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Peripheral neurotoxicity is a debilitating toxicity that afflicts up to 90% of patients with colorectal cancer receiving oxaliplatin-containing therapy. Although emerging evidence has highlighted the importance of various solute carriers to the toxicity of anticancer drugs, the contribution of these proteins to oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity remains controversial. Among candidate transporters investigated in genetically-engineered mouse models, we provide evidence for a critical role of the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) in satellite glial cells to oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity, and demonstrate that targeting OCT2 using genetic and pharmacological approaches ameliorates acute and chronic forms of neurotoxicity. The relevance of this transport system was verified in transporter-deficient rats as a secondary model organism, and translational significance of preventative strategies was demonstrated in preclinical models of colorectal cancer. These studies suggest that pharmacological targeting of OCT2 could be exploited to afford neuroprotection in cancer patients requiring treatment with oxaliplatin.

International audience; BepiColombo Mio (previously called MMO: Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter) was successfully launched by Ariane 5 from Kourou, French Guiana on October 20, 2018. The Mercury Plasma/Particle Experiment (MPPE) is a comprehensive instrument package onboard Mio spacecraft used for plasma, high-energy particle and energetic neutral atom measurements. It consists of seven sensors including two Mercury Electron Analyzers (MEA1 and MEA2), Mercury Ion Analyzer (MIA), Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA), High Energy Particle instrument for electron (HEP-ele), High Energy Particle instrument for ion (HEP-ion), and Energetic Neutrals Analyzer (ENA). Significant efforts were made pre-flight to calibrate all of the MPPE sensors at the appropriate facilities on the ground. High voltage commissioning of MPPE analyzers was successfully performed between June and August 2019 and in February 2020 following the completion of the low voltage commissioning in November 2018. Although all of the MPPE analyzers are now ready to begin observation, the full service performance has been delayed until Mio’s arrival at Mercury. Most of the fields of view (FOVs) of the MPPE analyzers are blocked by the thermal shield surrounding the Mio spacecraft during the cruising phase. Together with other instruments on Mio including Magnetic Field Investigation (MGF) and Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) that measure plasma field parameters, MPPE will contribute to the comprehensive understanding of the plasma environment around Mercury when BepiColombo/Mio begins observation after arriving at the planet Mercury in December 2025.

The ESA-JAXA BepiColombo mission to Mercury will provide simultaneous measurements from two spacecraft, offering an unprecedented opportunity to investigate magnetospheric and exospheric particle dynamics at Mercury as well as their interactions with solar wind, solar radiation, and interplanetary dust. The particle instrument suite SERENA (Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances) is flying in space on-board the BepiColombo Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and is the only instrument for ion and neutral particle detection aboard the MPO. It comprises four independent sensors: ELENA for neutral particle flow detection, Strofio for neutral gas detection, PICAM for planetary ions observations, and MIPA, mostly for solar wind ion measurements. SERENA is managed by a System Control Unit located inside the ELENA box. In the present paper the scientific goals of this suite are described, and then the four units are detailed, as well as their major features and calibration results. Finally, the SERENA operational activities are shown during the orbital path around Mercury, with also some reference to the activities planned during the long cruise phase.

The Solar Orbiter mission seeks to make connections between the physical processes occurring at the Sun or in the solar corona and the nature of the solar wind created by those processes which is subsequently observed at the spacecraft. The mission also targets physical processes occurring in the solar wind itself during its journey from its source to the spacecraft. To meet the specific mission science goals, Solar Orbiter will be equipped with both remote-sensing and in-situ instruments which will make unprecedented measurements of the solar atmosphere and the inner heliosphere. A crucial set of measurements will be provided by the Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) suite of instruments. This suite consists of an Electron Analyser System (SWA-EAS), a Proton and Alpha particle Sensor (SWA-PAS), and a Heavy Ion Sensor (SWA-HIS) which are jointly served by a central control and data processing unit (SWA-DPU). Together these sensors will measure and categorise the vast majority of thermal and suprathermal ions and electrons in the solar wind and determine the abundances and charge states of the heavy ion populations. The three sensors in the SWA suite are each based on the top hat electrostatic analyser concept, which has been deployed on numerous space plasma missions. The SWA-EAS uses two such heads, each of which have 360° azimuth acceptance angles and ±45° aperture deflection plates. Together these two sensors, which are mounted on the end of the boom, will cover a full sky field-of-view (FoV) (except for blockages by the spacecraft and its appendages) and measure the full 3D velocity distribution function (VDF) of solar wind electrons in the energy range of a few eV to ∼5 keV. The SWA-PAS instrument also uses an electrostatic analyser with a more confined FoV (−24° to +42° × ±22.5° around the expected solar wind arrival direction), which nevertheless is capable of measuring the full 3D VDF of the protons and alpha particles arriving at the instrument in the energy range from 200 eV/q to 20 keV/e. Finally, SWA-HIS measures the composition and 3D VDFs of heavy ions in the bulk solar wind as well as those of the major constituents in the suprathermal energy range and those of pick-up ions. The sensor resolves the full 3D VDFs of the prominent heavy ions at a resolution of 5 min in normal mode and 30 s in burst mode. Additionally, SWA-HIS measures 3D VDFs of alpha particles at a 4 s resolution in burst mode. Measurements are over a FoV of −33° to +66° × ±20° around the expected solar wind arrival direction and at energies up to 80 keV/e. The mass resolution (m/Δm) is > 5. This paper describes how the three SWA scientific sensors, as delivered to the spacecraft, meet or exceed the performance requirements originally set out to achieve the mission’s science goals. We describe the motivation and specific requirements for each of the three sensors within the SWA suite, their expected science results, their main characteristics, and their operation through the central SWA-DPU. We describe the combined data products that we expect to return from the suite and provide to the Solar Orbiter Archive for use in scientific analyses by members of the wider solar and heliospheric communities. These unique data products will help reveal the nature of the solar wind as a function of both heliocentric distance and solar latitude. Indeed, SWA-HIS measurements of solar wind composition will be the first such measurements made in the inner heliosphere. The SWA data are crucial to efforts to link the in situ measurements of the solar wind made at the spacecraft with remote observations of candidate source regions. This is a novel aspect of the mission which will lead to significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms accelerating and heating the solar wind, driving eruptions and other transient phenomena on the Sun, and controlling the injection, acceleration, and transport of the energetic particles in the heliosphere.

