl, Y, Thrift, A, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathi, M, Tsegaye, G, Ullah, A, Unim, B, Unnikrishnan, B, Vakilian, A, Tahbaz, S, Vasankari, T, Venketasubramanian, N, Vervoort, D, Vo, B, Volovici, V, Vosoughi, K, Vu, G, Vu, L, Wafa, H, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Wijeratne, T, Winkler, A, Wolfe, C, Woodward, M, Wu, J, Hanson, S, Xu, X, Yadav, L, Yadollahpour, A, Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yatsuya, H, Yonemoto, N, Yu, C, Yunusa, I, Zaman, M, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zand, R, Zandifar, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zuniga, Y, Murray, C, Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), and Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD)
Subjects: Male, Aging, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Stroke data, GUIDELINES, 3124 Neurology and psychiatry, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Strokes, YOUNG-ADULTS, Prevalence, 80 and over, Aetiology, 610 Medicine & health, Stroke, POPULATION, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 1109 Neurosciences, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, 1. No poverty, Articles, Hälsovetenskaper, Middle Aged, Stroke types, ddc, 3. Good health, ISCHEMIC-STROKE, Income, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, GBD, Population, Clinical Sciences, Clinical Neurology, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES, Health Sciences, medicine, Humans, Risk factor, education, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Aged, Ischemic Stroke, Global burden, Science & Technology, Neurology & Neurosurgery, HYPERTENSION, business.industry, MORTALITY, Prevention, 3112 Neurosciences, Neurosciences, 1103 Clinical Sciences, SERVICES, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, medicine.disease, PREVENTION, Brain Disorders, Good Health and Well Being, Attributable risk, Human medicine, Neurology (clinical), Neurosciences & Neurology, business, 1109 Neurosciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, RC
Abstract: Background Regularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels. Methods We applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level. Findings In 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0–13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2–111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133–153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00–7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8–12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1–6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0–73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0–88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0–55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0–42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0–18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0–7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0–42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0–24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0–18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5–3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5–3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57–8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97–3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01–1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7–90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2–62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3–48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7–33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8–41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8–29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4–33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6–23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6–28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4–19·0]). Interpretation The annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

18. The Impact of Combined Cranberry Supplementation and Weight Loss Diet on Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Apoptosis Biomarkers in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Author: Pezhman Alavinejad, Asaad Sharhani, Majid Mohammadshahi, Fakher Rahim, Razie Hormoznejad, and Bijan Helli
Subjects: Antioxidant, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Fatty liver, Non alcoholic, Disease, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, Apoptosis, Weight loss, Medicine, In patient, medicine.symptom, business
Abstract: Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined weight loss diet and cranberry supplementation on inflammatory, antioxidant and apoptosis biomarkers in patients with NAFLD. Methods In this randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial, 41 NAFLD patients were supplemented with either a 288-mg cranberry tablet or a placebo tablet for 12 weeks. Both groups followed a diet of 500–1000 calories less than the estimated energy requirements. Serum levels of Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Cytokeratin 18-M30 (CK-18 M30), Chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2) and Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were measured at both baseline and the end of the study. Results Significant improvements in TAC were observed in the cranberry group and between the two groups (p = 0.006 and p = 0.011 respectively), but the changes in the placebo group were not significant (p = 0.325). There were no statistically significant differences in the serum levels of MDA, CK-18 M30, CCL2 and TNF-α between the cranberry and the placebo groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions It seems that daily consumption of cranberry supplement would be beneficial in increasing serum levels of TAC. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of cranberry on NAFLD. Trial registration : Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial. http://www.irct.ir: IRCT20150124020765N2, January 2019.
Published: 2021

19. Comparison of Diagnostic Performance of Classification Trees and Hematological Discrimination Functions for Differential Diagnosis between the Two Common Hematologic Disorders: An Application of Multidimensional Scaling and Cluster Analysis

Author: Mina Jahangiri, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Fakher Rahim, Amal Saki Malehi, and Kimiya Gohari
Subjects: Hematologic disorders, business.industry, Computer science, Pattern recognition, Multidimensional scaling, Artificial intelligence, Differential diagnosis, Disease cluster, business
Abstract: Background: Several hematological indices have been already proposed to discriminate between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and β‐thalassemia trait (βTT). The aim of the present study was to compare the diagnostic performance of different hematological discrimination indices with statistical methods such as decision trees to discriminate IDA from βTT.Methods: Consisting of 1178 patients with hypochromic microcytic anemia (708 patients with βTT and 470 patients with IDA), this cross-sectional study intended to compare the diagnostic performance of 43 hematological discrimination indices and tree-based methods such as J48, CART, Evtree, Ctree, QUEST, CRUISE as well as GUIDE to discriminate IDA from βTT. Moreover, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to identify the homogeneous subgroups of discrimination methods with similar performances.Results: All the classification tree algorithms showed acceptable accuracy measures for discrimination between IDA and βTT in comparison with other hematological discrimination indices. The results indicated that CRUISE tree algorithm had better diagnostic performance and efficiency among other discrimination methods. In turn, this tree algorithm showed the high Youden's index (88.03%), accuracy (94.57%), diagnostic odds ratio (311.63) and F-measure (95.54%) in the differential diagnosis of IDA from βTT. In addition, AUC of this algorithm indicated more precise classification with a value of 0.94 and this model was found to have excellent diagnostic accuracy. Also, CRUISE tree algorithm showed that Mean corpuscular volume can be considered as the main variable in discrimination as it extracted six homogenous subgroups of patients.Conclusions: CRUISE tree algorithm as a powerful method in data mining techniques can be used to develop accurate differential methods along with other laboratory parameters to discriminate IDA from βTT.
Published: 2021

20. Measurement and Calculation of Electron Contamination for Radiotherapy Photon Mode

Author: Seyedeh Khadijeh Hosseini, Nahid Chegeni, Fakher Rahim, Zahra Farzanegan, and Marziyeh Tahmasbi
Subjects: Materials science, Photon, Dosimeter, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Context (language use), Electron, Contamination, Photon energy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Radiation therapy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine, Dosimetry, business
Abstract: Context: This study was done to review the electron contamination sources and measurement based on dosimetry and simulation techniques for radiotherapy and also to investigate factors affecting electron contamination reduction. Methods: We systematically searched five major indexing databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, ISI web of science, and Cochrane central, using keywords of electron contamination, electron contamination AND measurement, electron contamination AND simulation, and electron contamination AND reduction until Dec 2020. Results: Overall, 35 studies were reviewed, including articles reporting the theory of electron contamination, papers on dosimetry methods to measure electron contamination, studies about simulation methods to assess electron contamination, and articles about reducing electron contamination. The results indicated an increase in electron contamination using a flattering filter, an increase in field size, the presence of prosthesis in the patient's body, and a rise in photon energy. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the excessive delivered doses by electron contamination can cause skin complications, such as erythema, desquamation, and telangiectasia inside or outside the photon field. The amount of electron contamination depends on factors, such as radiation field size, beam energy, and materials placed in the photon path. Electron contamination can be decreased by increasing the source distance to the point of measurement by the dosimeter, applying a lead foil, magnetic deflector, or replacing a portion of air column between patient and radiotherapy system head by helium gas, and also limiting the treatment field.
Published: 2021

21. Diagnostic performance of classification trees and hematological functions in hematologic disorders: an application of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis

Author: Mina Jahangiri, Anoshirvan Kazemnejad, Fakher Rahim, Amal Saki Malehi, and Kimiya Gohari
Subjects: Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Decision tree, Health Informatics, Classification tree algorithms, Disease cluster, Diagnosis, Differential, Hematologic disorders, hemic and lymphatic diseases, Hematological discrimination indices, Diagnosis, Cluster Analysis, Humans, Multidimensional scaling, Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), Mathematics, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, business.industry, Health Policy, Decision tree learning, Research, CRUISE tree algorithm, Pattern recognition, Computer Science Applications, C5.0 tree algorithm, Support vector machine, Tree (data structure), Tree traversal, Cross-Sectional Studies, β‐thalassemia trait (βTT), Multidimensional Scaling Analysis, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract: Background Several hematological indices have been already proposed to discriminate between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and β‐thalassemia trait (βTT). This study compared the diagnostic performance of different hematological discrimination indices with decision trees and support vector machines, so as to discriminate IDA from βTT using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. In addition, decision trees were used to determine the diagnostic classification scheme of patients. Methods Consisting of 1178 patients with hypochromic microcytic anemia (708 patients with βTT and 470 patients with IDA), this cross-sectional study compared the diagnostic performance of 43 hematological discrimination indices with classification tree algorithms and support vector machines in order to discriminate IDA from βTT. Moreover, multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to identify the homogeneous subgroups of discrimination methods with similar performance. Results All the classification tree algorithms except the LOTUS tree algorithm showed acceptable accuracy measures for discrimination between IDA and βTT in comparison with other hematological discrimination indices. The results indicated that the CRUISE and C5.0 tree algorithms had better diagnostic performance and efficiency among other discrimination methods. Moreover, the AUC of CRUISE and C5.0 tree algorithms indicated more precise classification with values of 0.940 and 0.999, indicating excellent diagnostic accuracy of such models. Moreover, the CRUISE and C5.0 tree algorithms showed that mean corpuscular volume can be considered as the main variable in discrimination between IDA and βTT. Conclusions CRUISE and C5.0 tree algorithms as powerful methods in data mining techniques can be used to develop accurate differential methods along with other laboratory parameters for the discrimination of IDA and βTT. In addition, the multidimensional scaling method and cluster analysis can be considered as the most appropriate techniques to determine the discrimination indices with similar performance for future hematological studies.
Published: 2021

22. Role of blood glucose and fat profile in lung function pattern of Indian type 2 diabetic subjects

Author: Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Behzad Khafaei, Chittaranjan S. Yajnik, Sundeep Salvi, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Vital capacity, medicine.medical_specialty, Fat profile, risk factors, Respiratory distress syndrome, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Pulmonary function testing, FEV1/FVC ratio, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Medicine, Hyperglycaemia, Original Research Article, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:RC705-779, business.industry, lcsh:Diseases of the respiratory system, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Metabolism disorder, 3. Good health, respiratory tract diseases, 030228 respiratory system, Observational study, Hemoglobin, business, Lipoprotein
Abstract: Background and objectives: It has been hypothesized that changes in lung function can occur in patients with diabetes. Nevertheless, it is unclear how much of this correlation links with biomarkers of metabolism disorder. We have investigated the association between hypoglycaemic and fat profile with lung function in Indian diabetic subjects. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: Diabetes care unit of King Edward Memorial (KEM) hospital. Patients: Out of 465 patients who agreed to participate in this study, valid lung function data were available from 347 Type 2 diabetic subjects. Measurements: Pulmonary function test including predicted forced vital capacity (% FVC), predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (% FEV1) and FEV1/FVC ratio were assessed. We also examined fat profile, glucose, HbA1c, hemoglobin and other hematological parameters. Results: Four hundred sixty-five subjects aged 55 ± 11 participated in the study. Predicted forced vital capacity, % FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratio was 85.88 ± 13.53, 85.87 ± 14.06 and 82.03 ± 6.83, respectively. Also, approximately 8 to 17% of the participant reported having at least one chronic respiratory symptom or lung disease. We found that high glycaemic measures (i.e. fasting and post-meal plasma glucose) are linked with dyspnea. In addition, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) concentration was directly associated with % FVC. Conclusions: It is difficult to draw a clear conclusion about the cause-effect relationship or clinical impact based on this study alone. However, identification of clinically meaningful elements for developing a screening program is critical.
Published: 2019

23. Costen’s syndrome and COPD

Author: Nader Saki, Hanieh Raji, Hossien Soleymani Salehabadi, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, COPD, S syndrome, business.industry, Internal medicine, medicine, MEDLINE, Pulmonary disease, General Medicine, Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome, medicine.disease, business
Published: 2019

24. Facing Disaster During a COVID-19 Outbreak: What Emergency Medicine Experts Should Know?

Author: Mandana Pouladzadeh, Kambiz Masoumi, Arash Forouzan, Fakher Rahim, and Meisam Moezzi
Subjects: Emergency rooms, medicine.medical_specialty, Hand washing, 030504 nursing, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Virus transmission, business.industry, Risk of infection, Early detection, Triage, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pandemic, Emergency medicine, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0305 other medical science, business
Abstract: Context: Since December 2019, the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been identified as one of the significant challenges in the health systems of countries. Recently, the development and equipping of hospitals and medical centers have been considered as a priority, providing a variety of advanced services in the areas of diagnostic, therapeutic, and supportive services to patients. The present review aimed to shed light on the importance and crucial role of knowledge in the field of emergency medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare the local and international guidelines. Finally, in addition to the workplace and emergency practitioners’ acts, alongside the especial need to frequently disinfect with appropriate antiseptic materials, negative pressure ventilation should also be in the triage and emergency rooms. Besides, personal protection requirements should be sufficiently accessible, and emergency physicians should be trained to use them properly while adhering to safety principles. It is also recommended to use a cap, gown, appropriate mask, shield, and gloves during treatment, diagnostic and supportive measures, and practice frequent hand washing with antiseptic materials like alcohol solutions, as it reduces the risk of infection transmission. Moreover, it is imperative that nurses and physicians working in emergencies follow all safety principles at the end of the shift before entering their homes. Conclusions: Ultimately, the final goal is to reduce the virus transmission through early detection, supportive, diagnostic, and therapeutic actions, and appropriate follow-up.
Published: 2021

25. Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Disease: A Report from a Large Tertiary Hospital in Iran

Author: Abdullah Sarami, Saied Saeidimehr, Fakher Rahim, Bahram Dehghan, Elham Maraghi, and Ahmad abeshtan
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Isolation (health care), business.industry, Computed tomography, Disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, Azithromycin, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Specimen collection, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Presentation (obstetrics), business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess clinical characteristics, management, and in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 among oil refinery workers in a single referral center. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-COVID single referral center from March to August 2020. At the Naft Grand Hospital, a COVID-19 specimen collection and molecular detection unit was established, and staff were trained how to collect suitable samples (sufficiently deep swabs), store, pack, and transport them. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Overall, 500 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included, among whom the most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.2%) and diabetes (45.6%). Moreover, 298 patients (59.6%) had one to three comorbidities; 148 patients (29.6%) had four to six comorbidities, and two patients (0.4%) suffered from seven and more comorbidities. Out of these, 23 patients (4.6%) had cancer, and 206 (41.2%) suffered from other diseases. Most of the patients (390, 78.8%) received Kaletra, and 387 (78.02%) were treated with Azithromycin. Overall, PCR results were positive in 377 (75.4%) patients; computed tomography scan (CT-scan) was positive in 413 (82.6%), and CRP test rendered positive results in 335 patients (67%). Conclusions: Most referred cases were survivors with mild to moderate symptoms, and a few of them were unfortunately non-survivors. This could be due to the appropriate responses to treatment and institutional isolation of people with mild COVID-19 symptoms. Thus, good and evidence-based clinical care combined with intense public health interventions will save the lives of thousands, if not millions, worldwide.
Published: 2021

26. COVID-19 Pathology on Various Organs and Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell-Based Interventions

Author: Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani, Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam, Babak Arjmand, Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari, Kambiz Gilany, Hossein Adibi, Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani, Bagher Larijani, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: QH301-705.5, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, Inflammation, Review, medicine.disease_cause, Systemic inflammation, Proinflammatory cytokine, Cell and Developmental Biology, coronavirus disease 2019, Immune system, medicine, Biology (General), Biology, Coronavirus, multi-organ failure, mesenchymal stem cells, business.industry, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Cytokine release syndrome, Immunology, cytokine storm, Human medicine, Stem cell, medicine.symptom, Cytokine storm, business, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2, a novel betacoronavirus, has caused the global outbreak of a contagious infection named coronavirus disease-2019. Severely ill subjects have shown higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine storm is the term that can be used for a systemic inflammation leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines and activation of immune cells. In coronavirus disease-2019 infection, a cytokine storm contributes to the mortality rate of the disease and can lead to multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome through auto-destructive responses of systemic inflammation. Direct effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome associated with infection as well as hyperinflammatory reactions are in association with disease complications. Besides acute respiratory distress syndrome, functional impairments of the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, kidneys, liver, and several others can be mentioned as the possible consequences. In addition to the current therapeutic approaches for coronavirus disease-2019, which are mostly supportive, stem cell-based therapies have shown the capacity for controlling the inflammation and attenuating the cytokine storm. Therefore, after a brief review of novel coronavirus characteristics, this review aims to explain the effects of coronavirus disease-2019 cytokine storm on different organs of the human body. The roles of stem cell-based therapies on attenuating cytokine release syndrome are also stated.
Published: 2021

27. Clinical Presentation, Management and Outcome of Staffs with COVID-19 Disease: a large tertiary Oil and Refinery Grand Hospital Study

Author: Ahmad abeshtan, Elham Maraghi, Bahram Dehghan, Saied Saeidimehr, Abdullah Sarami, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: Presentation, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, medicine, Disease, Medical emergency, medicine.disease, business, Outcome (game theory), Refinery, media_common
Abstract: Objective The aim of the present study was to assess clinical characteristics, managing and controlling, and in-hospital outcome of COVID-19 among oil refinery workers in a single referral center. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-COVID single referral center from March to August 2020. At the Naft grand Hospital, the COVID-19 specimen collection and molecular detection unit was established with staff trained to collect suitable samples (sufficiently deep swabs), storage, packaging, and transportation. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Results Overall, 500 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included, of which the most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.2%) and diabetes (45.6%). Moreover, 298 patients (59.6%) had one to three comorbidities, 148 patients (29.6%) had four to six cases, and two patients (0.4%) had seven and more comorbidities. Finally, 23 people (4.6%) have cancer and 206 people (41.2%) have other diseases. 390 (78.8%) received Kaletra, and 387 (78.02%) receive Azithromycin. Overall, PCR test result was positive in 377 (75.4%) patients, computed tomography scan (CT-scan) test was positive in 413 (82.6%) patients, and CRP test had positive result in 335 patients (67%) patients. Conclusion Most referred cases were survivors with mild to moderate symptoms, and a few of them were unfortunately non-survivor. This could be due to those people with mild COVID-19 symptoms may respond well to the treatment and institutional isolation. Thus, good and evidence-based clinical care combined with strong public health interventions will save the lives of thousands, if not millions, worldwide.
Published: 2021

28. Prediction Model for Disease Progression and Relevant Prognostic Factors in Hodgkin Patients: An Application of Frailty Multistate Model

Author: Amal Saki Malehi, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Ahmad Ahmadzadeh, Fakher Rahim, and Mohamad Seghatoleslami
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Disease progression, Event history, Cancer, Disease, medicine.disease, Increased risk, Survival data, Internal medicine, medicine, Hodgkin lymphoma, In patient, business
Abstract: Background: In clinical cancer studies, there has been a high tendency of searching for more specific and new prognostic factors in cancers in the last few years. This multistate study aimed to model the progression of Hodgkin's disease by accounting for individual effect (heterogeneity) using the joint and independent frailty models. Method: After the utilization of the illness-death model, joint-modeling accounted for the dependency between relapse and death by considering the individual characteristics as a frailty term. Therefore, the effect of influential prognostic factors was evaluated on disease progression by frailty and joint-frailty multistate models. Results: The individual predictions were determined using the frameworks of the both models. The model was applied to 389 Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Gender (male), age (over 55 years), and low level of hemoglobin (less than 10.5) were associated with an increased risk of death and relapse in patients. The likelihood cross-validation criterion was proposed to choose the joint frailty model as a better fitting model. Conclusion: Multistate models were appropriate tools to study the whole event history of the subjects, which provided a deep insight into the dynamics of the disease. The problem of events-subjects dependency in the survival data was clarified using the multistate model. Therefore, the heterogeneity and dependency between the states led to more accurate estimations of the effects of the prognostic factors, thereby improving the predictions.
Published: 2021

29. The effect of metformin on body mass index and metabolic parameters in non-diabetic HIV-positive patients: a meta-analysis

Author: Narges Nazari Harmooshi, Mehrnoush Zakerkish, Ahmad abeshtan, Fakher Rahim, and Golshan Mirmomeni
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Biguanide, medicine.drug_class, business.industry, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Review Article, Overweight, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Metformin, Weight loss, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Meta-analysis, Internal Medicine, medicine, medicine.symptom, business, Body mass index, medicine.drug
Abstract: We sought to evaluate the effetc of metformin on body mass index (BMI) and metabolic parameters in HIV-positive patients. We performed a comprehensive search through five major indexing databases, using keywords (“metformin” OR “dimethylguanylguanidine” OR “biguanide” OR “Glucophage”) AND (“HIV” OR “human immunodeficiency virus” OR “AIDS” OR “Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome”), and all possible combinations until January 15, 2021. We measured standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each outcome. We finally included 12 RCTs (577 participants, 274 in the metformin group and 303 in the comparators). Metformin did not significantly change BMI index compared to various comparators. Metformin generally improve LDL levels (SMD = 0.29, 95% CI: − 1.00 1.57, P = 0.01), HDL levels (SMD = − 0.15, 95% CI: − 0.72 0.41, P = 0.001), triglycerides values (SMD = 0.46, 95% CI: − 0.36 1.27, P
Published: 2021

30. Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19 in Children: Is There a Causal or Usual Relationship?

