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Solid-state Li-ion conductors are a next-generation battery technology that are particularly promising for electric vehicles, offering the capacitive benefits of Li metal anodes with nonflammable e...

Objectives The objectives of this study were to: (1) document the incidence of surgical site dehiscence after full-thickness gastrointestinal biopsy in dogs and cats and (2) identify potential risk factors. Methods Data relating to dogs and cats undergoing full-thickness gastrointestinal biopsy were reviewed retrospectively following submission of a completed questionnaire by 12 referral institutions. Outcome measures were definite dehiscence, possible dehiscence (clinical records suggestive of dehiscence but not confirmed), suspected dehiscence (definite and possible combined) and death within 14 days. Logistic regression was planned for analysis of association of dehiscence with low preoperative serum albumin, biopsy through neoplastic tissue, biopsy alongside another major abdominal surgical procedure and biopsy of the colon. Results Of 172 cats, two (1·2%) had definite dehiscence, and four (2·3%) had possible dehiscence. Low preoperative serum albumin was significantly associated with definite dehiscence in univariable analysis and with suspected dehiscence and death within 14 days in univariable analysis, but all odds ratios had wide 95% confidence intervals. A histopathological diagnosis of neoplasia was significantly associated with death within 14 days in univariable analysis. Of 195 dogs, two (1·0%) had definite dehiscence, and three (1·5%) had possible dehiscence. In dogs, there was no association between any outcome measure and the putative risk factors. Clinical Significance Incidence of dehiscence following full-thickness gastrointestinal biopsy was low in this study. When determining the appropriateness of biopsy in individual cases, this information should be balanced against the potentially life-threatening consequences of dehiscence.

Highlights •The relationship between exposure to endotoxins and health symptoms was examined. •Water contact with endotoxins was linked to gastrointestinal symptoms. •Mechanisms linking endotoxins and gastrointestinal symptoms should be investigated.

Deorphanization of ORL-1/LC132 in 1995 by reverse pharmacology in two simultaneously published landmark studies added a new member to the opioid family of G-protein coupled receptors. Meunier and Reinscheid used cells expressing recombinant ORL-1 (human) or LC132 (rat) and the presumed intracellular inhibition of cyclic AMP formation to ‘fish’ for endogenous peptide ligands in rat whole-brain and pig hypothalamic extracts. Both studies reported the isolation of a 17-amino-acid peptide, which was named nociceptin and orphanin FQ by the two authors, respectively. The behaviour of the isolated peptide was a complete surprise, as a general hyperalgesia was observed when the peptide was administered at supraspinal sites. We now know that this peptide has, in fact, anti-opioid action, particularly in the medulla. The endogenous peptide exerts a multitude of effects both in the nervous system and, unlike classical opioids, has efficacy in neuropathic pain.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article aims to discuss the multitarget concept for opioid receptor ligands framed on early observations that activating MOP (mu:μ) receptor whilst simultaneously blocking DOP (delta:δ) receptors reduces the onset of morphine tolerance. The review period is ostensibly calendar year 2014 but the new work in 2013 is also covered. RECENT FINDINGS Two molecules of interest with MOP agonist/DOP agonist and MOP agonist/DOP antagonist profiles were described: Rv-Jim-C3 and 3-[(2R,6R,11R)-8-hydroxy-6,11-dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2,6-methano-3-benzazocin-3(2H)-yl]-N-phenylpropanamide (LP1), respectively. Both were effective in neuropathic pain (wherein classical single target opioids have low efficacy) with the latter having a predicted reduced tolerance profile. BU0807 is a buprenorphine derivative with mixed MOP/NOP agonist activity and this was shown to be effective in abdominal pain. SR16435 and GRT6005 (cebranopadol) are mixed MOP/MOP agonists with varying degrees of partial agonism. Both displayed significant antinociceptive activity and reduced tolerance potential in preclinical models. SUMMARY There is growing evidence for and interest in the design and evaluation of mixed opioids that extend beyond the MOP/DOP pairing to now include NOP. Indeed, a mixed MOP/NOP ligand is close to the clinic; this will reinvigorate the search for other mixed molecules with reduced side-effect profiles.