Observations from the MESSENGER spacecraft have considerably enhanced our understanding of the plasma environment at Mercury. In particular, measurements from the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS) provide evidences of a variety of ion species of planetary origin (He+, O+, Na+) in the northern dayside cusp and in the nightside plasma sheet. A more comprehensive view of Mercury's plasma environment will be provided by the Bepi Colombo mission that will be launched in 2018. Onboard the Bepi Colombo MMO spacecraft, the MPPE (Mercury Plasma/Particle Experiment) consortium gathers different sensors dedicated to particle measurements. Among these sensors, the Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA) is the instrument dedicated to plasma composition analysis. It consists of a top-hat for energy analysis followed by a Time-Of-Flight (TOF) chamber to derive the ion mass. Taking advantage of the spacecraft rotation, MSA will measure three-dimensional distribution functions in one spin (4 s), from energies characteristic of exospheric populations (in the eV range) up to plasma sheet energies (up to ~38 keV/q). A notable feature of the MSA instrument is that the TOF chamber is polarized with a linear electric field that leads to isochronous TOFs and enhanced mass resolution (typically, m/∆m ≈ 40 for ions with energies up to 13 keV/q). At Mercury, this capability is of paramount importance to thoroughly characterize the wide variety of ion species originating from the planet surface. It is thus anticipated that MSA will provide unprecedented information on ion populations in the Hermean environment and hence improve our understanding of the coupling processes at work.

Background In 2016, the top 10 research priorities in treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) were outlined by a group of clinicians, patients and patient-support organisations based in the UK, using the infrastructure of the James Lind Alliance (JLA) Priority Setting Partnership. Priority statements were ranked in order of perceived importance. The aim of this study was to measure the current distribution of these research priorities in European-led IBD clinical trials, ongoing or completed within the last 3 years, in light of the JLA recommendation. Pharmaceutical-led trials were excluded given the inherent bias towards drug conception and approval. Methods The database from Clinicaltrials.gov and European Union Clinical Trials Register were used to create an overview of non-pharmaceutical-driven European clinical studies involving adult patients with IBD. Trials posted on 09/08/2016 (publication date of the top 10 research questions) up to 16/11/2019 were included. The list was completed by trials found to be relevant, although not retrieved initially, based on author consensus. Results In total, 154 European non-pharmaceutical-funded clinical studies were found, of which 112 addressed one of the outlined top 10 IBD-research priorities and 8 addressed multiple topics simultaneously. Almost a third (30%) investigated the optimal treatment strategy considering efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness (immunomodulators, biologics, surgery) in IBD (Priority 1). Development or assessment of biomarkers for stratification of patients (Priority 2) was the subject of 29 studies (24.2%). Twenty-one (17.5%) studies focused on altering gut microbiota (Priority 10). Eleven or fewer studies focused on fatigue, IBD-related pain and perianal Crohn’s disease (Priorities 4, 5 and 8). Priorities 3 and 7 concerning the role of diet in IBD management were evaluated in 9.2% studies. A minority of studies, 2.5% and 1.7%, respectively, addressed optimal timing for surgery in terminal ileal Crohn’s disease (Priority 9) and the best treatment for diarrhoea/incontinence (Priority 6). Of all 19 European countries, France, the UK and Spain accounted for almost half of all reviewed studies (49.2%). Conclusion Since publication of the top 10 research priorities in IBD treatment, non-pharmaceutical-funded research has mostly been focusing on development and validation of new therapeutic strategies, investigation of biomarkers and the role of gut microbiota. The latter topic has gained significant interest in IBD research, more so than higher-ranked Priority statements 3 to 9. Further research should prioritise the potential benefit of dietary interventions and patient-reported outcomes, such as management of IBD-related pain, fatigue and faecal incontinence.