Author: Bijan Keikhaei and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, medicine, Kawasaki disease, medicine.disease, business
Published: 2021

31. Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

Author: Simachew Animen Bante, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Deniz Yuce, Ninuk Hariyani, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Shirin Djalalinia, Jalal Arabloo, Bay Vo, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Farahnaz Joukar, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Getinet Kassahun, Robert Ancuceanu, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Aubrey J. Cook, Jasvinder A. Singh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Sergio I. Prada, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Rajesh Sagar, Emmanuel Peprah, Fenta Hun Y. Beyene, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Yun Jin Kim, Maryam Adabi, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mathew M. Baumann, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Nooshin Abbasi, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Sanjay Basu, Hadi Hassankhani, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Keshab Deuba, Dilshad Manzar, Robert L. Thompson, Keivan Ahmadi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Alessandra C. Goulart, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Samata Nepal, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Irina Filip, Ian D. Letourneau, Ramesh Holla, Neda Kianipour, Maha El Tantawi, Lucas Earl, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Nauman Khalid, Kimberly B. Johnson, Iván Landires, Manasi Kumar, Babak Moazen, Rohol Lah Kalhor, Dinh-Toi Chu, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Nima Rezaei, Alexandre C. Pereira, Susan F. Rumisha, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Xuefeng Liu, Feng Sha, Mahaveer Golechha, Davood Anvari, Urvish K Patel, Bing-Fang Hwang, Samath D Dharmaratne, Muhammad Aqeel, Kebede Deribe, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Lillian Mwanri, Nuruzzaman Khan, Yunquan Zhang, Paula Moraga, Ai Koyanagi, Abdallah M. Samy, Nithin Kumar, Rahul Gupta, Samad Azari, Soheil Hassanipour, Archith Boloor, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Andrew J. Croneberger, Enrico Rubagotti, Jaykaran Charan, Khezar Hayat, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Kio Mars Sharafi, Ionut Negoi, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Yasser Vasseghian, Yihienew M. Bezabih, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Nazir Fattahi, Adnan Kisa, Alok Atreya, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Jaffar Abbas, Daniel Diaz, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Malke Asaad, Arief Hargono, Zahid A Butt, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Amir Radfar, Salman Rawaf, Vardhmaan Jain, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Krittika Bhattacharyya, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Emily Haeuser, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tomislav Mestrovic, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Arash Ziapour, Samantha Perkins, Deepa Jahagirdar, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Eduarda Fernandes, Nataliya Foigt, Audrey L. Serfes, Fissaha Tekulu Welay, Savita Lasrado, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Hedayat Abbastabar, Om P Kurmi, Hung Chak Ho, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Priya Rathi, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Giang Thu Vu, Farah Daoud, Tudorel Andrei, Ricardo de Souza Kuchenbecker, Fakher Rahim, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Sezer Kisa, Rajesh Elayedath, Shafiu Mohammed, Vinod C. Nayak, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Masoud Foroutan, Mingyou Yang, Yousef Mohammad, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Benjamin K. Mayala, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Nikha Bhardwaj, Masoud Moradi, Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Carlo La Vecchia, Tesfay B.B. Gebremariam, Ritesh G. Menezes, Olatunde Aremu, Bogdan Oancea, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Stefanie Watson, Yousef Moradi, Souranshu Chatterjee, Ugo Gori, Isabela M. Benseñor, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Paul Ward, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Usman Iqbal, Rekha Thapar, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Yasir Waheed, Ziad A. Memish, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Daiane Borges Machado, Shrikant Pawar, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kenji Shibuya, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, André Karch, Asif Hanif, Atif Amin Baig, Salah Eddin Karimi, Gulfaraz Khan, David Laith Rawaf, Andrew T Olagunju, Chuanhua Yu, Darshan B B, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Takeshi Fukumoto, Neeraj Bedi, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Deepak Madi, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Masood Ali Shaikh, Juwel Rana, Tanuj Kanchan, Mohamed M. Gad, Syed Amir Gilani, Victor Adekanmbi, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Tadele G. Adal, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Leila R Kalankesh, Gbenga A. Kayode, Bach Xuan Tran, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Andem Effiong, André Faro, Javad Nazari, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Rosario Cárdenas, Milena Ilic, Ravi Prakash Jha, Zebenay Workneh Bitew, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Dian Kusuma, Yum Ing Guo, Mowafa Househ, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Krista M. Steuben, Hadush Negash, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Irena Ilic, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Florian Fischer, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Kate E. LeGrand, Ravishankar Nagaraja, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Marwa Rashad Salem, Michael A. Cork, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Liliana Preotescu, Somayeh Bohlouli, Aziz Rezapour, Ana Melisa Pardo-Montaño, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Mohammad Ali Moni, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Leonardo Roever, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Andre R. Brunoni, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Nikita Otstavnov, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Fernando de la Hoz, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Jae Il Shin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Vaman Kulkarni, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sait Mentes Birlik, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, Yanzhong Wang, Maryam Keramati, Mahesh P A, Ali H. Mokdad, Muhammad Naveed, Nitin Joseph, Ronny Westerman, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Cork M.A., Henry N.J., Watson S., Croneberger A.J., Baumann M., Letourneau I.D., Yang M., Serfes A.L., Abbas J., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abreu L.G., Abu-Gharbieh E., Achappa B., Adabi M., Adal T.G., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alhassan R.K., Alipour V., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anvari D., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asaad M., Atnafu D.D., Atreya A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., B D.B., Baig A.A., Banach M., Bante S.A., Barboza M.A., Basu S., Bedi N., Ramirez D.F.B., Bensenor I.M., Beyene F.-H.Y., Bezabih Y.M., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birlik S.M., Bitew Z.W., Bohlouli S., Boloor A., Brunoni A.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Casta-neda-orjuela C.A., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chowdhury M.A.K., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daoud F., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Weaver N.D., De la Hoz F.P., Demeke F.M., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Deuba K., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., Elayedath R., El-Jaafary S.I., Faraon E.J.A., Faro A., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremed-Hin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S.A., Golechha M., Gori U., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Gugnani H.C., Guimaraes M.D.C., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y.-I., Gupta R., Haeuser E., Haider M.R., Haile T.G., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hariyani N., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Herteliu C., Ho H.C., Holla R., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hwang B.-F., Ibeneme C.U., Ibitoye S.E., Ile-Sanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Jahagir-Dar D., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Johnson K.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R.-L., Kanchan T., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keramati M., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khan M.N.N., Khatab K., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kosen S., Laxminarayana S.L.K., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kulkarni V., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lal D.K., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Amin H.I.M., Machado D.B., Madi D., Magis-Rodriguez C., Malta D.C., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D., Arnedo C.A.M., Martins-Melo F.R., Masoumi S.Z., Mayala B.K., Medina-Solis C.E., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mestrovic T., Mirica A., Moazen B., Mohammad Y., Mezerji N.M.G., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moni M.A., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Khaneghah A.M.-S., Mustafa G., Mwanri L., Nagaraja R., Nagarajan A.J., Naim-Zada M.D., Nascimento B.R., Naveed D.M., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Negash H., Negoi I., Nepal S., Nguefack-Tsague G., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nikbakhsh R., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Otstav-Nov N., A M.P., Padubidri J.R., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pardo-Montano A.M., Patel U.K., Pawar S., Peprah E.K., Pereira A., Perkins S., Pescarini J.M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pot-Too F.H., Prada S.I., Preotescu L., Pribadi D.R.A., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahmani A.M., Ramezanzadeh K., Rana J., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Roever L., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sagar R., Sajadi S.M., Salem M.R., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sathian B., Schaeffer L.E., Schneider I.J.C., Seidu A.-A., Sha F., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K.-M., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sligar A., Soheili A., Steuben K.M., Sufiyan M.B., Tadesse E.G., Tesema A.K.T., Tesfay F.H., Thapar R., Thompson R.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tsegaye G.W., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrish-Nan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vo B., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wang Y., Ward P., Welay F.T., Westerman R., Wickramasinghe N.D., Yaya S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yusefzadeh H., Zamanian M., Zastroz-Hin M.S., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cork, Michael A, Henry, Nathaniel J, Watson, Stefanie, Croneberger, Andrew J, Ahmed, Muktar B, Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, and Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease HIV
Subjects: Male, Latin Americans, lcsh:Medicine, LOW-INCOME, HIV Infections, HIV mortality, HIV/AIDS, Latin America, Mapping, Small area estimation, Spatial statistics, Vital registration, Vital registrations, 0302 clinical medicine, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Registries, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, media_common, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Regression analysis, General Medicine, Middle Aged, BRAZIL, Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, 3. Good health, AIDS, SEX, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, HEALTH, 0305 other medical science, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Inequality, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, TUBERCULOSIS, Small area estimations, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Sex Factors, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV mortalities, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Aged, Science & Technology, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, Ecological study, HIV, Bayes Theorem, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Vital Statistics, Spatial statistic, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries—apart from Ecuador—across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups—the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. Conclusions Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.
Published: 2021

32. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trial studies

Author: Elham Rajaei, Amal Saki, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: safety, rheumatoid arthritis, medicine.medical_specialty, Combination therapy, Immunology, efficacy, Placebo, chemistry.chemical_compound, tocilizumab, Tocilizumab, Rheumatology, Internal medicine, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Adverse effect, Review Paper, business.industry, medicine.disease, adverse events, Clinical trial, meta-analysis, Regimen, chemistry, Meta-analysis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Medicine, business
Abstract: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We systematically searched all potential articles in the main databases, including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Sciences (ISI), and Cochrane Center. The search was subsequently updated in December 2020. The initial review and extraction of information were performed independently by two authors to collect the first author and publication year; sample size; mean age of the intervention and control groups; the dose of TCZ, and the follow-up duration. Outcomes of interest include the ACR20, ACR50, ACR70, total complication rate, and the occurrence of remission. Any disagreements between the reviewers were resolved by discussion and re-check of the article and consultation with a third reviewer. After reviewing and culling, 15 clinical trials comparing the clinical efficacy of TCZ and its comparators in the treatment of patients with RA entered the qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Tocilizumab 8 mg was statistically better than 4 mg or placebo for ACR responses. Significant clinical adverse events in patients with RA treated with TCZ, such as abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) and infections, were more frequent than in comparator groups. This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the combination therapy of TCZ with other drugs such as methotrexate and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs has been studied for various clinical effects concerning safety and clinically significant adverse events. Although the data are promising, long-term performance and safety data need to be fully identified, as well as the risks and benefits of TCZ, especially appropriate timing, dosage, and regimen.
Published: 2021

33. The diagnostic accuracy of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted CT imaging in COVID-19 disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Hassan Kiani Shahvandi, Meisam Moezzi, Fakher Rahim, Kiarash Shirbandi, and Babak Arjmand
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Artificial intelligence, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), media_common.quotation_subject, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Health Informatics, Diagnostic accuracy, Disease, Coronavirus infections, Cochrane Library, Respiratory tract infections, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Machine learning, Medicine, CT-Scan, Computed tomography, media_common, Selection bias, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, Area under the curve, COVID-19, Deep learning, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Meta-analysis, business
Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have become critical in support of decision-making. This systematic review summarizes all the data currently available on the AI-assisted CT-Scan prediction accuracy for COVID-19. The ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Science Direct, PROSPERO, and EMBASE were systematically searched. We used the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool to assess all included studies' quality and potential bias. A hierarchical receiver-operating characteristic summary (HSROC) curve and a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve have been implemented. The area under the curve (AUC) was computed to determine the diagnostic accuracy. Finally, 36 studies (a total of 39,246 image data) were selected for inclusion into the final meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity for AI was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.90-0.91), specificity was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.90-0.92) and the AUC was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91-0.98). For deep learning (DL) method, the pooled sensitivity was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.90-0.91), specificity was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87-0.88) and the AUC was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93-0.97). In case of machine learning (ML), the pooled sensitivity was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.90-0.91), specificity was 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94-0.95) and the AUC was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99). AI in COVID-19 patients is useful in identifying symptoms of lung involvement. More prospective real-time trials are required to confirm AI's role for high and quick COVID-19 diagnosis due to the possible selection bias and retrospective existence of currently available studies.
Published: 2021

34. Accuracy of deep learning model-assisted amyloid positron emission tomography scan in predicting Alzheimer's disease: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis

Author: Fakher Rahim, Kiarash Shirbandi, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hassan Kiani Shahvandi, Marziyeh Tahmasbi, Mohammad Khalafi, and Pouya Javanmardi
Subjects: Amyloid tracer, medicine.diagnostic_test, Amyloid, business.industry, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, Area under the curve, R858-859.7, Amyloid pet, Health Informatics, Neuroimaging, Disease, Cochrane Library, Alzheimer's disease, Positron emission tomography, Meta-analysis, Diagnosis, medicine, Dementia, Positron-emission tomography, Nuclear medicine, business, Positron Emission Tomography Scan
Abstract: Background and aim Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that attacks the brain by deposited amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic characteristics of deep learning (DL) in predicting AD with an amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Materials and methods The ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, ALZFORUM, CINAHL, Science Direct, PROSPERO, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were systematically searched. We used the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool to investigate the quality and potential bias of all studies. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) to determine diagnostic precision. All experiments were viewed with the summary ROC (SROC) plotted as a circle. Results Overall, 17 studies (a total of 15,177 image data) were included in the final meta-analysis following reviewing titles, abstracts, and full papers. The pooled AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the amyloid tracers were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.78–0.98), 0.92 (95% CI, 0.88–0.95), and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86–0.93), respectively. The pooled AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the FDG tracers were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.77–0.96), 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87–0.96), and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84–0.91), respectively. The pooled AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the Florbetapir tracers were 0.97 (95% CI, 0.86–0.98), 0.94 (95% CI, 0.87–0.98), and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.87–0.99), respectively. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that DL provided a more accurate method by amyloid PET images leading to straightforward advances in the early diagnosis of diseases, such as AD.
Published: 2021

35. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Author: Junaid Khan, Blake Angell, Marcel Ausloos, Catherine M. Antony, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Kewal Krishan, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe Cicero, Simona Cătălina Ştefan, Tanuj Kanchan, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Mohamed I Hegazy, Richard James Maude, Salman Rawaf, Viktória Szerencsés, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Martin McKee, Reza Rawassizadeh, Anton C Harle, Neda Milevska Kostova, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Hassan Abolhassani, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Atta Abbas Naqvi, John Dube, Habib Benzian, Cristiano Piccinelli, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Mohammad Khammarnia, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Modhurima Moitra, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Emily Joy Callander, David Laith Rawaf, Saeed Shahabi, Mohsen Bayati, Raffaele Palladino, Shahin Soltani, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rafael Lozano, Himal Kandel, João Vasco Santos, MA Garcia-Gordillo, Savita Lasrado, Alexey V Breusov, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohamed, Reinhard Busse, Veer Bala Gupta, Ionut Negoi, Xiaochen Dai, Eun-Cheol Park, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Annie Haakenstad, Asadollah Gholamian, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ismaeel Yunusa, Hubert Amu, G. K. Mini, Francesco Saverio Violante, Michael Abdelmasseh, Yun Jin Kim, Yousef Moradi, Nataliya Foigt, Afshin Maleki, Pavanchand H Shetty, Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan, Ramesh Holla, Mina Anjomshoa, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Avirup Guha, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Alessandro Arrigo, Neda Kianipour, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mosiur Rahman, Tomas Y Ferede, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Alaa Makki, Joseph L Dieleman, Shuhei Nomura, Kanwar Hamza Shuja, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Souranshu Chatterjee, Yonas Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Hayley N Stutzman, Getinet Ayano, Atte Meretoja, Fahad Alanezi, Aravind Thavamani, Sonu Bhaskar, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Masood Ali Shaikh, Soewarta Kosen, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Ferrán Catalá-López, Samath D Dharmaratne, Stany W. Lobo, Alemayehu Hailu, Sebastian Vollmer, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Lalit Dandona, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Sezer Kisa, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Nasir Umar, Adrian Otoiu, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Harapan Harapan, Ivo Iavicoli, Jakub Morze, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Ian E Cogswell, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sadia Bibi, Stefan Kohler, Florian Fischer, Jagdish Khubchandani, Justice Nonvignon, Salah Eddin Karimi, Yousef Khader, Jan-Walter De Neve, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Tommi Vasankari, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Khezar Hayat, Chythra R Rao, Priya Rathi, Asma Tahir Awan, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Salime Goharinezhad, Ai Koyanagi, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Angela E Micah, Rakhi Dandona, Jaykaran Charan, Lorainne Tudor Car, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Kenji Shibuya, Aziz Sheikh, B Reshmi, Rovshan Khalilov, Haroon Ahmed, Andrea Werdecker, Alberto Freitas, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Vasily Vlassov, Risky Kusuma Hartono, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gyu Ri Kim, Ana Laura Manda, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Obinna Onwujekwe, Van C. Lansingh, Miklós Szócska, Gelin Xu, Ted R. Miller, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Till Bärnighausen, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Juan Sanabria, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Stefano Olgiati, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, V. E. Nwatah, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Ranil Jayawardena, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Atif Amin Baig, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Ali Bijani, Arash Ziapour, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Francesco Sanmarchi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Allen Seylani, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Delia Hendrie, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Manthan D Janodia, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Sorin Hostiuc, Marjan Ajami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Muhammad Aqeel, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Rawlance Ndejjo, Maarten J. Postma, Luis Camera, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Adnan Kisa, Tahira Ashraf, Tudorel Andrei, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Virginia Bodolica, Chuanhua Yu, Moses K. Muriithi, Pascual R. Valdez, Paul S. F. Yip, Demetris Lamnisos, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Hamed Zandian, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Yeong Yeh Lee, Sana Salehi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Kyle E. Simpson, Sami Almustanyir Almustanyir, Bogdan Oancea, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Omid Dadras, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Turki Alanzi, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Shoaib Hassan, Rahul R. Zende, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Adam E. Berman, Long Khanh Dao Le, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Adithi Shetty, Getinet Kassahun, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Usha Ram, Linh Gia Vu, Emilie R Maddison, Yosef Alemayehu, Ali H. Mokdad, Tomislav Mestrovic, Mavra A Riaz, Muhammad Naveed, Koustuv Dalal, Syed Amir Gilani, Reza Malekzadeh, Nikha Bhardwaj, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Rohollah Kalhor, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Amadou Barrow, Christopher J L Murray, Budi Aji, Maitreyi Sahu, Sara D Friedman, Konrad Pesudovs, Robert Reiner, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Mustafa Z. Younis, Aidin Abedi, Sanjay Basu, Nancy Fullman, Darrah McCracken, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Falk Schwendicke, Ionela-Roxana Glavan, Mohamed H Hassanein, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Javad Nazari, Khurshid Alam, Bulat Idrisov, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Golnaz Heidari, Asif Hanif, Ghozali Ghozali, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Leila Doshmangir, Simiao Chen, Maha El Tantawi, Stephen S Lim, Bay Vo, Deepak Saxena, Jasvinder A. Singh, Robert Ancuceanu, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Kamal Hezam, Andrew T Olagunju, Sheikh Jamal Hossain, Lindsey E Wallace, Dejana Braithwaite, Sergio I. Prada, Adolfo Martinez-Valle, Brandon Cunningham, Vivek Gupta, Joseph Salama, Rezaul Karim Ripon, Bing-Fang Hwang, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Behzad Karami Matin, Tushar Garg, Cyrus Alinia, Yingxi Zhao, Richard G. Wamai, Satoshi Ezoe, Anders Larsson, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Maciej Banach, Billingsley Kaambwa, Nader Jahanmehr, Saeed Amini, Foluke Adetola Ojelabi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Samer Hamidi, Gaetano Isola, Tahereh Javaheri, Gbenga A. Kayode, Nikita Otstavnov, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, David M. Pereira, Mansour Ghafourifard, Saira Afzal, Ravi Prakash Jha, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Vahit Yigit, Farshad Farzadfar, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Shafiu Mohammed, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Nastaran Barati, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Himanshu Khajuria, Anas M. Saad, Mohammad Rabiee, Abdallah M. Samy, Srinivas Goli, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Mariam Molokhia, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Mohammad Ali Moni, E S Abhilash, Timur Aripov, Sepideh Ahmadi, Mehdi Sayyah, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Peter Andras Gaal, Babayemi O Olakunde, Brijesh Sathian, Anayat Ullah, Ritesh G. Menezes, Samad Azari, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sanni Yaya, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Jalal Arabloo, Saif Ullah, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Bahram Mohajer, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Vinay Nangia, Shrikant Pawar, Moslem Soofi, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Simon I. Hay, Miloje Savic, 2. Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator Network, Cicero AFG, Network, Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Micah, A. E., Cogswell, I. E., Cunningham, B., Ezoe, S., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Mccracken, D., Nomura, S., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Wallace, L. E., Zhao, Y., Zende, R. R., Abbafati, C., Abdelmasseh, M., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K. H., Abhilash, E. S., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Adhikari, T. B., Afzal, S., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, M. B., Ahmed Rashid, T., Ajami, M., Aji, B., Akalu, Y., Akunna, C. J., Al Hamad, H., Alam, K., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alemayehu, Y., Alhassan, R. K., Alinia, C., Aljunid, S. M., Almustanyir, S. A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Alvis-Zakzuk, N. J., Amini, S., Amini-Rarani, M., Amu, H., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Angell, B., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Aqeel, M., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aripov, T., Arrigo, A., Ashraf, T., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Awan, A. T., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azhar, G. S., Babalola, T. K., Bahrami, M. A., Baig, A. A., Banach, M., Barati, N., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrow, A., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Benzian, H., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Bhaskar, S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Bodolica, V., Bragazzi, N. L., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breusov, A. V., Briko, N. I., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Callander, E. J., Camera, L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Charan, J., Chatterjee, S., Chattu, S. K., Chattu, V. K., Chen, S., Cicero, A. F. G., Dadras, O., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Dai, X., Dalal, K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davitoiu, D. V., De Neve, J. -W., de Sa-Junior, A. R., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Dharmaratne, S. D., Doshmangir, L., Dube, J., Ehsani-Chimeh, E., El Sayed Zaki, M., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Farzadfar, F., Ferede, T. Y., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Freitas, A., Friedman, S. D., Fukumoto, T., Fullman, N., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Garcia-Gordillo, M. A., Garg, T., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Ghozali, G., Gilani, S. A., Glavan, I. -R., Glushkova, E. V., Goharinezhad, S., Golechha, M., Goli, S., Guha, A., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Haakenstad, A., Haider, M. R., Hailu, A., Hamidi, S., Hanif, A., Harapan, H., Hartono, R. K., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassan, S., Hassanein, M. H., Hayat, K., Hegazy, M. I., Heidari, G., Hendrie, D., Heredia-Pi, I., Herteliu, C., Hezam, K., Holla, R., Hossain, S. J., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Hwang, B. -F., Iavicoli, I., Idrisov, B., Ilesanmi, O. S., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Jahani, M. A., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Janodia, M. D., Javaheri, T., Jayapal, S. K., Jayawardena, R., Jazayeri, S. B., Jha, R. P., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Joukar, F., Jurisson, M., Kaambwa, B., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kassahun, G., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keikavoosi-Arani, L., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khammarnia, M., Khan, J., Khubchandani, J., Kianipour, N., Kim, G. R., Kim, Y. J., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kohler, S., Kosen, S., Koteeswaran, R., Koulmane Laxminarayana, S. L., Koyanagi, A., Krishan, K., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lamnisos, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Le, L. K. D., Lee, S. W. H., Lee, Y. Y., Lim, S. S., Lobo, S. W., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Magdy Abd El Razek, M., Mahdavi, M. M., Majeed, A., Makki, A., Maleki, A., Malekzadeh, R., Manda, A. L., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Marrugo Arnedo, C. A., Martinez-Valle, A., Masoumi, S. Z., Maude, R. J., Mckee, M., Medina-Solis, C. E., Menezes, R. G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mesregah, M. K., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mohajer, B., Mohamed, T. A., Mohammadi, M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Moitra, M., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Moni, M. A., Moradi, Y., Morze, J., Mousavi, S. M., Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Nagarajan, A. J., Naimzada, M. D., Nangia, V., Naqvi, A. A., Narayana, A. I., Nascimento, B. R., Naveed, M., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Ndejjo, R., Negoi, I., Neupane Kandel, S., Nguyen, T. H., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Nwatah, V. E., Oancea, B., Ojelabi, F. A. O., Olagunju, A. T., Olakunde, B. O., Olgiati, S., Olusanya, J. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otoiu, A., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E. -C., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Pawar, S., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Pereira, D. M., Perianayagam, A., Pesudovs, K., Piccinelli, C., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M. H. U., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A. M., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C. L., Ranasinghe, P., Rao, C. R., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Reiner Jr, R. C., Renzaho, A. M. N., Reshmi, B., Riaz, M. A., Ripon, R. K., Saad, A. M., Sahraian, M. A., Sahu, M., Salama, J. S., Salehi, S., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanmarchi, F., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Sathian, B., Savic, M., Saxena, D., Sayyah, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shetty, A., Shetty, P. H., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Shuja, K. H., Singh, J. A., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Spurlock, E. E., Stefan, S. C., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Taddele, B. W., Tefera, Y. G., Thavamani, A., Tobe-Gai, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tudor Car, L., Ullah, A., Ullah, S., Umar, N., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Villafane, J. H., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vo, B., Vollmer, S., Vos, T., Vu, G. T., Vu, L. G., Wamai, R. G., Werdecker, A., Woldekidan, M. A., Wubishet, B. L., Xu, G., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yigit, V., Yip, P., Yirdaw, B. W., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Yunusa, I., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Ziapour, A., Zuniga, Y. M. H., Hay, S. I., Murray, C. J. L., and Dieleman, J. L.
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, International Cooperation, HN, HM, Global Health, Gross domestic product, International Agencies/economics, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Per capita, Global health, Healthcare Financing, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, 2. Zero hunger, COVID 19, develompment assistance, health financing, projection 1995-250, INCOME, COVID-19, Development assistance, Health financing, COVID-19/economics, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Articles, General Medicine, 3. Good health, Government Programs, Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Transparency (graphic), QR180, Economic Development, International development, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Government Programs/economics, Gross Domestic Product, Context (language use), 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Developing Countries/economics, Developing Countries, Government, Science & Technology, Public health, COVID-19, development assistance, global health, Global Burden of Disease 2020 Health Financing Collaborator Network, International Agencies, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Business, Global Health/economics, Health Expenditures, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, RC, Financing, Government/economics
Abstract: Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7
Published: 2021

36. Estimating Case Fatality and Case Recovery Rates of COVID-19: is this the right thing to do?

Author: Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: Estimation, Epidemiologic study, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Health consequences, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, coronavirus, case recovery rates, lcsh:RA1-1270, General Medicine, Detailed data, cfrs, case fatality rates, Disease severity, covid-19, Case fatality rate, Statistics, Medicine, crrs, business, National data
Abstract: Introduction: Case fatality rates (CFRs) and case recovery rates (CRRs) are frequently used to define health consequences related to specific disease epidemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to compare various methods and models for calculating CFR and CRR related to COVID-19 based on the global and national data available as of April 2020.Methods: This analytical epidemiologic study was conducted based on detailed data from 210 countries and territories worldwide in April 2020. We used three different formulas to measure CFR and CRR, considering all possible scenarios.Results: We included information for 72 countries with more than 1,000 cases of COVID-19. Overall, using first, second, and third estimation models, the CFR were 6.22%, 21.20%, and 8.67%, respectively; similarly, the CRR was estimated as 23.21%, 78.86%, 32.23%, respectively. We have shown that CFRs vary so much spatially and depend on the estimation method and timing of case reports, likely resulting in overestimation.Conclusion: Even with the more precise method of CFRs estimation, the value is overestimated. Case fatality and recovery rates should not be the only measures used to evaluate disease severity, and the better assessment measures need to be developed as indicators of countries’ performance during COVID-19 pandemic.
Published: 2021

37. Global, regional, and national sex differences in the global burden of tuberculosis by HIV status, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Akram Pourshams, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Patrick D. M. C. Katoto, Daiane Borges Machado, Alireza Rafiei, Aziz Rezapour, Khaled Khatab, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Fatemeh Javanmardi, Asrat Arja, Asif Hanif, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Min Seo Kim, Tomislav Mestrovic, Razique Anwer, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Milena Ilic, Jost B. Jonas, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Fakher Rahim, Christopher J L Murray, Molly H Biehl, Hesam Alizade, Souranshu Chatterjee, Jalal Arabloo, Mariam Molokhia, Sachin R Atre, Maciej Banach, Ashwin Kamath, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Irina Filip, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Robert Reiner, Shrikant Pawar, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Vardhmaan Jain, Shafiu Mohammed, Benn Sartorius, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Harapan Harapan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Tahvi Frank, Yasir Waheed, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Yosef Alemayehu, Sajjad Ahmad, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Khezar Hayat, Preetam Bhalchandra Mahajan, Ramesh Holla, Atif Amin Baig, Azeem Majeed, Darshan B B, Catherine M. Antony, Allen Seylani, Avinash Kumar, Alimuddin Zumla, Irena Ilic, Sofia Androudi, Liaqat Ali, Rafael Lozano, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Sanjay M Pattanshetty, Bach Xuan Tran, Eduarda Fernandes, Marissa B Reitsma, Ramaiah Itumalla, Catrin E. Moore, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Daniel Diaz, Mohsen Naghavi, R V Polibin, Nithin Kumar, Archith Boloor, Norberto Perico, Vahit Yigit, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Veer Bala Gupta, Nima Rezaei, Arief Hargono, Maarten J. Postma, Jitendra Singh, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Sapna Gupta, Omid Dadras, Takahiro Tabuchi, Sanjeev Misra, Salman Rawaf, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Omid Shafaat, Florian Fischer, Satish Saroshe, Simon I. Hay, Mosiur Rahman, Mohammad Ali Moni, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Sepideh Ahmadi, Deepak Madi, Alexander Kwarteng, Omid Rezahosseini, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Hassan Mehmood Lak, Iván Landires, Mahesh P A, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Himanshu Khajuria, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Magdalene K. Walters, Ali H. Mokdad, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Avina Vongpradith, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Shubha Jayaram, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Giang Thu Vu, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Adnan Kisa, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Danilo Buonsenso, Nitin Joseph, G Anil Kumar, Rekha Thapar, Sanjeev Nair, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Joanna L Whisnant, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Savita Lasrado, Pintu Paul, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Mowafa Househ, Vivek Gupta, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Sanjay Basu, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Saira Afzal, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Jennifer M. Ross, Ai Koyanagi, Tushar Garg, Chythra R Rao, Sezer Kisa, Yigizie Yeshaw, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Brijesh Sathian, Zemenu Tamir, Amene Abebe Kerbo, Christine Lin, Dana Bryazka, Jason A. Anderson, Majid Pirestani, Austin Carter, Chuanhua Yu, Berhan Tsegaye, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Mareli M Claassens, Hmwe H Kyu, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Akila Prashant, Smriti Sinha, Linh Phuong Doan, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Fabio Barra, Rovshan Khalilov, Joshua A. Salomon, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Imad I. Tleyjeh, David Laith Rawaf, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Kamal Hezam, Shilpashree Madhava Kunjathur, Nasir Salam, Wei-Chen Lee, Stephen S Lim, Bay Vo, Mahaveer Golechha, K. M. Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Muhammed Elhadi, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Boris Bikbov, Addis Aklilu, Ritesh G. Menezes, Amare Belachew Dagnew, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tanuj Kanchan, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Amir Radfar, Amir Emami, João Pedro Silva, Uzma Belgaumi, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Ahmed Al Montasir, Oladimeji Adebayo, Rabia Hussain, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Suma Nair, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Hanadi Al Hamad, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Farahnaz Joukar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Himal Kandel, Susan M Sawyer, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Zahid A Butt, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Belay Tessema, Nikha Bhardwaj, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Kiomars Sharafi, Siyan Yi, Jianing Ma, Denis O Roshchin, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Jagdish Khubchandani, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Shymaa Enany, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Andrew T Olagunju, Parkes J Kendrick, Amador Goodridge, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Ruoyan Tobe-Gai, Ali Bijani, Nour Mheidly, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Abdallah M. Samy, Mahfuzar Rahman, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Abdullah T Khoja, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Samer Hamidi, Javad Nazari, Ramakrishnan Parthasarathi, Lalit Dandona, Molly R Nixon, Parvaiz A Koul, Mika Shigematsu, Gbenga A. Kayode, Rachel Feldman, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mesfin Agachew Woldekidan, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kate E. LeGrand, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Xuefeng Liu, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Christian Garcia-Calavaro, Dinh-Toi Chu, Mihaela Hostiuc, Yohannes Tekalegn, Rajan Paudel, Prasanna Mithra, Narinder Kumar, Masood Ali Shaikh, Zubair Kabir, Natalia V. Bhattacharjee, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Masoud Foroutan, Bogdan Oancea, Anayat Ullah, Saurabh Mehta, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Vahid Alipour, Tarik A. Rashid, Melese Abate Reta, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Emilie R Maddison, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Amadou Barrow, Ismaeel Yunusa, Gholamreza Roshandel, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Hassan Abolhassani, Ahmad Azam Malik, Xiaochen Dai, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Eyal Oren, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Taklo Simeneh Yazie Yazie, Kewal Krishan, Ranjitha S Shetty, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Jae Il Shin, Shafiul Haque, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Bhawna Gupta, Platon D. Lopukhov, Abdiwahab Hashi, Amanda Novotney, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Shoaib Hassan, Rakhi Dandona, Jaykaran Charan, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), and Collaborators, GBD 2019 Tuberculosis
Subjects: Male, PNEUMONIA, COUNTRIES, Tuberculosis, Population, HIV Infections, CHILDREN, Genders, Mortalities, Global Health, DIAGNOSIS, Microbiology, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Risk Factors, 1108 Medical Microbiology, Sex differences, INFECTION, medicine, Global health, Humans, education, Sex Characteristics, education.field_of_study, Global disease burdens, business.industry, Mortality rate, GBD 2019 Tuberculosis Collaborators, HIV, Bayes Theorem, 1103 Clinical Sciences, DIABETES-MELLITUS, medicine.disease, Verbal autopsy, Tuberculosis treatment, PREVALENCE, Infectious Diseases, Attributable risk, Coinfection, Female, INJURIES, GENDER, HEALTH, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Tuberculosis is a major contributor to the global burden of disease, causing more than a million deaths annually. Given an emphasis on equity in access to diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in global health targets, evaluations of differences in tuberculosis burden by sex are crucial. We aimed to assess the levels and trends of the global burden of tuberculosis, with an emphasis on investigating differences in sex by HIV status for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Methods We used a Bayesian hierarchical Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) platform to analyse 21 505 site-years of vital registration data, 705 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, and 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data to estimate mortality due to tuberculosis among HIV-negative individuals. We used a population attributable fraction approach to estimate mortality related to HIV and tuberculosis coinfection. A compartmental meta-regression tool (DisMod-MR 2.1) was then used to synthesise all available data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, population-based tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis cause-specific mortality, to produce estimates of incidence, prevalence, and mortality that were internally consistent. We further estimated the fraction of tuberculosis mortality that is attributable to independent effects of risk factors, including smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes, for HIV-negative individuals. For individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, we assessed mortality attributable to HIV risk factors including unsafe sex, intimate partner violence (only estimated among females), and injection drug use. We present 95% uncertainty intervals for all estimates. Findings Globally, in 2019, among HIV-negative individuals, there were 1·18 million (95% uncertainty interval 1·08–1·29) deaths due to tuberculosis and 8·50 million (7·45–9·73) incident cases of tuberculosis. Among HIV-positive individuals, there were 217 000 (153 000–279 000) deaths due to tuberculosis and 1·15 million (1·01–1·32) incident cases in 2019. More deaths and incident cases occurred in males than in females among HIV-negative individuals globally in 2019, with 342 000 (234 000–425 000) more deaths and 1·01 million (0·82–1·23) more incident cases in males than in females. Among HIV-positive individuals, 6250 (1820–11 400) more deaths and 81 100 (63 300–100 000) more incident cases occurred among females than among males in 2019. Age-standardised mortality rates among HIV-negative males were more than two times greater in 105 countries and age-standardised incidence rates were more than 1·5 times greater in 74 countries than among HIV-negative females in 2019. The fraction of global tuberculosis deaths among HIV-negative individuals attributable to alcohol use, smoking, and diabetes was 4·27 (3·69–5·02), 6·17 (5·48–7·02), and 1·17 (1·07–1·28) times higher, respectively, among males than among females in 2019. Among individuals with HIV and tuberculosis coinfection, the fraction of mortality attributable to injection drug use was 2·23 (2·03–2·44) times greater among males than females, whereas the fraction due to unsafe sex was 1·06 (1·05–1·08) times greater among females than males. Interpretation As countries refine national tuberculosis programmes and strategies to end the tuberculosis epidemic, the excess burden experienced by males is important. Interventions are needed to actively communicate, especially to men, the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. These interventions should occur in parallel with efforts to minimise excess HIV burden among women in the highest HIV burden countries that are contributing to excess HIV and tuberculosis coinfection burden for females. Placing a focus on tuberculosis burden among HIV-negative males and HIV and tuberculosis coinfection among females might help to diminish the overall burden of tuberculosis. This strategy will be crucial in reaching both equity and burden targets outlined by global health milestones. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

38. Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Rezaul Karim Ripon, Lydia M. Haile, Richard C. Franklin, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Sonali G. Choudhari, Chythra R Rao, Maria Inês Schmidt, Jeff T. Zhao, Hanadi Al Hamad, Bing-Fang Hwang, Christopher R. Cederroth, Howard J. Hoffman, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Avina Vongpradith, David Laith Rawaf, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Maja Pasovic, Ismail Tareque, Alessandra Lugo, Theo Vos, Rabia Hussain, Golnaz Heidari, Tarik A. Rashid, Ghozali Ghozali, Stephen S Lim, Bay Vo, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Himal Kandel, Jitendra Singh, Adrian Davis, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Houman Sotoudeh, Arif Mohammed, Rekha Thapar, Mohammad Rabiee, Florian Fischer, Deepika Singhal, Haroon Ahmed, Irina Filip, Michael Ekholuenetale, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Abdallah M. Samy, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Ionela-Roxana Glavan, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Aziz Rezapour, Jalal Arabloo, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Chuanhua Yu, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Vahid Rashedi, Shrikant Pawar, Shelly Chadha, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Charlie Ashbaugh, Stany W. Lobo, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Baye Dagnew, Walter Mendoza, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Turki Alanzi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Jasvinder A. Singh, Veer Bala Gupta, Maheswar Satpathy, Ali H. Mokdad, Simon I. Hay, Sadia Bibi, Louis Jacob, Christopher J L Murray, Liaqat Ali, Keyvan Pakshir, Allen Seylani, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Till Bärnighausen, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Voilet Rodrigues, Vahit Yigit, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ali Yadollahpour, Rose G Bender, Victor M. Oguoma, Rohollah Kalhor, Saif Ullah, Mohammad Zamani, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Mowafa Househ, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Juwel Rana, Fakher Rahim, Soraya Siabani, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Khezar Hayat, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohamed, Palash Chandra Banik, Nikha Bhardwaj, Brijesh Sathian, Fahad Alanezi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Hans Orru, Nawzad K. Al-Salihi, Navid Rabiee, Xuefeng Liu, Iván Landires, Paul S Briant, Jost B. Jonas, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Farhad Ghamari, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Lalit Dandona, Molly R Nixon, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Silvano Gallus, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Salman Rawaf, Mohammad Abdollahi, Ted R. Miller, Masao Iwagami, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Savita Lasrado, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Umar Saeed, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Ivo Iavicoli, Yonas Akalu, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Kathleen Pillsbury Hopf, Assefa Desalew, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Amare Belachew Dagnew, Ravi Prakash Jha, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Jingkai Wei, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Kaloyan Kamenov, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Katrin Burkart, Anjali Singal, Shahina Pardhan, Rakhi Dandona, Jaykaran Charan, Akram Pourshams, Xiaochen Dai, Meghnath Dhimal, Kerrie E. Doyle, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Shilpa Gaidhane, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Hai Quang Pham, Atif Amin Baig, Hubert Amu, Judie Arulappan, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Alaa Makki, Syed Amir Gilani, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Abhay Gaidhane, Birhanu Wubale Yirdaw, Ismaeel Yunusa, Ali Bijani, Billy Randall Hammond, Neeti Rustagi, Bogdan Oancea, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Amadou Barrow, Mosiur Rahman, Ashkan Afshin, Yigizie Yeshaw, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Amir Radfar, Winfried Schlee, Andrew T Olagunju, Dinh-Toi Chu, Vasily Vlassov, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Sanjeev Misra, Rosa A. S. Couto, Marina Pinheiro, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Amir Abdoli, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Aislyn U. Orji, Vivek Gupta, Giang Thu Vu, G Anil Kumar, Haile L.M., Kamenov K., Briant P.S., Orji A.U., Steinmetz J.D., Abdoli A., Abdollahi M., Abu-Gharbieh E., Afshin A., Ahmed H., Rashid T.A., Akalu Y., Alahdab F., Alanezi F.M., Alanzi T.M., Al Hamad H., Ali L., Alipour V., Al-Raddadi R.M., Amu H., Arabloo J., Arab-Zozani M., Arulappan J., Ashbaugh C., Atnafu D.D., Babar Z.-U.-D., Baig A.A., Banik P.C., Barnighausen T.W., Barrow A., Bender R.G., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bibi S., Bijani A., Burkart K., Cederroth C.R., Charan J., Choudhari S.G., Chu D.-T., Couto R.A.S., Dagnew A.B., Dagnew B., Dahlawi S.M.A., Dai X., Dandona L., Dandona R., Desalew A., Dhamnetiya D., Dhimal M.L., Dhimal M., Doyle K.E., Duncan B.B., Ekholuenetale M., Filip I., Fischer F., Franklin R.C., Gaidhane A.M., Gaidhane S., Gallus S., Ghamari F., Ghashghaee A., Ghozali G., Gilani S.A., Glavan I.-R., Golechha M., Goulart B.N.G., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Hamidi S., Hammond B.R., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Heidari G., Hoffman H.J., Hopf K.P., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hussain R., Hwang B.-F., Iavicoli I., Ibitoye S.E., Ilesanmi O.S., Irvani S.S.N., Islam S.M.S., Iwagami M., Jacob L., Jayapal S.K., Jha R.P., Jonas J.B., Kalhor R., Al-Salihi N.K., Kandel H., Kasa A.S., Kayode G.A., Khalilov R., Khan E.A., Khatib M.N., Kosen S., Koyanagi A., Kumar G.A., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lim S.S., Liu X., Lobo S.W., Lugo A., Makki A., Mendoza W., Mersha A.G., Mihretie K.M., Miller T.R., Misra S., Mohamed T.A., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed A., Mokdad A.H., Moni M.A., Kandel S.N., Nguyen H.L.T., Nixon M.R., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Oguoma V.M., Olagunju A.T., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Orru H., Owolabi M.O., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pardhan S., Kan F.P., Pasovic M., Pawar S., Pham H.Q., Pinheiro M., Pourshams A., Rabiee N., Rabiee M., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Ur Rahman M.H., Rahman M., Rahmani A.M., Rana J., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rashedi V., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezapour A., Ripon R.K., Rodrigues V., Rustagi N., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Samy A.M., Santric-Milicevic M.M., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Sawhney M., Schlee W., Schmidt M.I., Seylani A., Shaikh M.A., Shannawaz M., Shiferaw W.S., Siabani S., Singal A., Singh J.A., Singh J.K., Singhal D., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sotoudeh H., Spurlock E.E., Taddele B.W., Tamiru A.T., Tareque M.I., Thapar R., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Ullah S., Tahbaz S.V., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vo B., Vongpradith A., Vu G.T., Wei J., Yadollahpour A., Jabbari S.H.Y., Yeshaw Y., Yigit V., Yirdaw B.W., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zamani M., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang Z.-J., Zhao J.T., Murray C.J.L., Davis A.C., Vos T., Chadha S., Haile, Lydia M, Kamenov, Kaloyan, Briant, Paul Svitil, Orji, Aislyn U, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akalu, Yona, Alahdab, Fare, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Ali, Liaqat, Alipour, Vahid, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Amu, Hubert, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Arulappan, Judie, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din, Baig, Atif Amin, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrow, Amadou, Bender, Rose G, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Burkart, Katrin, Cederroth, Christopher R, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Couto, Rosa A S, Dagnew, Amare Belachew, Dagnew, Baye, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Desalew, Assefa, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duncan, Bruce B, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Franklin, Richard Charle, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gallus, Silvano, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghozali, Ghozali, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Hamidi, Samer, Hammond, Billy Randall, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Hoffman, Howard J, Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Househ, Mowafa, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Loui, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kameran Al-Salihi, Nawzad, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kayode, Gbenga A, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Kosen, Soewarta, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Xuefeng, Lobo, Stany W, Lugo, Alessandra, Makki, Alaa, Mendoza, Walter, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Miller, Ted R, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Arif, Mokdad, Ali H, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nixon, Molly R, Noubiap, Jean Jacque, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Oancea, Bogdan, Oguoma, Victor Maduabuchi, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Orru, Han, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pardhan, Shahina, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pasovic, Maja, Pawar, Shrikant, Pham, Hai Quang, Pinheiro, Marina, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Radfar, Amir, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rana, Juwel, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashedi, Vahid, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezapour, Aziz, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Rodrigues, Voilet, Rustagi, Neeti, Saeed, Umar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Schlee, Winfried, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Seylani, Allen, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Siabani, Soraya, Singal, Anjali, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Singhal, Deepika, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sotoudeh, Houman, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareque, Md Ismail, Thapar, Rekha, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Ullah, Saif, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vongpradith, Avina, Vu, Giang Thu, Wei, Jingkai, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yeshaw, Yigizie, Yigit, Vahit, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zamani, Mohammad, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Jeff T, Murray, Christopher J L, Davis, Adrian C, Vos, Theo, and Chadha, Shelly
Subjects: Hearing aid, Male, Hearing loss, medicine.medical_treatment, Psychological intervention, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Affect (psychology), Health Services Accessibility, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Tinnitus, Medicine, General & Internal, 0302 clinical medicine, Neonatal Screening, Hearing Aids, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Hearing, General & Internal Medicine, Health care, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, Prevalence, Medicine, Humans, Age Factor, Disabled Persons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Hearing Loss, Hearing Lo, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Science & Technology, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Age Factors, Infant, GBD 2019 Hearing Loss Collaborators, General Medicine, Articles, medicine.disease, Otitis, Hearing Aid, Cytomegalovirus Infections, Disabled Person, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, Demography
Abstract: © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study on the prevalence of hearing loss in 2019, as well as the condition's associated disability. Methods: We did systematic reviews of population-representative surveys on hearing loss prevalence from 1990 to 2019. We fitted nested meta-regression models for severity-specific prevalence, accounting for hearing aid coverage, cause, and the presence of tinnitus. We also forecasted the prevalence of hearing loss until 2050. Findings: An estimated 1·57 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·51–1·64) people globally had hearing loss in 2019, accounting for one in five people (20·3% [19·5–21·1]). Of these, 403·3 million (357·3–449·5) people had hearing loss that was moderate or higher in severity after adjusting for hearing aid use, and 430·4 million (381·7–479·6) without adjustment. The largest number of people with moderate-to-complete hearing loss resided in the Western Pacific region (127·1 million people [112·3–142·6]). Of all people with a hearing impairment, 62·1% (60·2–63·9) were older than 50 years. The Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index explained 65·8% of the variation in national age-standardised rates of years lived with disability, because countries with a low HAQ Index had higher rates of years lived with disability. By 2050, a projected 2·45 billion (2·35–2·56) people will have hearing loss, a 56·1% (47·3–65·2) increase from 2019, despite stable age-standardised prevalence. Interpretation: As populations age, the number of people with hearing loss will increase. Interventions such as childhood screening, hearing aids, effective management of otitis media and meningitis, and cochlear implants have the potential to ameliorate this burden. Because the burden of moderate-to-complete hearing loss is concentrated in countries with low health-care quality and access, stronger health-care provision mechanisms are needed to reduce the burden of unaddressed hearing loss in these settings. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and WHO.
Published: 2020

39. COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Laboratory Findings, Comorbidities, and Clinical Outcomes Comparing Medical Staff versus the General Population

Author: Fakher Rahim, Mina Ebrahimi, and Amal Saki Malehi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Review Article, 01 natural sciences, Procalcitonin, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, systematic review, White blood cell, Lactate dehydrogenase, Internal medicine, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, education, education.field_of_study, Creatinine, Fibrin degradation product, business.industry, Mortality rate, 010102 general mathematics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, RC952-1245, COVID-19, prognostic factors, meta-analysis, Infectious Diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Special situations and conditions, chemistry, Meta-analysis, business
Abstract: This review compared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) laboratory findings, comorbidities, and clinical outcomes in patients from the general population versus medical staff to aid diagnosis of COVID-19 in a more timely, efficient, and accurate way. Electronic databases were searched up to 23rd March, 2020. The initial search yielded 6,527 studies. Following screening, 24 studies were included [18 studies (11,564 cases) of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the general public, and 6 studies (394 cases) in medical staff] in this review. Significant differences were observed in white blood cell counts (p < 0.001), lymphocyte counts (p < 0.001), platelet counts (p = 0.04), procalcitonin levels (p < 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase levels (p < 0.001), and creatinine levels (p = 0.03) when comparing infected medical staff with the general public. The mortality rate was higher in the general population than in medical staff (8% versus 2%). This review showed that during the early stages of COVID-19, laboratory findings alone may not be significant predictors of infection and may just accompany increasing C-reactive protein levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and lactate dehydrogenase levels. In the symptomatic stage, the lymphocyte and platelet counts tended to decrease. Elevated D-dimer fibrin degradation product was associated with poor prognosis.
Published: 2020

40. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Author: Gregory A. Roth, George A. Mensah, Catherine O. Johnson, Giovanni Addolorato, Enrico Ammirati, Larry M. Baddour, Noël C. Barengo, Andrea Z. Beaton, Emelia J. Benjamin, Catherine P. Benziger, Aimé Bonny, Michael Brauer, Marianne Brodmann, Thomas J. Cahill, Jonathan Carapetis, Alberico L. Catapano, Sumeet S. Chugh, Leslie T. Cooper, Josef Coresh, Michael Criqui, Nicole DeCleene, Kim A. Eagle, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Valery L. Feigin, Joaquim Fernández-Solà, Gerry Fowkes, Emmanuela Gakidou, Scott M. Grundy, Feng J. He, George Howard, Frank Hu, Lesley Inker, Ganesan Karthikeyan, Nicholas Kassebaum, Walter Koroshetz, Carl Lavie, Donald Lloyd-Jones, Hong S. Lu, Antonio Mirijello, Awoke Misganaw Temesgen, Ali Mokdad, Andrew E. Moran, Paul Muntner, Jagat Narula, Bruce Neal, Mpiko Ntsekhe, Glaucia Moraes de Oliveira, Catherine Otto, Mayowa Owolabi, Michael Pratt, Sanjay Rajagopalan, Marissa Reitsma, Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro, Nancy Rigotti, Anthony Rodgers, Craig Sable, Saate Shakil, Karen Sliwa-Hahnle, Benjamin Stark, Johan Sundström, Patrick Timpel, Imad M. Tleyjeh, Marco Valgimigli, Theo Vos, Paul K. Whelton, Magdi Yacoub, Liesl Zuhlke, Christopher Murray, Valentin Fuster, Noel C. Barengo, Andrea Beaton, Aime Bonny, Jonathan R. Carapetis, Sumeet Chugh, Michael H. Criqui, Nicole K. DeCleene, Joaquim Fernández-Sola, F. Gerry R. Fowkes, Nicholas J. Kassebaum, Walter J. Koroshetz, Awoke T. Misganaw, Ali H. Mokdad, Gláucia M.M. Oliveira, Catherine M. Otto, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Marissa B. Reitsma, Nancy A. Rigotti, Craig A. Sable, Saate S. Shakil, Karen Sliwa, Benjamin A. Stark, Imad I. Tleyjeh, Liesl J. Zuhlke, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Alireza Abdi, Aidin Abedi, Victor Aboyans, Woldu A. Abrha, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Abdelrahman I. Abushouk, Dilaram Acharya, Tim Adair, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Zanfina Ademi, Shailesh M. Advani, Khashayar Afshari, Ashkan Afshin, Gina Agarwal, Pradyumna Agasthi, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar B. Ahmed, Budi Aji, Yonas Akalu, Wuraola Akande-Sholabi, Addis Aklilu, Chisom J. Akunna, Fares Alahdab, Ayman Al-Eyadhy, Khalid F. Alhabib, Sheikh M. Alif, Vahid Alipour, Syed M. Aljunid, François Alla, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Adeladza K. Amegah, Saeed Amini, Arya Aminorroaya, Hubert Amu, Dickson A. Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, Tudorel Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Zelalem A. Anteneh, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Benny Antony, Razique Anwer, Lambert T. Appiah, Jalal Arabloo, Johan Ärnlöv, Kurnia D. Artanti, Zerihun Ataro, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Asma T. Awan, Mamaru A. Awoke, Henok T. Ayele, Muluken A. Ayza, Samad Azari, Darshan B. B, Nafiseh Baheiraei, Atif A. Baig, Ahad Bakhtiari, Maciej Banach, Palash C. Banik, Emerson A. Baptista, Miguel A. Barboza, Lingkan Barua, Sanjay Basu, Neeraj Bedi, Yannick Béjot, Derrick A. Bennett, Isabela M. Bensenor, Adam E. Berman, Yihienew M. Bezabih, Akshaya S. Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Mulugeta M. Birhanu, Archith Boloor, Luisa C. Brant, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay I. Briko, Zahid A. Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Leah E. Cahill, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Luis A. Cámera, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Carlos Cantu-Brito, Josip Car, Juan J. Carrero, Felix Carvalho, Carlos A. Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán Catalá-López, Ester Cerin, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Ken L. Chin, Jee-Young J. Choi, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Massimo Cirillo, Sean Coffey, Sara Conti, Vera M. Costa, David K. Cundiff, Omid Dadras, Baye Dagnew, Xiaochen Dai, Albertino A.M. Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Kairat Davletov, Vanessa De la Cruz-Góngora, Fernando P. De la Hoz, Jan-Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Behailu T. Derseh, Rupak Desai, Günther Deuschl, Samath D. Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Raja Ram Dhungana, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Shirin Djalalinia, Klara Dokova, Abdel Douiri, Bruce B. Duncan, Andre R. Duraes, Arielle W. Eagan, Sanam Ebtehaj, Aziz Eftekhari, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Michael Ekholuenetale, Nevine El Nahas, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Sadaf Esteghamati, Atkilt E. Etisso, Oghenowede Eyawo, Ibtihal Fadhil, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Pawan S. Faris, Medhat Farwati, Farshad Farzadfar, Eduarda Fernandes, Carlota Fernandez Prendes, Pietro Ferrara, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, David Flood, Takeshi Fukumoto, Mohamed M. Gad, Shilpa Gaidhane, Morsaleh Ganji, Jalaj Garg, Abadi K. Gebre, Birhan G. Gebregiorgis, Kidane Z. Gebregzabiher, Gebreamlak G. Gebremeskel, Lemma Getacher, Abera Getachew Obsa, Alireza Ghajar, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Simona Giampaoli, Syed Amir Gilani, Paramjit S. Gill, Richard F. Gillum, Ekaterina V. Glushkova, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Mahaveer Golechha, Kebebe B. Gonfa, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Alessandra C. Goulart, Jenny S. Guadamuz, Avirup Guha, Yuming Guo, Rajeev Gupta, Vladimir Hachinski, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Teklehaimanot G. Haile, Randah R. Hamadeh, Samer Hamidi, Graeme J. Hankey, Arief Hargono, Risky K. Hartono, Maryam Hashemian, Abdiwahab Hashi, Shoaib Hassan, Hamid Y. Hassen, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon I. Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Charles U. Ibeneme, Segun E. Ibitoye, Olayinka S. Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena D. Ilic, Usman Iqbal, Seyed Sina N. Irvani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M. Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Masao Iwagami, Vardhmaan Jain, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Ravi P. Jha, Jost B. Jonas, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek J. Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Tanvir Kahlon, Rizwan Kalani, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Ibrahim Kamel, Himal Kandel, Amit Kandel, André Karch, Ayele Semachew Kasa, Patrick D.M.C. Katoto, Gbenga A. Kayode, Yousef S. Khader, Mohammad Khammarnia, Muhammad S. Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Maseer Khan, Ejaz A. Khan, Khaled Khatab, Gulam M.A. Kibria, Yun Jin Kim, Gyu Ri Kim, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Sezer Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Mika Kivimäki, Dhaval Kolte, Ali Koolivand, Vladimir A. Korshunov, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Vaman Kulkarni, G. Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Om P. Kurmi, Dian Kusuma, Gene F. Kwan, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Qing Lan, Savita Lasrado, Zohra S. Lassi, Paolo Lauriola, Wayne R. Lawrence, Avula Laxmaiah, Kate E. LeGrand, Ming-Chieh Li, Bingyu Li, Shanshan Li, Stephen S. Lim, Lee-Ling Lim, Hualiang Lin, Ziqiang Lin, Ro-Ting Lin, Xuefeng Liu, Alan D. Lopez, Stefan Lorkowski, Paulo A. Lotufo, Alessandra Lugo, Nirmal K. M, Fabiana Madotto, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad A. Malik, Abdullah A. Mamun, Navid Manafi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Santi Martini, Manu R. Mathur, Giampiero Mazzaglia, Suresh Mehata, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Toni Meier, Ritesh G. Menezes, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R. Miller, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Hamed Mirzaei, Babak Moazen, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Yousef Mohammad, Dara K. Mohammad, Shafiu Mohammed, Mohammed A. Mohammed, Yaser Mokhayeri, Mariam Molokhia, Ahmed A. Montasir, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Jakub Morze, Sumaira Mubarik, Walter Muruet, Kamarul Imran Musa, Ahamarshan J. Nagarajan, Mahdi Nalini, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Bruno R. Nascimento, Vinod C. Nayak, Javad Nazari, Milad Nazarzadeh, Ruxandra I. Negoi, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Huong L.T. Nguyen, Molly R. Nixon, Bo Norrving, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Brice E. Nouthe, Christoph Nowak, Oluwakemi O. Odukoya, Felix A. Ogbo, Andrew T. Olagunju, Hans Orru, Alberto Ortiz, Samuel M. Ostroff, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Utsav Parekh, Eun-Cheol Park, Mojtaba Parvizi, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K. Patel, Mona Pathak, Rajan Paudel, Veincent Christian F. Pepito, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Hai Q. Pham, Thomas Pilgrim, Michael A. Piradov, Farhad Pishgar, Vivek Podder, Roman V. Polibin, Akram Pourshams, Dimas R.A. Pribadi, Navid Rabiee, Mohammad Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Ivo Rakovac, Pradhum Ram, Sudha Ramalingam, Juwel Rana, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Sowmya J. Rao, Priya Rathi, Lal Rawal, Wasiq F. Rawasia, Reza Rawassizadeh, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Andre M.N. Renzaho, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Ross L. Roberts-Thomson, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Michele Romoli, Gholamreza Roshandel, Godfrey M. Rwegerera, Seyedmohammad Saadatagah, Maha M. Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Saeed Safari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Sana Salehi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M. Samy, Itamar S. Santos, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Arash Sarveazad, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Maria I. Schmidt, Aletta E. Schutte, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Feng Sha, Saeed Shahabi, Izza Shahid, Masood A. Shaikh, Mahdi Shamali, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Md Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Aziz Sheikh, Mika Shigematsu, Min-Jeong Shin, Jae Il Shin, Rahman Shiri, Ivy Shiue, Kerem Shuval, Soraya Siabani, Tariq J. Siddiqi, Diego A.S. Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Ambrish Singh Mtech, Valentin Y. Skryabin, Anna A. Skryabina, Amin Soheili, Emma E. Spurlock, Leo Stockfelt, Stefan Stortecky, Saverio Stranges, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Hooman Tadbiri, Eyayou G. Tadesse, Degena B. Tadesse, Masih Tajdini, Md Tariqujjaman, Berhane F. Teklehaimanot, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Ayenew K. Tesema, Bhaskar Thakur, Kavumpurathu R. Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Amanda G. Thrift, Binod Timalsina, Marcello Tonelli, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos R. Tovani-Palone, Avnish Tripathi, Jaya P. Tripathy, Thomas C. Truelsen, Guesh M. Tsegay, Gebiyaw W. Tsegaye, Nikolaos Tsilimparis, Biruk S. Tusa, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Krishna Kishore Umapathi, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Muhammad S. Usman, Muthiah Vaduganathan, Pascual R. Valdez, Tommi J. Vasankari, Diana Z. Velazquez, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Giang T. Vu, Isidora S. Vujcic, Yasir Waheed, Yanzhong Wang, Fang Wang, Jingkai Wei, Robert G. Weintraub, Abrha H. Weldemariam, Ronny Westerman, Andrea S. Winkler, Charles S. Wiysonge, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Befikadu Legesse Wubishet, Gelin Xu, Ali Yadollahpour, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lijing L. Yan, Srikanth Yandrapalli, Yuichiro Yano, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, Yigizie Yeshaw, Christopher S. Yilgwan, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Geevar Zachariah, Sojib Bin Zaman, Muhammed S. Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Ramin Zand, Alireza Zandifar, Afshin Zarghi, Mikhail S. Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Wangjian Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Zhiyong Zou, Yves Miel H. Zuniga, and Christopher J.L. Murray
Subjects: BMI, body mass index, GBD, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, IS, ischemic stroke, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, MV, mitral valve, SDI, sociodemographic index, Global Health, UI, uncertainty interval, Global Burden of Disease, GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, LDL, low-density lipoprotein, Case fatality rate, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, IKF, impaired kidney function, 1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Incidence (epidemiology), Health Policy, IHD, ischemic heart disease, 1. No poverty, AC, alcoholic cardiomyopathy, 3. Good health, HICs, high-income countries, Cardiovascular Diseases, DALYs, disability-adjusted life years, TMREL, theoretical minimum risk exposure level, Public Health, HHD, hypertensive heart disease, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, AF, atrial fibrillation, Population health, CVD, cardiovascular disease, LMICs, low- and middle-income countries, PM, particulate matter, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, JACC State-of-the-Art Review, RHD, rheumatic heart disease, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, LPA, low physical activity, YLLs, years of life lost, Health policy, Disease burden, PAD, peripheral artery disease, business.industry, SBP, systolic blood pressure, Public health, CKD, chronic kidney disease, The Present and Future, AFL, atrial flutter, Correction, HAP, household air pollution, ICD, International Classification of Diseases, CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease, YLDs, years lived with disability, Years of potential life lost, CHA, congenital heart anomalies, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, Heart Disease Risk Factors, business, population health
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases., Central Illustration, Highlights • The burden of CVD, in number of DALYs and deaths, continues to increase globally. • CVD burden attributable to modifiable risk factors continues to increase globally. • Countries should invest in existing cost-effective public health programs and clinical interventions to target modifiable risks, promote healthy aging across the lifespan, and reduce disability and premature death due to CVD.
Published: 2020

41. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017 : results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Giulio Castelpietra, Feng Sha, Khalid A Altirkawi, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Erin B Hamilton, Kate E. LeGrand, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Ana-Laura Manda, Aziz Eftekhari, Irfan Ullah, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Zichen Liu, Maida Umar, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Marina Pinheiro, Farhad Ghamari, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Rajaram Yadav, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ramesh Holla, Farzad Jalilian, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Bayew Kelkay, Tanuj Kanchan, Irina Filip, Michael R. Phillips, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Reza Malekzadeh, Tomasz Miazgowski, Diana Silva, Samath D Dharmaratne, Eleonora Dubljanin, Fatemeh Zare, Jasvinder A. Singh, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Nathaniel J Henry, Venkatesh Maled, Girikumar Kumaresh, Alireza Rafiei, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Merhawi Gebremedhin Tekle, Gholamreza Roshandel, Jeevan Pereira, Tinuke O Olagunju, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Zamani, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Bayisa Abdissa Baye, Eduarda Fernandes, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Ibrahim A Khalil, Hafte Kahsay Kebede, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Yuichiro Yano, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Antonio Maria Borzì, Delia Hendrie, Azeem Majeed, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Derrick A Bennett, Roba Khundkar, Mohammed Madadin, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Parul Puri, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Jennifer Rickard, Saeed Shahabi, Tiffany K. Gill, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Alessandra C. Goulart, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Roya Safari-Faramani, Pawan Faris, Farhad Moradpour, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Wubalem Fekadu, Rakhi Dandona, Ali Reza Soltanian, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Vinay Nangia, Gaurav Gupta, Farkhonde Salehi, Isabela M. Benseñor, Rekha Thapar, Yasser S. Amer, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Ashraf Nabhan, Saeed Safari, Lorainne Tudor Car, Ayman Grada, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Keyvan Pakshir, Nefsu Awoke, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Ghasem Azarian, Yogesh Sabde, Soufiane Boufous, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Tripti Khanna, Peter Nyasulu, Tommi Vasankari, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Andrea Werdecker, Sanghamitra Pati, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Sorin Hostiuc, Prateek Rastogi, Xuefeng Liu, Manasi Kumar, Josip Car, Chuanhua Yu, Aziz Rezapour, Narayana Manjunatha, Ritesh G. Menezes, Michael K. Hole, Asadollah Gholamian, Pascual R. Valdez, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Marek Majdan, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Irini Chatziralli, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Filippo Ariani, Jeadran N. Malagón-Rojas, Jae Il Shin, Aziz Sheikh, Garumma Tolu Feyissa, Ahmed Abdelalim, Babak Moazen, Smita Pakhale, Bija Soleymani, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Young Eun Kim, Yunquan Zhang, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Mahdi Safdarian, Arash Sarveazad, Maria Magdalena Constantin, Dhirendra N Sinha, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Khezar Hayat, Ferrán Catalá-López, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Susan M Sawyer, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Salman Rawaf, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Eun-Kee Park, Nauman Khalid, Marwa Rashad Salem, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Borhan Mansouri, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Rovshan Khalilov, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Pankaj Singh, Ashish Badiye, Ai Koyanagi, Priya Rathi, Sanni Yaya, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Manoochehr Karami, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Soheil Hassanipour, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Obinna Onwujekwe, Swayam Prakash, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Paulo A. Lotufo, Tomislav Mestrovic, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Savita Lasrado, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Samad Azari, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Ziad El-Khatib, Ashish Pathak, Kebreab Paulos, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Animut Alebel, Rupak Desai, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Amir Radfar, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Getnet Gedefaw, Hamed Zandian, Chi Linh Hoang, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Om P Kurmi, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ahmed Omar Bali, Wagaye Fentahun Chanie, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Neha Chaudhary, Endang Indriasih, Neeraj Bedi, Ghobad Moradi, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Daniel Y. Cho, Karen M. Tabb, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Kamarul Imran Musa, Mustafa Z. Younis, Meresa Berwo Mengesha, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Jalal Arabloo, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Eleni Bagli, Prasanna Mithra, Masood Ali Shaikh, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Van C. Lansingh, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Dennis Odai Laryea, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Mariam Molokhia, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Robert C. Reiner, Till Bärnighausen, Walter Mendoza, Maciej Banach, Justin J. Lang, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Martha Híjar, Farahnaz Joukar, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, R V Polibin, Sudha Jayaraman, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Cyrus Alinia, Nicholas L S Roberts, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Samar Al-Hajj, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mahesh P A, Amir Manafi, Berhe Gebremichael, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Pallab K. Maulik, Suresh Jungari, Ali Yadollahpour, Ali H. Mokdad, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Naho Morisaki, Nithin Kumar, Corina Benjet, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Nikita Otstavnov, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Serge Resnikoff, Inbal Salz, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Taweewat Wiangkham, Vinod C. Nayak, Niguse Meles Alema, G Anil Kumar, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Yoshan Moodley, Amir Kasaeian, Nitin Joseph, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Farnam Mohebi, Navid Rabiee, Ali Kabir, Hossein Poustchi, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Asres Bedaso Tilahune, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Zoubida Zaidi, Hung Chak Ho, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Yun Jin Kim, Tomas Y Ferede, Saqib Ali, Yousef Mohammad, Getinet Ayano, Zabihollah Yousefi, Neeti Kapoor, Lope H Barrero, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Hai Quang Pham, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Erika Ota, Srikanta Banerjee, Babak Asghari, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Tauseef Ahmad, Giovanni Damiani, Hamidreza Komaki, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Rosario Cárdenas, Richard C. Franklin, Naznin Hossain, Miriam Levi, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Kavitha Ranganathan, Anwar Rafay, Srinivas Murthy, Engida Yisma, Mehdi Sayyah, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Lalit Dandona, Ahmad Zarei, Kwaku Oppong Asante, Masoud Moradi, Luca Ronfani, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Prabhat Lamichhane, Juan Sanabria, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Yoosik Youm, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Dawit Habte Woldeyes, Josep Maria Haro, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Hamid Sharifi, Dinh-Toi Chu, Vasily Vlassov, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Mark A. Stokes, Faris Lami, Yousef Fatahi, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Samantha M. Colquhoun, Louisa Degenhardt, Ivo Rakovac, Saeed Amini, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Asmamaw Demis, Samer Hamidi, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, In-Hwan Oh, Afshin Derakhshani, Sojib Bin Zaman, Peter Memiah, Andreea Mirica, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Oluwatosin Kuti, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Soraya Seedat, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Bereket Duko Adema, Paul S. F. Yip, Gurudatta Naik, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Farid Najafi, Kebede Deribe, Ionut Negoi, Malke Asaad, Mehedi Hasan, Tim Driscoll, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Taras Kavetskyy, Masoud Foroutan, Akbar Barzegar, Mohsen Bayati, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Zohreh Arefi, Saif Ullah, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Joemer C. Maravilla, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Rasmus Havmoeller, Pietro Ferrara, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Rohollah Kalhor, Amrit Banstola, Payman Salamati, Genet Melak Alamene, George C Patton, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Era Upadhyay, Vivek Kumar, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Soraya Siabani, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Alexander C. Tsai, Suliman Alghnam, Irena Ilic, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Andrew T Olagunju, Mohan Bairwa, Amy E. Peden, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Spencer L. James, Ronan A Lyons, Seok Jun Yoon, Siavash Rahimi, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Joht Singh Chandan, Amir Abdoli, Takeshi Fukumoto, Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma, Efat Mohamadi, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Daniel Adane Endalew, Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Jost B. Jonas, Mahtab Alikhani, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Lyn March, Ester Cerin, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Morteza Naserbakht, Hamid Safarpour, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Ai-Min Wu, Raimundas Lunevicius, Suzanne Polinder, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik, Nuworza Kugbey, M. Mofizul Islam, Atif Amin Baig, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Joel M. Francis, Alexandra Brazinova, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Khanh Bao Tran, Mansour Ghafourifard, Navid Manafi, Chris D Castle, Brian J. Hall, Ravi Prakash Jha, Joan B. Soriano, Rajendra Kadel, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Oladimeji Adebayo, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Kerrie E. Doyle, Olalekan A. Uthman, Farshad Farzadfar, Janet L Leasher, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Nihad A. Almasri, Fakher Rahim, Dillon O Sylte, Emma Smith, Palash Chandra Banik, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Arman Latifi, Carlo La Vecchia, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Dan J. Stein, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Habte Belete, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Hadi Hassankhani, Shai Linn, Anas M. Saad, Yong Yu, Aidin Abedi, Mohammad Rabiee, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Jack T Fox, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Addisu Melese, Mohammad Khammarnia, Fatemeh Rajati, Arun Balachandran, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Sezer Kisa, Basema Saddik, Ahad Bakhtiari, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Habibolah Khazaie, Ghulam Mustafa, Ata Rafiee, Benn Sartorius, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Neurocenter, Public Health, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, James SL, Violante FS, Vos T., Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, S Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdoli, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, R, Ahmed, M, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alamene, G, Alanezi, F, Alebel, A, Alema, N, Alghnam, S, Al-Hajj, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alikhani, M, Alinia, C, Alipour, 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I., Mokdad, A. H., Reiner, R. C., Sartorius, B., Vos, T., James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Fox, Jack T, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yisma, Engida, and Vos, Theo
Subjects: Dánarmein, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, burden of disease, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, Medicine, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, POPULATION, Cause of death, Original Research, RISK, education.field_of_study, Global disease burdens, Injuries, Sjúkdómar, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Population health, Burden of disease, Global, global, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Descriptive epidemiology, Lýðheilsa, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, TERRITORIES, descriptive epidemiology, Human, Population, 195 COUNTRIES, Humans, Life Expectancy, Morbidity, Wounds and Injuries, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Mortality, education, Disability, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, Faraldsfræði, DISABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Quality-adjusted life year, Years of potential life lost, Áverkar, 1701 Psychology, Human medicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. Methods We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Findings In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). Interpretation Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care., Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation OPP1152504, "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

42. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17

Author: Joseph Frostad, Eirini Skiadaresi, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Brigette F. Blacker, Nuworza Kugbey, Bineyam Taye, Carlo La Vecchia, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Benny Antony, Cheru Tesema Leshargie, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Daniel Asmelash, Manu Raj Mathur, Jai K Das, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Sachin R Atre, Tomislav Mestrovic, Rajeev Gupta, Smita Pakhale, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Quynh Anh P. Nguyen, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Chi Linh Hoang, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Ninuk Hariyani, Ken Lee Chin, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Mohammad Fareed, Mustafa Z. Younis, Navid Rabiee, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Brian J. Hall, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Sonia Lewycka, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Ravi Prakash Jha, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Habib Benzian, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Siddhesh Zadey, Davide Rasella, Hedayat Abbastabar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Kinley Wangdi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Savita Lasrado, Goura Kishor Rath, Lalit Dandona, Farshad Farzadfar, Georgy Lebedev, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Aniruddha Deshpande, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Ambrish Singh, Fatemeh Rajati, Sonali Kochhar, Amir Khater, Ali Almasi, Juanita A. 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Schaeffer, Irina Filip, Ali Yadollahpour, Ali Kiadaliri, Hamed Zandian, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Paramjit Gill, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Nicole Davis Weaver, Surendra Karki, Masoud Behzadifar, Vo Dinh Bay, Giang Hai Ha, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, In-Hwan Oh, Puja C Rao, Van Charles Lansingh, Kewal Krishan, Hany Aref, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Shymaa Enany, Ayman Grada, Amador Goodridge, Salvatore Rubino, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Maheswar Satpathy, Amir Radfar, Aparna Lal, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Mehdi Naderi, Siavash Rahimi, Animut Alebel, Mohammad Rabiee, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Sojib Bin Zaman, Alem Girmay, Ansariadi Ansariadi, Abdallah M. Samy, Mario Poljak, G Anil Kumar, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Andrew S. Azman, Ronny Westerman, Thomas R. Hird, Themba G. Ginindza, Babak Moazen, Feleke Gebremeskel W, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Shally Awasthi, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Roman Topor-Madry, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Kamarul Imran Musa, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Afsaneh Arzani, Yousef Veisani, Farshad Pourmalek, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Kiomars Sharafi, Wasiq Faraz Rawasia, Zoubida Zaidi, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Mohammad Zamani, Takeshi Fukumoto, Masoud Foroutan, Noore Alam, Simin Mouodi, Miliva Mozaffor, Khanh Bao Tran, Farnam Mohebi, Sanjay Basu, Robert L. Thompson, Behzad Heibati, Santosh Varughese, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Neeraj Bedi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Oluchi Ezekannagha, Gabriel Martinez, Getinet Ayano, Farah Daoud, Konrad Pesudovs, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Tukur Dahiru, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Andualem Henok, Mina Anjomshoa, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Navid Manafi, Yousef Mohammad, Keivan Ahmadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Binaya Chalise, Masood Ali Shaikh, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Delia Hendrie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Si Si, Manasi Kumar, Netsanet Fentahun, Amira Shaheen, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Ben Lacey, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, K M Shivakumar, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, Yahya Salimi, Adnan Kisa, Hisham Atan Edinur, Benn Sartorius, Kate E. LeGrand, Azadeh Shafieesabet, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Ehsan Sadeghi, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Robert S. Bernstein, Samiah Alam, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Andrew T Olagunju, Obinna Onwujekwe, B. Suresh Kumar Shetty, Behnam Heidari, Arianna Maever L. Amit, John S. Ji, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Yafeng Wang, Irfan Ullah, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Virendra Singh, Tufa Kolola, Mehdi Yaseri, Abdullah Al Mamun, Hilton Y. Lam, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Samath D Dharmaratne, Hajer Elkout, Yoshan Moodley, Linda Morales, Adrian Pana, Nauman Khalid, Hassen Mohammed, Fakher Rahim, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Isaac Oluwafemi Dipeolu, Platon D. Lopukhov, Marzieh Nojomi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Dessalegn Haile, Mohsen Bayati, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Yasir Waheed, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Tomohide Yamada, Alireza Rafiei, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Ian Pollock, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Anton Sokhan, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Junaid Khan, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Enrico Rubagotti, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Gillian I. Hollerich, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Eleonora Dubljanin, Itamar S. Santos, Wubalem Fekadu, Ole Frithjof Norheim, Florian Fischer, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Nihal Thomas, Alaa Badawi, Amir Hasanzadeh, Nasir Salam, Muhammad Ali, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Marcel Ausloos, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Jae Il Shin, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Mohammad Hasan Imani-Nasab, Rajesh Sagar, Ahmed Abdelalim, Benjamin K. Mayala, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Shiwei Liu, Soraya Siabani, Jonathan F. Mosser, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Valery L. Feigin, Yuan-Pang Wang, Mathew M. Baumann, Saravanan Muthupandian, Ingan Ukur Tarigan, Jasvinder A. Singh, Sebastian Vollmer, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Alan J Thomson, Agus Sudaryanto, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ahsan Saleem, Ali S. Shalash, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Ahmed Abualhasan, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Meghnath Dhimal, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Akram Pourshams, Ionut Negoi, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Franz Castro, Nefsu Awoke, Vahid Alipour, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Mitchell T. Wallin, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Sanjay Zodpey, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Ziad A. Memish, Taddese Alemu Zerfu, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Peter Memiah, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bartosz Miazgowski, Babak Eshrati, Moses K. Muriithi, Mihiretu Kebede, Mowafa Househ, Monika Sawhney, Preeti Dhillon, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Ajay Patle, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Hiroshi Yatsuya, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Arash Ziapour, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Tariq Jamal Siddiqi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Adauto Martins Soares Filho, Eun-Kee Park, Kirsten E. Wiens, Hai Quang Pham, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, G. K. Mini, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Hedley Quintana, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Rajat Das Gupta, Parvaiz A Koul, Edson Serván-Mori, Foad Abd-Allah, Rahul Gupta, Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Ayenew Negesse Abejie, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Liliana Preotescu, Walter Mendoza, Manfred S. Green, Mahesh P A, Somayeh Bohlouli, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ziyad Al-Aly, Ali H. Mokdad, Aditya P Dash, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ghobad Moradi, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Kimberly B. Johnson, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Engida Yisma, Azeem Majeed, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Hala Elhabashy, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Juan Sanabria, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Leonardo Roever, Shishay Wahdey Tekelemedhin, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Mehdi Sayyah, Shanshan Li, Kebreab Paulos, Tefera Chane Mekonnen, Mahya Beheshti, Siamak Sabour, Izza Shahid, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Brijesh Sathian, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Taweewat Wiangkham, Soewarta Kosen, Fernando de la Hoz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Luis Camera, Nevine El Nahas, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Augustine Mwangi Gatotoh, Gurudatta Naik, Kebede Deribe, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborator, Violante FS, Public Health, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Department of Oncology, Yisma, Engida, and Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators
Subjects: Drinking water access, Sanitation, Universal design, Geographic Mapping, Socioeconomic Factor, DISEASE, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, Hygiene, 11. Sustainability, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Public health, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 1. No poverty, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 6. Clean water, Low-income countries, 3. Good health, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, CHILD GROWTH, TERRITORIES, HYGIENE, Human, 0605 Microbiology, Diarrhea, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborators, Developing country, Article, Geographical inequalities, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 12. Responsible consumption, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTIONS, Environmental health, medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, QUALITY, Sanitation/statistics & numerical data, Open defecation, Improved sanitation, hand washing, Developing Countries, Models, Statistical, Middle-income countries, Drinking Water, lcsh:RA1-1270, Bayes Theorem, GLOBAL BURDEN, diarrheal disease, DIARRHEA, Diarrhea/epidemiology, Local Burden of Disease WaSH Collaborator, Socioeconomic Factors, 0605 Microbiology, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Business, Human medicine, Sanitation facilities, ITC-GOLD
Abstract: Background: Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce highresolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. Methods: We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. Findings: Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4–40·7) to 50·3% (50·0–50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1–46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5–29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2–89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664–711) of the 1830 (1797–1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6–80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6–59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. Interpretation: Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). LGA has received support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais. OOA acknowledges the Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation, and DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa. SMAl acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. HTA acknowledges Aksum University. MAu and CH are partly supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. AAz acknowledges funding from the Gates Foundation (OPP1171700). ABad is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; the EU; the Wellcome Trust; and from National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of National Institutes of Health (NIH; R01-HD084233), National Institute on Aging of NIH (P01AG041710), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of NIH (R01-AI124389 and R01-AI112339), as well as Fogarty International Center of NIH (D43-TW009775). DABen was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the UK Department of Health and Social Care. GBB is supported by Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI) de la Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT) of Panamá. FCar acknowledges UID/ MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior through national funds. VMC acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. JDN acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. DBD acknowledges support from the Gates Foundation. KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust grant (number 201900/Z/16/Z) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. AGo acknowledges Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de Panamá (SNI), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). CH is partly supported by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through the Operational Program for Competitiveness (project ID P_40_382). SMSI is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. MJ and the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. JK is a recipient of the 2020 Benjamin V Cohen Peace Fellowship from Ball State University Center for Peace and Conflict Studies. YJK’s work was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, grants number XMUMRF/2018-C2/ ITCM/0001. KKr is supported by a DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. BL acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. PTNM acknowledges the Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. ANA acknowledges Debre Markos University for its support in-terms of office and internet access while reviewing this paper. AMSam received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission programme. MMS-M acknowledges the support of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). AShi acknowledges the support of Health Data Research UK. MRS acknowledges the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah university of Medical sciences for their wise advice. JBS is part of Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. RT-S was supported in part by grant PI17/00719 from Instituto de Salud Carlos III–FEDER. BU acknowledges Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. TWij acknowledges the Migraine Foundation Australia and the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Anuradhapuraya, Sri Lanka. CSW was supported by the South African Medical Research Council. SBZ received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training program in support of his academic career.
Published: 2020

43. Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Its Predictors in Hospitalized Patients

Author: Nasrin Fatemi, Meisam Moezzi, Saeed Hesam, Meysam Alavian, Golshan Afshari, Fakher Rahim, and Maryam Banitorfi
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Rehabilitation, Evening, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Medical record, education, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Retrospective cohort study, Emergency department, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, health services administration, Intensive care, Emergency medicine, medicine, cardiovascular diseases, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, business, therapeutics, health care economics and organizations, Morning
Abstract: Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been a frequently performed medical intervention that increases the chance of survival of a person stricken by cardiac arrest, and there is an excellent value of diversity in the rate of successful rehabilitation in societies. Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out. The medical records of all in-hospital and out-hospital cardiac arrest patients who underwent CPR were collected. A total of 587 people with who underwent CPR during two years between January 2017 and June 2018, using a designed form were enrolled. Demographic information, the ward which CPR was committed, hospitalization, the delay before the onset of CPR and time of the day were recorded. Results: The overall success rate of CPR in this study was 25.89%. There was no significant difference in the success rate of CPR between men and women. A comparison of age groups revealed a difference between the success rates of CPR in 14 - 64 years group compared with the group above 64. Analysis of the data revealed no difference between CPR success rates in various seasons. Investigating the occurrence of cardiac arrest and its success rate at the hospital shifting showed a significant difference between the success rate of CPR in the morning shift with the evening shift and night. The dual comparison revealed a significant difference in the success rate of CPR only between the emergency department and intensive care units. Conclusions: The current study revealed a significant difference in age group and location, and did not show any significant success rate of CPR in the presence of witnesses, location of cardiac arrest, season and gender.
Published: 2020

44. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Manisha Dubey, Fatemeh Rajati, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Amir Khater, Reza Shirkoohi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Ronny Westerman, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Ravi Mehrotra, Sezer Kisa, Junaid Khan, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Marcel Ausloos, Getnet Gedefaw, Hamed Zandian, Edward J Mills, Aparna Lal, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde Rabanal, Yousef Veisani, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Christopher Troeger, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Kidane Tadesse Gebremariam, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Oliver J. Brady, David Laith Rawaf, Tamer H. Farag, Simin Mouodi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Soumyadeep Bhaumik, Samad Azari, Getinet Ayano, Faris Lami, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Maryam Adabi, Alaa Badawi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Amir Hasanzadeh, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Bineyam Taye, Nader Jafari Balalami, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Kewal Krishan, Muhammad Ali, Ehsan Sadeghi, Richard C. Franklin, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Lal B. Rawal, Alyssa N. Sbarra, Behnam Heidari, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Hagos Tasew Atalay, Eric L. Ding, Noushin Mohammadifard, Nihal Thomas, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sanghamitra Pati, Addisu Melese, Niranjan Kissoon, Farzad Manafi, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Meysam Behzadifar, Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh, Frank B. Osei, Koku Sisay Tamirat, Yahya Salimi, Pranab Chatterjee, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Benjamin K. Mayala, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Zahid A Butt, Olufemi Ajumobi, Fiseha Wadilo Wada, Shafiu Mohammed, Charles Shey Shey Wiysonge, Félix Carvalho, Masresha Tessema Anegago, Yun Jin Kim, Ai-Min Wu, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Paulina A. Lindstedt, Ana-Laura Manda, Aziz Eftekhari, Rakhi Dandona, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Nicole Davis Weaver, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Marwa Rashad Salem, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Dongyu Zhang, Saeed Safari, Vivekanand Jha, Keivan Ahmadi, Turki Alanzi, Amir Jalali, Hamidreza Haririan, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Surendra Karki, Kirsten E. Wiens, Boikhutso Tlou, Soraya Siabani, Muluken Azage Yenesew, Asnakew Achaw Ayele, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Susanna Dunachie, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Daniel Bekele Ketema, Tissa Wijeratne, Dessalegn Ajema Berbada, André Karch, Ebrahim Babaee, Akram Pourshams, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bal Govind Chauhan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Vera Marisa Costa, Mehdi Yaseri, Tahereh Pashaei, Benn Sartorius, Helen Derara Diro, Anelisa Jaca, Mostafa Hosseini, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Franz Castro, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chalachew Genet Akal, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Sonia Lewycka, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, David L. Smith, Ibrahim A Khalil, Genet Melak Alamene, George C Patton, Andem Effiong, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Collins Chansa, Tsegaye Lolaso Lenjebo, Van C. Lansingh, Chabila C Mapoma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Aubrey J. Levine, Miliva Mozaffor, Till Bärnighausen, Ali Rostami, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Colm McAlinden, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Neeraj Bedi, Irfan Ullah, Winfried März, Rajeev Gupta, Masood Ali Shaikh, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Abbas Mosapour, Javad Nazari, Obinna Onwujekwe, Narinder Pal Singh, Dabere Nigatu, Tanuj Kanchan, Jagdish Khubchandani, Aklilu Endalamfaw, Hajer Elkout, Michelle L. Bell, Beyene Meressa Adhena, Evanson Z. Sambala, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nefsu Awoke, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Muki Shey, Christiane Dolecek, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Syed Ather Hussain, Birhan Tamene Alemnew, Arash Etemadi, Anwar E. Ahmed, Vinay Nangia, Sachin R Atre, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Robert C. Reiner, Rajat Das Gupta, Aniruddha Deshpande, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Chi Linh Hoang, Bahram Armoon, Manfred Accrombessi, Christopher J L Murray, Ebrahim M Yimer, Rashmi Gupta, Ahmed Omar Bali, Dadi Marami, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Getnet Mengistu, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Ali S. Akanda, Satar Rezaei, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, Irina Filip, Mohammad Fareed, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, Yared A Asmare Aynalem, Gelin Xu, Zubair Kabir, Khalid A Altirkawi, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Malede Mequanent Sisay, Yibeltal Alemu Bekele, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, Quique Bassat, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Nuruzzaman Khan, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Nathaniel J Henry, Meghnath Dhimal, Hosein Shabaninejad, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Amjad Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Eugenio Traini, Mohammad Zamani, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Mehran Alijanzadeh, Florian Fischer, Rafael Moreira Claro, Pushpendra Kumar, Shai Linn, Lucas Earl, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Getenet Dessie, Doris D. V. Ortega-Altamirano, John S. Ji, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Saeed Amini, Ziad A. Memish, Aisha Elsharkawy, Ken Lee Chin, Mustafa Z. Younis, Daniel Diaz, Hebat Allah Salah A. Yousof, Seifadin Ahmed Shallo, Tomohide Yamada, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Platon D. Lopukhov, Alireza Rafiei, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Hossein Poustchi, Ayele Geleto Bali, Francesco Saverio Violante, Leonardo Roever, Giovanni Damiani, Maha El Tantawi, Nuworza Kugbey, Hadi Pourjafar, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Dinh-Toi Chu, Farkhonde Salehi, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Farnam Mohebi, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Senbagam Duraisamy, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Eleonora Dubljanin, Takeshi Fukumoto, Biruck Desalegn Yirsaw, Fakher Rahim, Jasvinder A. Singh, Jai K Das, Savita Lasrado, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Santosh Varughese, Adnan Kisa, Laurie B. Marczak, Amira Shaheen, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Nader Jahanmehr, Yuming Guo, Arash Ziapour, Alex Yeshaneh, Ninuk Hariyani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Joel M. Francis, Asmamaw Demis, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Praveen Hoogar, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Yunquan Zhang, Yousef Mohammad, Iman El Sayed, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Marzieh Nojomi, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Sameh Magdeldin, Anton Sokhan, Nauman Khalid, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Ben Lacey, Luca Ronfani, James Albright, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Khanh Bao Tran, Guoqing Hu, Yousef Khader, Parvaneh Mirabi, Boris Bikbov, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Assefa Desalew, Yasir Waheed, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Julio Cesar Campuzano Rincon, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Brian J. Hall, James A Platts-Mills, Gbenga A. Kayode, Jan-Walter De Neve, Maria Jesus Rios-Blancas, Navid Manafi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Yilma Chisha Dea Geramo, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Abdullah Al Mamun, Ali Bijani, Hedley Quintana, Shanshan Li, Kebreab Paulos, Joan B. Soriano, Victor Adekanmbi, Oladimeji Adebayo, David Teye Doku, Brijesh Sathian, Bakhtiar Piroozi, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Netsanet Fentahun, Shymaa Enany, Ayman Grada, Salvatore Rubino, Kenji Shibuya, Norberto Perico, Sergio I. Prada, Andrea Farioli, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Mohsen Afarideh, Maciej Banach, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Mohsen Asadi-Lari, Rakesh Lodha, David M. Pigott, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Hadi Hassankhani, Daniel Adane Endalew, Siamak Sabour, Yoshan Moodley, Preeti Dhillon, Dilaram Acharya, Anas M. Saad, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Mohammad Rabiee, Ajay Patle, Rahman Shiri, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Davide Guido, Chuanhua Yu, Abdallah M. Samy, Ali Talha Khalil, Ashish Awasthi, Pascual R. Valdez, Nelson G.M. Gomes, Nejimu Biza Zepro, Taweewat Wiangkham, Anthony Masaka, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Michael Tamene Haile, Huyen Phuc Do, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Farah Daoud, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Suleman Atique, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Indang Trihandini, Mario Poljak, Bartosz Miazgowski, Huda Basaleem, Rafael Alves Guimares, Mina Anjomshoa, Peng Jia, Yafeng Wang, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Itamar S. Santos, Alireza Khatony, Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, Samath D Dharmaratne, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Konrad Pesudovs, Tina Beyranvand, Liliana Preotescu, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Enrico Rubagotti, Amira Hamed Darwish, Mahdi Safdarian, Ali Yadollahpour, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Moses K. Muriithi, Azmeraw T. Amare, Si Si, Joshua Longbottom, Somayeh Bohlouli, Khaled Khatab, Masoud Behzadifar, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, G Anil Kumar, Margaret Kosek, Mona M. Khater, Reta Tsegaye Gayesa, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Ruth W Kimokoti, Jalal Arabloo, Kimberly B. Johnson, Andrew T Olagunju, Mowafa Househ, In-Hwan Oh, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Desta Haftu Hayelom, Jae Il Shin, Ahmed Abdelalim, Catherine A. Welgan, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Rosario Cárdenas, Mohammad Khazaei, Sebastian Vollmer, Xiu-Ju Zhao, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Degu Abate, Ali S. Shalash, Davide Rasella, Melese Abate Reta, Hedayat Abbastabar, Manu Raj Mathur, Aliasghar Ahmad Kiadaliri, Ritesh G. Menezes, Molly K. Miller-Petrie, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Joseph Frostad, Eirini Skiadaresi, Aleksandra Barac, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Brigette F. Blacker, Carlo La Vecchia, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Zewdie Aderaw Alemu, Foad Abd-Allah, Elias Merdassa Roro, Agus Sudaryanto, Fariba Ghassemi, Behzad Karami Matin, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Maheswar Satpathy, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Pallab K. Maulik, Amir Kasaeian, Ali H. Mokdad, Alemayehu Toma Mena, Tamirat Tesfaye Dasa, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Ali Kabir, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Aberash Abay Tassew, Kala M. Mehta, Ionut Negoi, Hosni Salem, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Saleem M Rana, Engida Yisma, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Hossein Farzam, Krishna K. Aryal, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Juan Sanabria, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Shirin Djalalinia, Suraj Bhattarai, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Claudiu Herteliu, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Mohsen Bayati, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Gulfaraz Khan, Mostafa Leili, Nasir Salam, Ehsan Khodamoradi, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Vahid Alipour, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Rajesh Sagar, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Manasi Kumar, Mehdi Sharif, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Navid Rabiee, Gvs Murthy, Hamed Kalani, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Claudio Alberto Davila, Oluchi Okpala, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Mathew M. Baumann, Bereket Duko Adema, Lorenzo Monasta, Paul S. F. Yip, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Dhirendra N Sinha, Farid Najafi, Kebede Deribe, Paula Moraga, Mehedi Hasan, Mohammad Moradi-Joo, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Vishnu Renjith, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Zemenu Tadesse Tessema, Amir Radfar, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Kamarul Imran Musa, Getaneh Alemu Abebe, Farshad Pourmalek, Olatunde Aremu, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Derrick A Bennett, Ahmad Daryani, Alebachew Fasil Ashagre, Apurba Shil, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Rovshan Khalilov, Ai Koyanagi, Salman Khazaei, Jennifer Rickard, Ali Almasi, Sandra B. Munro, Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Local Burden Dis Diarrhoea, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, GeoHealth, Reiner, Robert C, Wiens, Kirsten E, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Baumann, Mathew M, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yirsaw, Biruck Desalegn, Yisma, Engida, Hay, Simon I, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, Tampere University, Health Sciences, University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborator, and Violante FS
Subjects: Low income countries, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, THERAPY, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Prevalence, Global health, Medicine, WATER, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), 1. No poverty, General Medicine, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Diarrhoea, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Middle income countries, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, TERRITORIES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Infants, Diarrhea, AFRICA, medicine.medical_specialty, Childhood deaths, RJ, sanitation, Developing country, Childhood diarrhoeal morbidity, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Environmental health, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Life Science, Humans, Healthcare Disparities, Oral rehydration therapy, Risk factor, hand washing, Developing Countries, Disease burden, Global Nutrition, Wereldvoeding, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, CHOLERA, Public health, Bayes Theorem, diarrheal disease, Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Human medicine, Diarrea, business
Abstract: Background: Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods: We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings: The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation: By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). S Aljunid reports additional funding from the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project outside of the study. A Awasthi is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through the INSPIRE Faculty Program outside of the study. A Badawi reports additional funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada outside of the study. A Barac reports additional funding from the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (no III45005) outside of the study. T Bärnighausen reports additional funding by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research outside of the study. F Carvalho and E Fernandez report additional funding from the Portuguese national funds (UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019) outside of the study. V M Costa reports additional funding from Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for her grant (SFRH/BPD/110001/2015), which was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitória – DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 outside of the study. J De Neve reports additional funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation outside of the study. K Deribe reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 201900) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship outside of the study. D Endalew and M Moradi report additional funding from Wolkite University. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana report additional funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI (project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084) outside of the study. C Herteliu reports additional funding from the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness (Project ID P_40_382) and the European Fund for Regional Development, through InterReg Romania-Hungary (project code EMS ROHU 217) outside of the study. P Hoogar reports additional funding from the Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalaghatagi and The Department of Studies in Anthropology, Karnatak University, D S Islam reports additional funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University outside of the study. A Khatony reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah outside of the study. J Khubchandani reports additional funding from Merck Research Laboratories outside of the study. K Krishan reports additional funding from the UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India outside of the study. M Kumar reports additional funding from the Fogarty Foundation/NIH through a K43 award (TW010716-01A1) outside of the study. B Lacey reports additional funding from the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK) outside of the study. A M Samy reports additional funding from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program (EFMP) outside of the study. S Seyedmousavi reports additional funding from the Intramural Program of National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA outside of the study. M Shey reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust Kenji Shibuya reports additional funding from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology outside of the study. M Sobhiyeh reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences outside of the study. J Soriano reports additional funding from Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain outside of the study. N Taveira reports additional funding from the LIFE study (RIA2016MC-1615) of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) program supported by the European Union outside of the study. B Unnikrishnan reports additional funding from the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India outside of the study. T Wijeratne reports additional funding from the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka outside of the study. C S Wiysonge reports additional funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa outside of the study.
Published: 2020

45. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Mahesh P A, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Barbora de Courten, Parvaiz A Koul, Elias Merdassa Roro, Marek Majdan, Ali H. Mokdad, Mihaela Hostiuc, Félix Carvalho, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Miriam Levi, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Rakhi Dandona, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Benn Sartorius, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Derrick A Bennett, Ahmad Daryani, Paulo A. Lotufo, Fereshteh Ansari, Elissa M. Abrams, Luke D. Knibbs, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Azeem Majeed, Tomislav Mestrovic, Rajeev Gupta, Irina Filip, Leonardo Roever, G.K. Mini, Lorainne Tudor Car, Ghulam Mustafa, Josip Car, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Mohammad Zamani, Babak Moazen, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Chi Linh Hoang, Aaron J Cohen, Hossein Poustchi, Luca Ronfani, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Nefsu Awoke, Miguel Tortajada-Girbés, Khalid A Altirkawi, Justin R. Ortiz, Adane Teshome Kefale, Shailesh Advani, Alireza Rafiei, Kristina E. Rudd, Tim Driscoll, Yousef Khader, Heather J. Zar, Josep M. Antó, Milena Ilic, Fakher Rahim, Jost B. Jonas, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Simon I. Hay, Aloke Gopal Ghoshal, Adnan Kisa, Ranjani Somayaji, Gholamreza Roshandel, Smita Pakhale, Francesco Saverio Violante, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Ali Bijani, Gebrekiros Gebremichael Meles, Hajer Elkout, Shanshan Li, Michael Soljak, Masoud Foroutan, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Mina Anjomshoa, Jasvinder A. Singh, Mika Shigematsu, Abdel Douiri, Naohiro Yonemoto, Amir Kasaeian, Lorenzo Monasta, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Rupak Desai, Hai Quang Pham, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Marissa B Reitsma, Samath D Dharmaratne, Amr Jamal, Miguel Ángel García-Gordillo, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Michael K. Hole, Aman Yesuf Endries, Vinay Gupta, Mehdi Naderi, Tham Thi Le, Houman Goudarzi, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Anurag Agrawal, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Kathleen S Sachiko Berfield, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Robert C. Reiner, Carlo La Vecchia, Michael Brauer, Jagdish Khubchandani, Alaa Badawi, Sezer Kisa, Basema Saddik, Amir Hasanzadeh, H. Dean Hosgood, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Ibtihal Fadhil, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Ai Koyanagi, Maheswar Satpathy, James Leigh, Si Si, Gregory R. Wagner, Eduarda Fernandes, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Isabela M. Benseñor, Tommi Vasankari, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Andrew T Olagunju, Moslem Soofi, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mowafa Househ, Amir Radfar, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Tara Ballav Adhikari, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Gessessew Bugssa Hailu, Komal Saleem, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Hadi Pourjafar, Robert S. Bernstein, Ghobad Moradi, Farnam Mohebi, Mariam Molokhia, Kamarul Imran Musa, Elham Ahmadian, Pascual R. Valdez, Irfan Ullah, Ritesh G. Menezes, Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Richard F. Gillum, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Virendra Singh, Aziz Eftekhari, Yogesh Sabde, Florian Fischer, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Alemayehu Toma, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Kebede Embaye Gezae, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Abdullah Al Mamun, Junaid Khan, Yuming Guo, Parkes J Kendrick, Reza Malekzadeh, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Lidia Morawska, Soraya Siabani, Tinuke O Olagunju, Zahid A Butt, Ronny Westerman, Eyasu Ejeta Duken, Khanh Bao Tran, Yousef Veisani, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Miloje Savic, Anh Kim Dang, Vinay Nangia, Job F M van Boven, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Alan D. Lopez, G Anil Kumar, Navid Manafi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Joan B. Soriano, Luis Camera, Seok Jun Yoon, Paramjit Gill, Yun Jin Kim, Seyyede Masoume Athari, Gurudatta Naik, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Sanjeev Nair, Jarnail Singh Thakur, André Faro, Javad Nazari, Gene Bukhman, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Nobuyuki Horita, Zubair Kabir, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Birhanu Geta Meharie, Daniel Diaz, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ted R. Miller, Savita Lasrado, Joseph Adel Mattar Banoub, Fares Alahdab, Jan-Walter De Neve, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Saeed Safari, Farzad Manafi, Marco Vacante, Katherine R. Paulson, Hamidreza Komaki, Reza Shirkoohi, Young Eun Kim, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Nahla Anber, Ravi Prakash Jha, Farshad Farzadfar, Abdallah M. Samy, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Fabiana Madotto, Yunquan Zhang, Qing Lan, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Juan Jesus Carrero, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Cuong Tat Nguyen, UAM. Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (IIS-IP), Soriano, J, Kendrick, P, Paulson, K, Gupta, V, Abrams, E, Adedoyin, R, Adhikari, T, Advani, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmadian, E, Alahdab, F, Aljunid, S, Altirkawi, K, Alvis-Guzman, N, Anber, N, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Anto, J, Arabloo, J, Athari, S, Awoke, N, Badawi, A, Banoub, J, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berfield, K, Bernstein, R, Bhattacharyya, K, Bijani, A, Brauer, M, Bukhman, G, Butt, Z, Camera, L, Car, J, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Choi, J, Christopher, D, Cohen, A, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dang, A, Daryani, A, de Courten, B, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, De Neve, J, Desai, R, Dharmaratne, S, Diaz, D, Douiri, A, Driscoll, T, Duken, E, Eftekhari, A, Elkout, H, Endries, A, Fadhil, I, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fernandes, E, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Garcia-Gordillo, M, Gebre, A, Gebremedhin, K, Gebremeskel, G, Gezae, K, Ghoshal, A, Gill, P, Gillum, R, Goudarzi, H, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Hailu, G, Hasanzadeh, A, Hassen, H, Hay, S, Hoang, C, Hole, M, Horita, N, Hosgood, H, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, M, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Jakovljevic, M, Jamal, A, Jha, R, Jonas, J, Kabir, Z, Kasaeian, A, Kasahun, G, Kassa, G, Kefale, A, Kengne, A, Khader, Y, Khafaie, M, Khan, E, Khan, J, Khubchandani, J, Kim, Y, Kisa, S, Kisa, A, Knibbs, L, Komaki, H, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Lan, Q, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, La Vecchia, C, Le, T, Leigh, J, Levi, M, Li, S, Lopez, A, Lotufo, P, Madotto, F, Mahotra, N, Majdan, M, Majeed, A, Malekzadeh, R, Mamun, A, Manafi, N, Manafi, F, Mantovani, L, Meharie, B, Meles, H, Meles, G, Menezes, R, Mestrovic, T, Miller, T, Mini, G, Mirrakhimov, E, Moazen, B, Mohammad, K, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Moradi, M, Moradi, G, Morawska, L, Mousavi, S, Musa, K, Mustafa, G, Naderi, M, Naghavi, M, Naik, G, Nair, S, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Nazari, J, Ndwandwe, D, Negoi, R, Nguyen, T, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nixon, M, Ofori-Asenso, R, Ogbo, F, Olagunju, A, Olagunju, T, Oren, E, Ortiz, J, Owolabi, M, P A, M, Pakhale, S, Pana, A, Panda-Jonas, S, Park, E, Pham, H, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Poustchi, H, Radfar, A, Rafiei, A, Rahim, F, Rahman, M, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Roro, E, Roshandel, G, Rudd, K, Sabde, Y, Sabour, S, Saddik, B, Safari, S, Saleem, K, Samy, A, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Sartorius, B, Satpathy, M, Savic, M, Sawhney, M, Sepanlou, S, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shigematsu, M, Shirkoohi, R, Si, S, Siabani, S, Singh, V, Singh, J, Soljak, M, Somayaji, R, Soofi, M, Soyiri, I, Tefera, Y, Temsah, M, Tesfay, B, Thakur, J, Toma, A, Tortajada-Girbes, M, Tran, K, Tran, B, Tudor Car, L, Ullah, I, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Veisani, Y, Violante, F, Wagner, G, Westerman, R, Wolfe, C, Wondafrash, D, Wondmieneh, A, Yonemoto, N, Yoon, S, Zaidi, Z, Zamani, M, Zar, H, Zhang, Y, Vos, T, GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborator, Violante FS, GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators, Collaborators, GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET)
Subjects: Male, Respiratory diseases, Respiratory Tract Diseases, Disease, Chronic respiratory diseases, Global Burden of Disease, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, 11. Sustainability, METABOLIC RISKS, EPIDEMIOLOGY, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, COPD, DALY, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Mortality rate, Respiratory disease, 1. No poverty, Age Factors, Middle Aged, Death causes, 3. Good health, PREVALENCE, Health risks, Child, Preschool, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, Female, death and disability worldwide, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, TERRITORIES, BURDEN, growth in absolute numbers, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Adult, ADJUSTED LIFE-YEARS, Health burdens, Adolescent, Medicina, 195 COUNTRIES, chronic respiratory diseases, Article, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, Sex Factors, Burden of Disease, Respiratory disease, Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary, Environmental health, medicine, Disability-adjusted life year, Humans, EXPOSURE, Risk factor, Mortality, Aged, per-capita basis, business.industry, DISABILITY, Infant, Newborn, Infant, 1103 Clinical Sciences, asthma, medicine.disease, Asthma, Years of potential life lost, 030228 respiratory system, Risk factors, 13. Climate action, Systematic analyses, Chronic Disease, INJURIES, Human medicine, Pneumoconiosis, Morbidity, business, Lung Diseases, Interstitial, 1199 Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: Artículo con numerosos autores. Sólo se hace referencia al primero que coincide con el de la UAM y al colectivo, Background Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings In 2017, 544·9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506·9–584·8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39·8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex-specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7·0% [95% UI 6·8–7·2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790 578–4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18·0% since 1990, while total DALYs increased by 13·3%. However, when accounting for ageing and population growth, declines were observed in age-standardised prevalence (14·3% decrease), agestandardised death rates (42·6%), and age-standardised DALY rates (38·2%). In males and females, most chronic respiratory disease-attributable deaths and DALYs were due to COPD. In regional analyses, mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases were greatest in south Asia and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, also across both sexes. Notably, although absolute prevalence was lower in south Asia than in most other super-regions, YLLs due to chronic respiratory diseases across the subcontinent were the highest in the world. Death rates due to interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis were greater than those due to pneumoconiosis in all super-regions. Smoking was the leading risk factor for chronic respiratory disease-related disability across all regions for men. Among women, household air pollution from solid fuels was the predominant risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while ambient particulate matter represented the leading risk factor in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, and in the Middle East and north Africa super-region. Interpretation Our study shows that chronic respiratory diseases remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with growth in absolute numbers but sharp declines in several age-standardised estimators since 1990. Premature mortality from chronic respiratory diseases seems to be highest in regions with less-resourced health systems on a per-capita basis, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2020

46. Global health security capacity against COVID-19 outbreak and its association with the case fatality rate: an analysis of annual data from 210 countries and territories