This volume presents our contemporary understanding of atmospheric electricity at Earth and in other solar system atmospheres. It is written by experts in terrestrial atmospheric electricity and planetary scientists. Many of the key issues related to planetary atmospheric electricity are discussed. The physics presented in this book includes ionisation processes in planetary atmospheres, charge generation and separation, and a discussion of electromagnetic signatures of atmospheric discharges. The measurement of thunderstorms and lightning, including its effects and hazards, is highlighted by articles on ground and space based instrumentation, and new missions.Theory and modelling of planetary atmospheric electricity complete this review of the research that is undertaken in this exciting field of space science. This book is an essential research tool for space scientists and geoscientists interested in electrical effects in atmospheres and planetary systems. Graduate students and researchers who are new to the field will benefit from the introductory overviews and can quickly expand their knowledge by studying the subsequent sections.

International audience; Turbulence Heating ObserveR (THOR) is a spacecraft mission dedicated to the study of plasma turbulence in near-Earth space. The mission is currently under study for implementation as a part of ESA Cosmic Vision program. THOR will involve a single spinning spacecraft equipped with state of the art instruments capable of sensitive measurements of electromagnetic fields and plasma particles. The sensitive electric and magnetic field measurements require that the spacecraft- generated emissions are restricted and strictly controlled; therefore a comprehensive EMC program has been put in place already during the study phase. The THOR study team and a dedicated EMC working group are formulating the mission EMC requirements already in the earliest phase of the project to avoid later delays and cost increases related to EMC. This article introduces the THOR mission and reviews the current state of its EMC requirements.

Aim Laparoscopic sphincter-saving surgery has been investigated for rectal cancer but not for tumours of the lower third. We evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of laparoscopic intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer. Method From 1990 to 2007, patients with rectal tumour below 6 cm from the anal verge and treated by open or laparoscopic curative intersphincteric resection were included in a retrospective comparative study. Surgery included total mesorectal excision with internal sphincter excision and protected low coloanal anastomosis. Neoadjuvant treatment was given to patients with T3 or N+ tumours. Recurrence and survival were evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the Logrank test. Function was assessed using the Wexner continence score. Results Intersphincteric resection was performed in 175 patients with low rectal cancer: 110 had laparoscopy and 65 had open surgery. The two groups were similar according to age, sex, body mass index, ASA score, tumour stage and preoperative radiotherapy. Postoperative mortality (zero) and morbidity (23%vs 28%; P = 0.410) were similar in both groups. There was no difference in 5-year local recurrence (5%vs 2%; P = 0.349) and 5-year disease-free survival (70%vs 71%; P = 0.862). Function and continence scores (11 vs 12; P = 0.675) were similar in both groups. Conclusion Intersphincteric resection did not alter long-term tumour control of low rectal cancer. The safety and efficacy of the laparoscopic approach for intersphincteric resection are suggested by a similar short- and long-term outcome as obtained by open surgery.

Aim This paper presents our initial experience of single incision laparoscopic total colectomy and proctocolectomy. Method Four female patients (mean age 35.5 years; mean body mass index 24.7 kg/m2) underwent total colectomy with end ileostomy (n = 2) and proctocolectomy with stapled ileum pouch-anal (n = 1) and rectal (n = 1) anastomosis with loop ileostomy, for benign disease, using a single-incision laparoscopic approach. The single port was placed at the umbilicus or the ileostomy site. Specimen extraction was through the port site. Results Operative procedures were performed with a mean operative time of 212 min, mean blood loss of 30 ml and no intraoperative complication. No additional abdominal ports were required. A postoperative ileus (n = 1) on day three resolved spontaneously and the. mean hospital stay was 4.5 days. Conclusion Single-incision laparoscopic total colectomy or proctocolectomy is feasible for benign disease in selected patients.

Increasing the temporal resolution and instant coverage of velocity space of space plasma measurements is one of the key issues for experimentalists. Today the top-hat plasma analyzer appears to be the favorite solution due to its relative simplicity and the possibility to extend its application by adding a mass-analysis section and an electrostatic angular scanner. Similarly, great success has been achieved in MMS mission using such multiple top-hat analyzers to achieve unprecedented temporal resolution. An instantaneous angular coverage of charged particles measurements is an alternative approach to pursuing the goal of high time resolution. This was done with FONEMA 4-D and, to a lesser extent, by DYMIO instruments for Mars-96 and with the FIPS instrument for MESSENGER mission. In this paper we describe, along with precursors, a plasma analyzer with a 2π electrostatic mirror that was developed originally for the Phobos-Soil mission with a follow-up in the frame of the BepiColombo mission, and is under development for future Russian missions. Different versions of instrument are discussed along with their advantages and drawbacks.

The aim of this study was to compare skills sets during a hand-assisted and straight laparoscopic colectomy on an augmented reality simulator.Twenty-nine surgeons, assigned randomly in 2 groups, performed laparoscopic sigmoid colectomies on a simulator: group A (n = 15) performed hand-assisted then straight procedures; group B (n = 14) performed straight then hand-assisted procedures. Groups were compared according to prior laparoscopic colorectal experience, performance (time, instrument path length, and instrument velocity changes), technical skills, and operative error.Prior laparoscopic colorectal experience was similar in both groups. Both groups had better performances with the hand-assisted approach, although technical skill scores were similar between approaches. The error rate was higher with the hand-assisted approach in group A, but similar between both approaches in group B.These data define the metrics of performance for hand-assisted and straight laparoscopic colectomy on an augmented reality simulator. The improved scores with the hand-assisted approach suggest that with this simulator a hand-assisted model may be technically easier to perform, although it is associated with increased intraoperative errors.

Infectious diseases among fish present an important economic burden for the aquaculture and fisheries industries around the world. For example, the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) infects farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and results in millions of dollars of lost revenue to salmon farmers. Although improved management and husbandry practices over the last few years have minimized the losses and the number of outbreaks, the risk of new virulent strains emerging is a looming threat to the viability and sustainability of this industry. A greater understanding of the host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level during the course of an infection thus remains of strategic importance for the development of molecular tools and efficient vaccines capable of minimizing losses in the eventual case of a new outbreak. Using a 32 k cDNA microarray platform (cGRASP), we have identified various signaling pathways and immune regulated genes, which are activated or repressed in Atlantic salmon head-kidney during the course of an ISAV infection. Gene expressions were measured at five different time-points: 6 h, 24 h, 3 d, 7 d and 16 d post-injection. The earliest time points showed only a few differentially expressed genes in ISAV injected fish, relative to sham injected controls, although as time progressed, many additional genes involved in key defense pathways were up-regulated including MHC type I, beta-2 microglobulin, TRIM 25 and CC chemokine 19. During the latest stage of the infection process, many genes related to oxygen transportation were under-expressed, which correlates well with the observed anemia that occurs prior to death in Atlantic salmon infected with virulent strains of ISAV.

Objective – The aim of this double blind, randomized, multicenter study carried out by 78 ENT specialists was to demonstrate that the two regimens (five days versus ten days) of cefuroxime axetil 250 mg twice daily present the same clinical efficacy in adults with acute maxillary sinusitis. Patients and methods – Diagnosis of sinusitis was defined as at least two of the following symptoms (purulent rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, headache, facial pain), and radiologically confirmed by an expert committee. Clinical efficacy, defined as success (cure or improvement) or failure, was assessed at the end of treatment (days 12–14) and on follow-up (days 21–28). A total of 401 patients (206 for the five-day group, 195 for the ten-day group) were randomized between January 1997 and January 1998. All patients were assessed for safety analysis, Intent-to-Treat and Per-Protocol analysis. Results – The most commonly isolated pre-treatment pathogens were S. pneumoniae (n = 60), H. influenzae (n = 56), and M. catarrhalis (n = 22). At the end of treatment, clinical success rates were equivalent, with 85% (176/206) in the five-day group and 87% (169/195) in the ten-day group. The difference in success rates was −1.2% with a 90%CI: [−6.9%; 4.5%]. On follow-up, 51 patients experienced a clinical relapse : 25 and 26 patients in the in the five-day group and ten-day group respectively. Radiological success rate on follow-up was 68% in the five-day group and 67% in the ten-day group. Bacteriological success rate was 89% and 91% in the five-day group and ten-day group respectively at end of treatment; it was 83% and 78% in the five-day group and ten-day group respectively on follow-up. No unexpected adverse event was observed and both regimens were well tolerated. Conclusion – A five-day course of cefuroxime 250mg twice daily is as effective as a ten-day course in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis.

Sinusites maxillaires aigues bacteriennes de l'adulte: comparaison d'une duree de traitement de cinq jours versus dix jours par cefuroxime axetil. Objectifs - Les auteurs ont realise une etude multicentrique, randomisee, en double aveugle, pour comparer un traitement de cinq jours de cefuroxime axetil 250 mg deux fois/j par rapport a dix jours de ce meme traitement sur des criteres cliniques, radiologiques et bacteriologiques. Quatre cent un patients adultes souffrant d'une sinusite maxillaire aigue definie par au moins deux symptomes cliniques et confirmee par la radiographie ont ete inclus entre janvier 1997 et janvier 1998. Les patients recevaient soit du cefuroxime axetil 250 mg deux fois/j pendant cinq jours suivi de cinq jours de placebo soit du cefuroxime axetil 250 mg deux fois/j pendant dix jours. Resultats - Dans l'analyse en Intention de Traiter, les taux de succes clinique etaient equivalents (85 % et de 87 % respectivement pour les groupes cinq et dix jours) avec une difference des taux de succes egal a - 1, 2 %; IC90 %: [-6,9 %; 4,5 %]. En fin de suivi: une rechute clinique etait survenue chez 51 patients (respectivement 25 et 26 patients des groupes cinq et dix jours); une normalisation/amelioration radiologique etait obtenue chez 68 % et 67 % des patients respectivement pour les groupes cinq et dix jours. Les principaux germes isoles a l'inclusion etaient S. pneumoniae (n = 60), H. influenzae (n = 56), M. catarrhalis (n = 22). En fin de traitement, 89 % des patients du groupe cinq jours et 91 % du groupe dix jours etaient en succes bacteriologique; en fin d'essai, 83 % et 78 % des patients respectivement pour les groupes cinq et dix jours. Conclusion - Cette etude confirme le profil de tolerance du cefuroxime axetil. Dans le traitement des sinusites maxillaires aigues, cinq jours de cefuroxime axetil 250 mg deux fois/j a une efficacite equivalente a dix jours de ce meme traitement sur des criteres cliniques, radiologiques et bacteriologiques.