Author: Amal Saki Malehi, Elham Maraghi, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Emergency management, business.industry, Public health, Outbreak, Context (language use), International Health Regulations, Geography, Environmental health, Preparedness, Case fatality rate, Global health, medicine, business
Abstract: BackgroundBecause infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, do not have specific boundaries, all countries must prioritize and use the necessary capabilities to prevent, detect, and respond quickly to public health emergencies. In this context, we aimed to review most recent GHS index annual report to observe the regional and global level of health security against COVID-19 outbreak, as well as their relationship with case fatality rate, among 210 countries and territories worldwide.MethodsWe reviewed and analyzed October 2019 GHS index co-leaders joint report, to review health security capacities on the basis of the GHS index in the context of six categories. we prioritized not only the capacities of 210 countries and territories around the world using the GHS Index, but also the existence of functional, tested, proven capabilities for stopping outbreaks at the source. Data were collected from global databases including Worldometer, WHO, and Disease Control and Prevention Center (CDC).FindingsThis study recruited data on 210 countries and territories, of which up to 14 April 2020, 72 countries (34.28%) with more than 1000 total COVID-19 cases were presents. In “most prepared group”, number of total COVID-19 diagnostic tests had a significant positive relation with GHS index (r=0.713; p=0.006). Case fatality rate was directly associated with the detection index (r=0.304; p=0.023) in “more prepared group”. In “Lower-middle-income economies” group, case fatality rate positively related to detection, response and risk environment indices.ImplementationWith the exception of a very small number, countries that were ranked as most prepared countries, they were more likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak of the virus and its health consequences, and needed to seriously reconsider their capabilities and health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against disease outbreakResearch in contextEvidence before this studyGiven the very rapid spread of the COVID-19 disease in a very short time, limited and few studies have shown weakness and strength in national and international capacity to deal with health emergencies. We systematically searched the Scopus, ISI web of science and PubMed from Jan 2019 to April 2020, using the search terms “health security” OR “emergency preparedness” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2/nCoV-2019”. Our search returned only limited number of published evidences (n=37), of which only one was assessed the operational readiness among 182 countries based on the International Health Regulations (IHR) annual report 1.Added value of this studyGiven a very limited and insufficient on the regional, as well as global preparedness capacities to combat health emergencies, such as COVID-19 disease, we used most recent GHS index annual report (October 2019), to observe the regional and global level of health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against COVID-19 outbreak among 210 countries and territories around the world. We found information about only 195 countries in the recent used report and imputed the data for the rest 15 countries and territories that facing COVID-19 outbreak.Implications of all the available evidenceOur results showed that, with the exception of a very small number of countries that were ranked as most prepared countries, they were more likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak of the virus and its health consequences, and needed to seriously reconsider their capabilities and health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against disease outbreak.
Published: 2020
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47. Underlying Chronic Disease and COVID-19 Infection: A State-of-the-Art Review

Author: Khalil Kazemnia, Habib Haybar, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Public health, Population, medicine.disease, Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, Pneumonia, 0302 clinical medicine, Health care, Epidemiology, medicine, Infection control, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Intensive care medicine, education, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Context: In late December 2019, a new coronavirus, called COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV), triggered the outbreak of pneumonia from Wuhan (Han’s seafood market) in China, which is now possessing major public health threats to the world. The objective of this review was to describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 in different chronic diseases and understand the pathophysiological mechanisms by which the virus can lead to the progression of these diseases. Results: The prevalence of COVID-19 infection has become a clinical threat to the general population and healthcare staff around the world. However, knowledge is limited about this new virus. The most commonly reported conditions are diabetes mellitus, chronic lung disease, and cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: Effective antiviral therapy and vaccination are currently being evaluated and under-development. What we can do now is the aggressive implementation of infection control measures to prevent the human-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Public health services should also monitor the situation. The more the knowledge about this new virus and its prevalence, the better the ability of us to deal with it. It is hoped that we will overcome COVID-19 soon with the discovery of effective vaccines, drugs, and treatments.
Published: 2020

48. Combined cranberry supplementation and weight loss diet in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial

Author: Fakher Rahim, Pezhman Alavinejad, Majid Mohammad Shahi, Bijan Helli, Razie Hormoznejad, and Asaad Sharhani
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, Diet, Reducing, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Disease, Iran, Placebo, Gastroenterology, law.invention, Double blind, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Double-Blind Method, law, Weight loss, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Internal medicine, Weight Loss, medicine, Humans, Insulin, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, business.industry, Plant Extracts, Fatty liver, Non alcoholic, Alanine Transaminase, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Clinical trial, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Dietary Supplements, Female, medicine.symptom, Insulin Resistance, business, Food Science
Abstract: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial was conducted on 41 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Participants were randomly allocated to receive either a cranberry supplement or a placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups were assigned to follow a weight loss diet. At the end of the study, alanine aminotransferase and insulin decreased significantly in both groups (
Published: 2020

49. Laboratory findings, signs and symptoms, clinical outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Infection: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Mina Ebrahimi, Amal Saki Malehi, and Fakher Rahim
Subjects: ARDS, medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Public health, Signs and symptoms, Disease, medicine.disease, Meta-analysis, Internal medicine, Medicine, Electronic database, Stage (cooking), business
Abstract: Background and AimCoronaviruses disease 2019 (COVID-19), for the first time detected in Wuhan, China, rapidly speared around the world and be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The aim of the current survey is collecting laboratory findings, analysis them and reporting a specific pattern for help to COVID-19 diagnosis.MethodsTo collect laboratory characteristics, we searched “PubMed” electronic database with the following keywords: “COVID-19” “2019 novel coronavirus” “laboratory findings” “clinical characteristics”.ResultsOnce the initial searches 493 studies were yielded. After removing duplicates studies 480 studies were remained. The 12 studies obtained from the literature, of which 58.3% (7) of studies were case-control (8–14), and 41.7% (5) remaining studies were designed as cross-sectional (1,15–18)ConclusionThe result of the current study showed that in the early stage of COVID-19 infection, maybe there are not significant laboratory findings, but with disease progression, the one or more than signs include increasing AST, ALT, LDH, CK, CRP, ESR, WBC, neutrophil, and decreasing Hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count can be seen. Elevating D-dimer and FDP are associated with ARDS development and can be used as prognostic factors.
Published: 2020

50. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author: Priya Rathi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Edris Hasanpoor, Sanni Yaya, Mohsen Bayati, Maciej Banach, Raffaele Palladino, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Shahin Soltani, Simona Cătălina Ștefan, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Tudorel Andrei, Mehdi Bohluli, Nikita Otstavnov, Yanfang Su, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Simon I. Hay, Mansour Ghafourifard, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Pushpendra Singh, Salman Rawaf, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Robert Ancuceanu, Samer Hamidi, Maarten J. Postma, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Ted R. Miller, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Gbenga A. Kayode, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Jonathan F. Mosser, Chaw Yin Myint, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Tanvir M. Huda, Fakher Rahim, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Yingxi Zhao, Aziz Sheikh, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Andrew T Olagunju, Atif Amin Baig, Ali H. Mokdad, Anders Larsson, Atte Meretoja, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Brandon Cunningham, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Anamika Pandey, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Salime Goharinezhad, Angela E Micah, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Hayley N Stutzman, Farshad Farzadfar, M. Mofizul Islam, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Saqib Ali, Srikanta Banerjee, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Anirudh Kotlo, Ravensara S. Travillian, Aziz Rezapour, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Sergio I. Prada, Biagio Simonetti, Maitreyi Sahu, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Hoa Thi Do, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Modhurima Moitra, In-Hwan Oh, Ayman Grada, Kenji Shibuya, Sojib Bin Zaman, Steven D Bachmeier, Hilda L Harb, Edson Serván-Mori, Bahram Mohajer, Van C. Lansingh, Ali Almasi, German Martinez, Till Bärnighausen, Reza Malekzadeh, Adam E. Berman, Matthew T. Schneider, Michael K. Hole, Reza Rawassizadeh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Bianca S. Zlavog, Mohammad Rabiee, Moses K. Muriithi, Anton C Harle, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Yohannes Kinfu, Olatunde Aremu, Cristiana Abbafati, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Joseph L Dieleman, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Zeleke Hailemariam Abebo, Muge Cevik, Hassan Abolhassani, Farnam Mohebi, Job F M van Boven, Nataliya Foigt, Neda Milevska Kostova, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Golsum Tsakalos, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Spencer L. James, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Miloje Savic, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sawyer W Crosby, Ayesha Humayun, Hamidreza Setayesh, G Anil Kumar, Juan Sanabria, Jalal Arabloo, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shokofeh Maleki, Junjie Wu, Nathaniel J Henry, Efat Mohamadi, Francesco Saverio Violante, Samad Azari, Delia Hendrie, Ahad Bakhtiari, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Adnan Kisa, Masood Ali Shaikh, Shafiu Mohammed, Justice Nonvignon, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Khurshid Alam, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Mohamed M. Gad, Mikk Jürisson, Usman Iqbal, Chuanhua Yu, Luis Camera, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Abigail Chapin, Pascual R. Valdez, Reinhard Busse, Tomislav Mestrovic, Paul S. F. Yip, Christopher J L Murray, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Salah Eddin Karimi, Mustafa Z. Younis, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Rahul R. Zende, Mina Anjomshoa, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Zohre Javaheri, Saravanan Muthupandian, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Lalit Dandona, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Rakhi Dandona, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Nancy Fullman, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, Jasvinder A. Singh, Amin Soheili, Lee Ling Lim, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Tommi Vasankari, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehdi Naderi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Bernhard T. Baune, Navid Rabiee, Mark G. Shrime, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Lorenzo G. Mantovani, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Vasily Vlassov, Kyle E. Simpson, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ian E Cogswell, Tesleem Kayode Babalola, Sanjay Basu, Hassan Haghparast Bidgoli, Leila Doshmangir, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Maha El Tantawi, Obinna Onwujekwe, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, Ahmed Omar Bali, Joshua A. Salomon, Hamidreza Komaki, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Emilie R Maddison, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Asadollah Gholamian, Ferrán Catalá-López, Stefan Kohler, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Anwar Faraj, Rafael Lozano, Rufus Akinyemi, Florian Fischer, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Rohollah Kalhor, Falk Schwendicke, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Micah, A. E., Su, Y., Bachmeier, S. D., Chapin, A., Cogswell, I. E., Crosby, S. W., Cunningham, B., Harle, A. C., Maddison, E. R., Moitra, M., Sahu, M., Schneider, M. T., Simpson, K. E., Stutzman, H. N., Tsakalos, G., Zende, R. R., Zlavog, B. S., Abbafati, C., Abebo, Z. H., Abolhassani, H., Abrigo, M. R. M., Ahmed, M. B., Akinyemi, R. O., Alam, K., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi, A., Alvis-Guzman, N., Ancuceanu, R., Andrei, T., Andrei, C. L., Anjomshoa, M., Antonio, C. A. T., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Aremu, O., Atnafu, D. D., Ausloos, M., Avila-Burgos, L., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Babalola, T. K., Bagherzadeh, M., Baig, A. A., Bakhtiari, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Barnighausen, T. W., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Berman, A. E., Bhageerathy, R., Bhardwaj, P., Bohluli, M., Busse, R., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Camera, L. L. A., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Catala-Lopez, F., Cevik, M., Chattu, V. K., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dianatinasab, M., Do, H. T., Doshmangir, L., El Tantawi, M., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilzadeh, F., Faraj, A., Farzadfar, F., Fischer, F., Foigt, N. A., Fullman, N., Gad, M. M., Ghafourifard, M., Ghashghaee, A., Gholamian, A., Goharinezhad, S., Grada, A., Haghparast Bidgoli, H., Hamidi, S., Harb, H. L., Hasanpoor, E., Hay, S. I., Hendrie, D., Henry, N. J., Herteliu, C., Hole, M. K., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Hwang, B. -F., Ilesanmi, O. S., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, M. M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., James, S. L., Javaheri, Z., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kalhor, R., Karami Matin, B., Karimi, S. E., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Kinfu, Y., Kisa, A., Kohler, S., Komaki, H., Kosen, S., Kotlo, A., Koyanagi, A., Kumar, G. A., Kusuma, D., Lansingh, V. C., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lee, S. W. H., Lim, L. -L., Lozano, R., Magdy Abd El Razek, H., Mahdavi, M. M., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Mantovani, L. G., Martinez, G., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Mestrovic, T., Milevska Kostova, N., Miller, T. R., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohajer, B., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad Darwesh, A., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohebi, F., Mokdad, A. H., Morrison, S. D., Mosser, J. F., Mousavi, S. M., Muriithi, M. K., Muthupandian, S., Myint, C. -Y., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nonvignon, J., Noubiap, J. J., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, J. O., Olusanya, B. O., Omar Bali, A., Onwujekwe, O. E., Otstavnov, S. S., Otstavnov, N., Owolabi, M. O., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Postma, M. J., Prada, S. I., Pribadi, D. R. A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Rahim, F., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, S. J., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawaf, D. L., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rezapour, A., Sabour, S., Sahraian, M. A., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santos, J. V., Santric Milicevic, M. M., Sao Jose, B. P., Savic, M., Schwendicke, F., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Servan-Mori, E., Setayesh, H., Shaikh, M. A., Sheikh, A., Shibuya, K., Shrime, M. G., Simonetti, B., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skryabin, V. Y., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Stefan, S. C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Topor-Madry, R., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Undurraga, E. A., Valdez, P. R., van Boven, J. F. M., Vasankari, T. J., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vos, T., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wu, J., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S. B., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, Y., Murray, C. J. L., Dieleman, J. L., Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Violante FS, Micah, A, Su, Y, Bachmeier, S, Chapin, A, Cogswell, I, Crosby, S, Cunningham, B, Harle, A, Maddison, E, Moitra, M, Sahu, M, Schneider, M, Simpson, K, Stutzman, H, Tsakalos, G, Zende, R, Zlavog, B, Abbafati, C, Abebo, Z, Abolhassani, H, Abrigo, M, Ahmed, M, Akinyemi, R, Alam, K, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi, A, Alvis-Guzman, N, Ancuceanu, R, Andrei, T, Andrei, C, Anjomshoa, M, Antonio, C, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aremu, O, Atnafu, D, Ausloos, M, Avila-Burgos, L, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Babalola, T, Bagherzadeh, M, Baig, A, Bakhtiari, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Barnighausen, T, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Berman, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhardwaj, P, Bohluli, M, Busse, R, Cahuana-Hurtado, L, Camera, L, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Catala-Lopez, F, Cevik, M, Chattu, V, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dianatinasab, M, Do, H, Doshmangir, L, El Tantawi, M, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilzadeh, F, Faraj, A, Farzadfar, F, Fischer, F, Foigt, N, Fullman, N, Gad, M, Ghafourifard, M, Ghashghaee, A, Gholamian, A, Goharinezhad, S, Grada, A, Haghparast Bidgoli, H, Hamidi, S, Harb, H, Hasanpoor, E, Hay, S, Hendrie, D, Henry, N, Herteliu, C, Hole, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, S, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Hwang, B, Ilesanmi, O, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Islam, S, Islam, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, James, S, Javaheri, Z, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kalhor, R, Karami Matin, B, Karimi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Kinfu, Y, Kisa, A, Kohler, S, Komaki, H, Kosen, S, Kotlo, A, Koyanagi, A, Kumar, G, Kusuma, D, Lansingh, V, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lee, S, Lim, L, Lozano, R, Magdy Abd El Razek, H, Mahdavi, M, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansournia, M, Mantovani, L, Martinez, G, Masoumi, S, Massenburg, B, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Meretoja, T, Meretoja, A, Mestrovic, T, Milevska Kostova, N, Miller, T, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Moghadaszadeh, M, Mohajer, B, Mohamadi, E, Mohammad Darwesh, A, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, S, Mohebi, F, Mokdad, A, Morrison, S, Mosser, J, Mousavi, S, Muriithi, M, Muthupandian, S, Myint, C, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nonvignon, J, Noubiap, J, Oh, I, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, J, Olusanya, B, Omar Bali, A, Onwujekwe, O, Otstavnov, S, Otstavnov, N, Owolabi, M, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Postma, M, Prada, S, Pribadi, D, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Rahim, F, Ranabhat, C, Rao, S, Rathi, P, Rawaf, S, Rawaf, D, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rezapour, A, Sabour, S, Sahraian, M, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Santos, J, Santric Milicevic, M, Sao Jose, B, Savic, M, Schwendicke, F, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Servan-Mori, E, Setayesh, H, Shaikh, M, Sheikh, A, Shibuya, K, Shrime, M, Simonetti, B, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skryabin, V, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Stefan, S, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Topor-Madry, R, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Undurraga, E, Valdez, P, van Boven, J, Vasankari, T, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vos, T, Wolfe, C, Wu, J, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Yu, C, Zaidi, Z, Zaman, S, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Z, Zhao, Y, Murray, C, Dieleman, J, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital Area, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Infection and Global Health Division, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), and Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET)
Subjects: Economic growth, Financing, Government, Psychological intervention, HIV Infections, burden of disease, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, DISEASE, ALLOCATION, 0302 clinical medicine, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Sustainable development, Global health, health economics, Healthcare Financing, HIV Infection, 030212 general & internal medicine, 10. No inequality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, DALY, Healthy lives, 1. No poverty, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Sustainable Development, 3. Good health, tuberculosis, IMPOVERISHMENT, TERRITORIES, Financing, Human, Financing, Personal, Resource (biology), Tuberculosi, 195 COUNTRIES, Developing Countrie, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), General & Internal Medicine, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Burden, HIV/AIDS, tubercolosis, malaria, Human resources, Developing Countries, Government, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Health economics, business.industry, DISABILITY, CATASTROPHE, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, Malaria, SDG, health sector spending, development assistant for health, Health Expenditure, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, NA, Health Expenditures, business, EXPENDITURE
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 aims to "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages". While a substantial effort has been made to quantify progress towards SDG3, less research has focused on tracking spending towards this goal. We used spending estimates to measure progress in financing the priority areas of SDG3, examine the association between outcomes and financing, and identify where resource gains are most needed to achieve the SDG3 indicators for which data are available. METHODS: We estimated domestic health spending, disaggregated by source (government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private) from 1995 to 2017 for 195 countries and territories. For disease-specific health spending, we estimated spending for HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis for 135 low-income and middle-income countries, and malaria in 106 malaria-endemic countries, from 2000 to 2017. We also estimated development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2019, by source, disbursing development agency, recipient, and health focus area, including DAH for pandemic preparedness. Finally, we estimated future health spending for 195 countries and territories from 2018 until 2030. We report all spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2019 US$, unless otherwise stated. FINDINGS: Since the development and implementation of the SDGs in 2015, global health spending has increased, reaching $7·9 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 7·8-8·0) in 2017 and is expected to increase to $11·0 trillion (10·7-11·2) by 2030. In 2017, in low-income and middle-income countries spending on HIV/AIDS was $20·2 billion (17·0-25·0) and on tuberculosis it was $10·9 billion (10·3-11·8), and in malaria-endemic countries spending on malaria was $5·1 billion (4·9-5·4). Development assistance for health was $40·6 billion in 2019 and HIV/AIDS has been the health focus area to receive the highest contribution since 2004. In 2019, $374 million of DAH was provided for pandemic preparedness, less than 1% of DAH. Although spending has increased across HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria since 2015, spending has not increased in all countries, and outcomes in terms of prevalence, incidence, and per-capita spending have been mixed. The proportion of health spending from pooled sources is expected to increase from 81·6% (81·6-81·7) in 2015 to 83·1% (82·8-83·3) in 2030. INTERPRETATION: Health spending on SDG3 priority areas has increased, but not in all countries, and progress towards meeting the SDG3 targets has been mixed and has varied by country and by target. The evidence on the scale-up of spending and improvements in health outcomes suggest a nuanced relationship, such that increases in spending do not always results in improvements in outcomes. Although countries will probably need more resources to achieve SDG3, other constraints in the broader health system such as inefficient allocation of resources across interventions and populations, weak governance systems, human resource shortages, and drug shortages, will also need to be addressed. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30608-5
Published: 2020

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