Resume Objectif — Nous avons voulu demontrer qu'un traitement de dix jours de cefuroxime axetil (30 mg · kg −1 · j −1 en deux prises par jour) avait une efficacite au moins equivalente a celle du cefpodoxime proxetil (8 mg · kg −1 · j −1 en deux prises par jour) et une tolerance similaire. Materiel et methodes — Une etude randomisee, comparative, a ete realisee chez 121 enfants, âges de trois mois a 15 ans, ayant une Pneumopathie aigue communautaire. Ils ont ete randomises et inclus dans l’analyse en intention de traiter. Resultats — La Pneumopathie a ete confirmee, dans 94 % des cas, par un comite independant d’experts. Le succes clinique et radiologique observe en fin de traitement (j12–j14) chez 84 observations evaluables a ete de 92,5 % (37/40) dans le groupe cefuroxime axetil et de 93,2 % (41/44) dans l’autre groupe (difference: − 0,5 %; intervalle de confiance a 90 % [IC90 %]: [− 7,9 % a 6,5 %]). Un mois apres la fin du traitement, les succes cliniques et radiologiques etaient de 92 % (35/38) dans le groupe cefuroxime axetil et de 91 % (40/44) dans le groupe cefpodoxime proxetil (difference: 1,2 %; IC90 %: [− 6,7 % a 9,1 %]). Une bacterie a ete isolee dans les expectorations bronchiques dans environ un quart des cas: Streptococcus pneumoniae (13 %) et Haemophilus influenzae (11,5 %). Le profil de tolerance a ete similaire dans les deux groupes: trois enfants traites par cefuroxime axetil et deux par cefpodoxime proxetil ont eu un effet indesirable. Conclusion — Chez les enfants ayant une Pneumopathie aigue communautaire, un traitement de dix jours par cefuroxime axetil (30 mg · kg −1 · j −1 en deux prises par jour) est une alternative therapeutique efficace et bien toleree.

The orbiter of the Mars 96 mission will carry in the plasma package a low energy ion mass spectrometer named DYMIO. This instrument, which is aimed at studying the thermal plasma and the superthermal ions with energy up to a few hundred of eV in the environment of the planet, is an omnidirectional magnetic ion mass spectrometer which will provide a mass analysis of the ions in the mass range from 1(H + ) to 44(CO 2 + ). The instrument consists of 2 identical sensor heads placed back to back; each comprises an electrostatic optics system which is able to vary the direction of sight of the instrument through 16 sectors each having a FOV of ∼18° half angle for thermal ions The instrument can make an energy analysis of the incoming ions in each sector The mass analysis is achieved using a magnet with a Mattauch-Herzog geometry followed by a detector which can be operated simultaneously in 2 different modes: one is a digitized mass spectrograph with 256 pixels, the second uses four analog integrators to measure the flux of the most likely abundant ions in the foreseen altitude range, namely H + , O + , O 2 + , CO 2 + . In this paper we summarize the science objectives, describe the DYMIO ion optics and electronics and give some snapshots of calibration data.

Resume Cet essai en double-aveugle visait a comparer, dans une approche probabiliste, la ceftazidime a la posologie initiale de 2 g/jour et la ciprofloxacine 2 × 200 mg/jour dans les infections urinaires nosocomiales post-chirurgie des voies urinaires. Les patients adultes devaient presenter des signes d'infections urinaires post-chirurgicales, une temperature superieure a 38°5 associee a une pyurie ou a une bacteriurie superieure a 105/ml. La duree de traitement etait de 4 a 10 jours avec une evaluation a J2, J5 et a la fin du traitement qui prenait en compte l'examen cytobacteriologique des urines, l'antibiogramme, et l'etat clinique des patients. Le traitement devait etre poursuivi 72 heures apres la disparition des signes cliniques. Soixante-sept patients ont ete inclus dans l'etude. Tous avaient subi une intervention sur les voies urinaires. Treize patients ne presentant pas, lors de la relecture par le coordinateur national, de critere d'infection urinaire, n'ont pas ete retenus pour l'analyse. Les germes le plus souvent rencontres a J0 etaient Escherichia coli (39 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19 %), et Staphylococcus sp (11 %). Sur les 54 patients evaluables, 78 % et 81 % etaient gueris en fin de traitement et 85 % et 87 % des germes eradiques a J5, respectivement dans les groupes ceftazidime et ciprofloxacine. La duree moyenne de traitement a ete d'un peu moins de six jours dans chaque groupe. Aucun evenement indesirable lie au traitement n'a ete signale. Aucune difference n'a ete mise en evidence entre les deux traitements, tant sur l'efficacite clinique et bacteriologique que sur la tolerance et la duree de traitement. L'approche probabiliste du traitement des infections severes post-operatoires des voies urinaires s'est revelee adaptee au choix de la ceftazidime ou de la ciprofloxacine.

International audience; We have designed and built a hemispherical retarding field energy analyzer in order to facilitate characterization of large area electron emitters (typically field emitter arrays with active areas up to 1 cm2) with large angular aperture. A complete numerical model of the analyzer has been built, including perturbations due to secondary particles, in order to determine the analyzer performances. The analyzer energy resolution is better than 100 meV for an energy range up to 120 eV. The analyzer has a global field of view of 112° and allows measurements of the energy distribution of the beam as a function of the emission angle, as well as measurements of the beam intensity profile along any section of the beam. We have successfully used the analyzer to characterize the electron beam emitted by 1 cm2 Mo microtips-based field emitter arrays.

Hydrogenated amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si:H) ‐based solar cells consist of two electrodes and a p‐i‐n structure, deposited on glass substrates. Depositing the p‐i‐n layers and the back metallic electrode on an optically rough transparent conducting oxide (TCO) electrode enhances the absorption of the incident light in the active i layer: Light is scattered at the rough front interface and is partially trapped in the high refraction index layer, as in a waveguide. In addition TCO roughness increases the front transmission coefficient, increasing the amount of light in the active layer. TCO texture yields a relative increase of the conversion efficiency up to 30%. A semiempirical model of thin‐film solar‐cell optics is presented, taking into account the interface roughness by introducing experimentally derived scattering coefficients and treating the propagation of specular light in a rigorous way. Numerically simulated spectral response and total reflectance of standard solar cells deposited on different TCO textures are compared to experimental data. The results show a better fit to measured characteristics than simulations obtained by previous semiempirical modeling. Improvements mainly come from the light propagation calculation. According to the model, the number of passes incident light may make through the active i layer reaches six for the most efficient cell. As an example of the model’s main application, the enhancement of the conversion efficiency that would be expected from an optimized TCO layer is calculated for each texture studied and for different back metallizations.

The current growth of optical-fibre use in aerospace is leading to the development of means to facilitate installation and decrease labor cost. In this context, we propose a new device to connect fibres. The mechanical splice, called Optimend®, is suitable for harsh environment applications. The capacity and quality of this new shape memory alloy splicing device for installation and connection of optical fibres is demonstrated in this paper.

BEPI COLOMBO is a joint mission between ESA and JAXA that is scheduled for launch in 2014 and arrival at Mercury in 2020. A comprehensive set of ion sensors will be flown onboard the two probes that form BEPI COLOMBO. These ion sensors combined with electron analyzers will allow a detailed investigation of the structure and dynamics of the charged particle environment at Mercury. Among the ion sensors, the Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA) is the experiment dedicated to composition analysis onboard the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (MMO). It consists of a top-hat for energy analysis followed by a Time-Of-Flight (TOF) section to derive the ion mass. A notable feature of MSA is that the TOF section is polarized with a linear electric field that provides an enhanced mass resolution, a capability that is of importance at Mercury since a variety of species originating from the planet surface and exosphere is expected. MSA exhibits two detection planes: (i) one with moderate mass resolution but a high count rate making MSA appropriate for plasma analysis, (ii) another with a high (above 40) mass resolution though a low count rate making it appropriate for planetology science. Taking advantage of the spacecraft rotation, MSA will provide three-dimensional distribution functions of magnetospheric ions, from energies characteristic of exospheric populations (a few eVs or a few tens of eVs) up to the plasma sheet energy range (up to ∼40 keV/q) in one spin (4 s).

Background No long-term advantage of the laparoscopic approach has been demonstrated in colorectal surgery. This study compared the risk of incisional hernia between laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal cancer. Methods Between 1994 and 2004, patients who had restorative mesorectal excision for rectal cancer by laparoscopy were compared with those treated by open surgery. Follow-up was prospective, and incisional hernia was considered to be any abdominal wound dehiscence occurring at the midline, extraction, trocar or ileostomy site. Cumulative risks of hernia were evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log rank test. Results Some 155 patients had a laparoscopic and 165 an open procedure. The two groups were similar in terms of age, sex, body mass index, tumour stage, loop ileostomy and morbidity. The conversion rate was 20·6 per cent. The rate of incisional hernia in all patients was 11·4 per cent at 1 year, 21·1 per cent at 2 years and 23·7 per cent at 5 years. The rate of hernia at 5 years was significantly lower in the laparoscopic than in the open group (13·0 versus 33·0 per cent; P < 0·001). The rate of hernia due specifically to the laparoscopic procedure (extraction and trocar sites) was ten times less than that after a primary or secondary open procedure (2·1 versus 16·1–33·1 per cent; P < 0·001). Conclusion The laparoscopic approach decreases the risk of long-term incisional hernia following restorative mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. The benefit is most apparent in patients without conversion or postoperative complication.

Background High rates of conversion to open operation and morbidity have been reported after laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) with sphincter preservation for rectal cancer. This study examined risk factors for conversion and morbidity to determine which patients with rectal cancer could benefit from a laparoscopic resection. Methods Two hundred patients (117 men) with mid and low rectal cancer treated by laparoscopic TME were studied. The impact of clinical and pathological characteristics on conversion and complications was assessed by multivariable analysis. Results Reconstruction after TME included 79 low colorectal and 121 coloanal anastomoses. Conversion was necessary in 31 patients (15·5 per cent), and was independently associated with sex, type of anastomosis and intraoperative rectal fixity. Postoperative morbidity in 50 patients (25·0 per cent) was independently associated with sex and type of anastomosis. Men with a stapled anastomosis had a threefold higher rate of conversion (13 (34 per cent) of 38 versus 18 (11·1 per cent) of 162; P < 0·001) and morbidity (22 (58 per cent) versus 28 (17·3 per cent); P < 0·001) than other patients. Conclusion Laparoscopic TME is a good option for women and for men treated by coloanal anastomosis. Technical improvement of laparoscopic stapling is needed before the laparoscopic approach can be offered to all patients.

Aims Intraoperative use of radiofrequency ablation (IRFA) to treat liver metastases is controversial. The aim of this study was to compare local recurrence rate and survival after IRFA versus resection. Methods Three groups from 99 patients were consecutively operated on for 307 liver metastases with 2 years of follow up: group 1, IRFA alone (n = 34); group 2, IRFA plus resection (n = 28); group 3, resection alone (n = 37). The choice of IRFA or resection was made on the basis of the sizes and topographies of the metastases with the goal of achieving R0 treatment. Results Mortality was zero; morbidity was 9%, 11% and 11% in the three groups respectively. Median follow-up after surgery was 30 months. Total hepatic recurrences occurred in 59 (60%) patients. Median survival without hepatic recurrence was 17 months with no difference between the three groups (P = 0.474). Total local recurrence occurred in 4 (12%) patients in group 1, in 2 (8%) patients in group 2, and in 2 (6%) patients in group 3. Survival at 2 years was no different in the three groups. Conclusion Assessing IRFA indications by size and the topographical characteristics of the liver metastases yields identical local recurrence rates to resection after 2 years of follow up.

A prospective cost-effectiveness analysis undertaken as part of the CAESAR (Canada, Australia, Europe, South Africa) placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that the addition of lamivudine to zidovudine-containing regimens for 1 year reduced progression of HIV infection to AIDS or death, as well as significantly reducing the number of hospitalisations, outpatient visits and the requirement for medications for HIV-related illness and adverse events. Data from all 1840 patients included in the 'intent-to-treat' population of the CAESAR trial were used for the present analysis. A Canadian third-party payer perspective was adopted, and all costs were adjusted to 1997 prices.The savings associated with reduced healthcare resource use in the CAESAR study were estimated to be 1123 Canadian dollars ($Can) per patient, over the year. These savings partly offset the cost of lamivudine. The analysis showed that the addition of lamivudine to zidovudine-containing regimens resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $Can 14,225 [95% confidence interval (CI): $Can4383 to $Can29,577] for progression to AIDS/death avoided and of $Can5631 (95%CI: $Can2010 to $Can12,929) for HIV-related illness avoided.Our findings indicate that treatments that slow the progression of HIV infection to AIDS or death have the potential to facilitate healthcare savings, which partly offset the drug acquisition costs. The results also demonstrate that it is possible to undertake economic evaluations in parallel with a major clinical end-point study.

Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is a benign tumour of the liver, occurring in 0.6-3% of the general population. Most lesions are diagnosed incidentally. With the increasing use and improvement of diagnostic imaging, FNH is being observed more often. It has been shown, using radiological approaches, that most FNH remain stable, or even regress, over a long follow-up period. In addition, it is extremely rare that FNH were discovered in elderly. However, to our knowledge, there is no pathological report illustrating the regression of FNH. We report here a case showing the pathological changes occurring during the regression phase of FNH, with dense fibrous tissue mixed with arteries replacing hepatocytes nodules.

Glioblastomas are lethal, aggressive primary brain tumors that resist therapies. We hypothesized that their analysis using multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) kits (MRC Holland, The Netherlands) with probes for 81 genes could aid in selection of individualized treatments for patients. Genes tested in P171, P172, P173 MLPA kits are known to have increased copy numbers in various tumors. DNA was purified from 4 glioblastomas, 1 meningioma, & 1 metastatic carcinoma (lung primary). No gene amplifications were shown in the meningioma or brain metastasis. Probes detected gene amplifications in the glioblastomas: all 4 had amplified EGFR and two (50%) had additional amplifications of CDK4 and CYP27B1. One of these also had amplification of PDGFRA and MDM2. Amplification of CYP27B1 at 12q13.3 was related to CDK4 at 12q14 as shown by simultaneous occurrence in 2 of the 4 glioblastomas. Products of the amplified genes are related to cell proliferation with CYP27B1's effects indirectly mediated through its metabolism of vitamin D (not shown here). Gene amplifications in tumor samples were quantified by calculating the fold increase versus the same gene in commercial normal brain DNA tested concurrently. At least 6 other genes (no apparent changes between normal and tumor) in each MLPA kit were used for normalization between the two samples in each case. Genes amplified in at least 2 tumors, included EGFR, 6.8 − 31.5 fold, CDK4, 6.7 − 17.8 fold and CYP27B1, 3.3 − 9.7 fold increased. All were reported previously as being amplified in some glioblastomas, with a lower percent noted for CYP27B1 than here. Although survival data for copy numbers of these genes in the NIH's REMBRANDT database are limited to EGFR, survival data for their gene expressions (median reporters) are available for 297 gliomas with poorer survival indicated for increased EGFR (3-fold, p = 0.0017), CYP27B1 (2-fold, p = 0.0284) and MDM2 (2-fold, p = 0.0397) in 112, 102, and 100 patients, respectively, but not for increased expression of CDK4 or PDGFRA. Each group with poorer survival contained approximately 80% high grade gliomas, grades III-IV/IV. Chi-square analysis of REMBRANDT data confirmed the relationship between CYP27B1 and CDK4 with p = 9.04 × 10−5 for co-expression of both when increased 2-fold and p = 3.97 × 10−13 for 2-fold increased CYP27B1 with 3-fold increased CDK4. Analysis of CYP27B1 should be included in genomic surveys of brain tumors performed for designing individualized treatments in that vitamin D levels are potentially modulated due to amplification of the gene encoding one of its metabolic enzymes. We acknowledge Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport's Fall 2008 Grant-In-Aid funding, Dwain D'Souza, LSUHSC-S, for technical support and use of the Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Database (REMBRANDT) at NCI & NINDS at NIH, http://rembrandt.nci.nih.gov. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1573.

Because of the roughness of the front transparent conducting electrode in a-Si :H p-i-n solar cells, light scattering occurs in the different layers. Refractive index differences produce light trapping in the structure. Photothermal Deflection (PD) is used to analyze the contribution of trapped and absorbed light due to total internal reflection at the glass/air interface. Each irradiated spot gives birth to a diffuse ring, with a radius of approximatively twice the glass substrate thickness. The radial distribution of absorbed light is derived by spatially resolved PD from a spot irradiated by a Kr laser beam at 647 nm. Moreover the overall “glass/air” trapping efficiency is measured by a spatially averaged PD method from 350 to 800 nm. This trapping efficiency ranges typically from 2% at 350 nm to 12% at 800 nm.

Peut-on se passer d’un curage ganglionnaire dans le cancer du rectum ? F. Leblanc, C. Laurent E. Rullier Le curage ganglionnaire fait partie du traitement des cancers du rectum. Il permet d’eviter les recidives locales et de connaitre le stade de la maladie. Il existe trois types de curage lymphatique. Le curage du mesorectum est systematique et enleve au moins 5 cm de mesorectum au-dela de la tumeur. Le curage mesenterique inferieur est egalement obligatoire et doit se faire au minimum jusqu’a la naissance de l’artere colique gauche. Le curage ilio-obturateur est source de complications et n’ameliore pas la survie, il ne doit donc pas etre fait de principe. Enfin, l’absence de tout curage ganglionnaire n’est proposee que pour les petits cancers du rectum classes T1 et de bon pronostique histologique.

After one year of launching terlipressine is basically used for emergency treatment of actives BOV.

Trois etudes sont sont passees en revue dans cet article: Freeman et coll. [13, 14], Soderlund et coll. [24]. — La premiere etudie les variations de parametres hemodynamiques (index cardiaque, pression sus-hepatique bloquee, debit sanguin hepatique et pression arterielle) a doses croissantes. Il existe une relation dose-effet pour les effets hemodynamiques (pour chaque dose) sans difference au niveau portai (debit et gradient de pression). — La deuxieme rapporte les resultats d’un essai en double aveugle. 60 % des episodes hemorragiques de varices œsophagiennes sont traites dans le groupe terlipressine contre 37 % dans le groupe placebo. Les recidives sont plus frequentes dans le groupe placebo. A 5 jours, l’episode hemorragique reste controle chez 54 % des patients traites par terlipressine contre seulement 19 % dans le groupe placebo (p < 0,05). — La troisieme est une etude en double aveugle controlee terlipressine vs placebo realisee chez 60 patients sous controle endoscopique toutes les 4 heures pendant 36 heures ; la randomisation prenant en compte la classification de Child. Le saignement est controle chez 28/31 patients dans le groupe terlipressine contre 17/29 dans le groupe placebo (p < 0,05). Les patients du groupe terlipressine necessitent moins de sang 1,7U vs 3,04 (p < 0,05). L’efficacite en terme d’arret de l’hemorragie objectivee par endoscopie montre que la terlipressine est plus efficace que le placebo 83,9 % vs 55,02 % (p < 0,05).