Background Opioid tolerance is a limiting factor in chronic pain. Delta opioid peptide (DOP)(δ) receptor antagonism has been shown to reduce tolerance. Here, the common clinical mu opioid peptide (MOP)(µ) receptor agonist fentanyl has been linked to the DOP antagonist Dmt-Tic (2′,6′-dimethyl-L-tyrosyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid) to create new bivalent compounds. Methods Binding affinities of bivalents(#9, #10, #11, #12 and #13) were measured in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing recombinant human MOP, DOP, Kappa opioid peptide (KOP)(κ) and nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) receptors. Functional studies, measuring GTPγ[35S] or β-arrestin recruitment, were performed in membranes or whole cells respectively expressing MOP and DOP. Results The new bivalents bound to MOP (pKi : #9:7.31; #10:7.58; #11:7.91; #12:7.94; #13:8.03) and DOP (#9:8.03; #10:8.16; #11:8.17; #12:9.67; #13:9.71). In GTPγ[35S] functional assays, compounds #9(pEC50:6.74; intrinsic activity:0.05) #10(7.13;0.34) and #11(7.52;0.27) showed weak partial agonist activity at MOP. Compounds #12 and #13, with longer linkers, showed no functional activity at MOP. In antagonist assays at MOP, compounds #9 (pKb:6.87), #10(7.55) #11(7.81) #12(6.91) and #13(7.05) all reversed the effects of fentanyl. At DOP, all compounds showed antagonist affinity (#9:6.85; #10:8.06; #11:8.11; #12:9.42; #13:9.00), reversing the effects of DPDPE ([D-Pen2,5]enkephalin). In β-arrestin assays, compared with fentanyl (with response at maximum concentration (RMC):13.62), all compounds showed reduced ability to activate β-arrestin (#9 RMC:1.58; #10:2.72; #11:2.40; #12:1.29; #13:1.58). Compared with fentanyl, the intrinsic activity was: #9:0.12; #10:0.20; #11:0.18; #12:0.09 and #13:0.12. Conclusions The addition of a linker between fentanyl and Dmt-Tic did not alter the ability to bind to MOP and DOP, however a substantial loss in MOP functional activity was apparent. This highlights the difficulty in multifunctional opioid development.

non-classical member of the opioid family as it shares structural and transduction homology and anatomical localization with the classical m-opioid receptor (MOP), d-opioid receptor (DOP), and k-opioid receptor. However, its actions are not sensitive to the universal opioid antagonist naloxone. 2 This peptidereceptorsystemhasbeenimplicatedinthephysiology andpathophysiologyofanxiety/depression,learning/memory, feeding,airwaydisease,immunedysfunction,gastrointestinal motility,urologicaldisease,andpain. 1 Modulationofactivityat this receptor produces variable effects on the nociceptive (pain) response in laboratory animals, with N/OFQ and NOP agonists in general producing antinociception when given spinally and pro-nociceptive/anti-opioid actions when administered supraspinally in rodents. Spinal administration of N/OFQ or NOP agonists also produces antinociception in nonhuman primates. 13 The link to the clinic, as is often the case

Rhetorical criticism of Paul's letters has become commonplace, especially in commentaries on Paul's writings. However, using the rhetorical handbooks for studying the Pauline writings has come under severe criticism as to whether or not it is methodologically sound to import and apply rhetorical categories to the Pauline letters and to the New Testament in general. This study assesses the value and limits of applying rhetorical criticism to Paul's letters and argues that the letters should be understood principally through epistolography and only secondarily in terms of a functional rhetoric.

This study argues that historical Jesus research needs to pay greater attention to the field of textual criticism and study of early Christian manuscripts. It is accordingly argued that the field of textual criticism impacts historical Jesus studies in at least three ways: (1) the textual integrity of the New Testament and the possibility of historical Jesus research; (2) the significance of the agrapha; and (3) text-critical contributions to historical issues in life of Jesus research.

There was only one dental school in Malaysia until 1997 but five new schools have been established since 1998. This review provides information about dental education in Malaysia including; the history of dental education, the current dental school system and curriculum, and dental licensure. There are four public and two private dental schools in Malaysia. High school graduates are required to take the nationwide matriculation entrance examination or the Higher School Certificate (HSC) to apply for a dental degree programme. A five-year dental programme leads to the BDS or the DDS degree. National or state examinations are not required to practise dentistry. Currently, there are approximately 2,500 dentists, with a ratio of 1 dentist for every 10,000 people.

This article surveys the debate about the unity of Luke—Acts in recent scholarship. The study concentrates on monographs and articles written after Mikael C. Parsons and Richard I. Pervo's volume Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts, and identifies the recent contribution that reception-history studies have brought to the debate. This is followed with a brief analysis of the flashpoints in the debate, and a discussion of what is at stake for Lukan studies.

The goal of this article is to describe differences between the written examinations required for dental licensure in Japan and in the United States. Candidate guides, old exams, and other published data pertaining to the Japan National Examination for Dentists (NED) and the U.S. National Board Dental Examination (NBDE) were used. Dental education in Japan consists of a six-year program following high school graduation. The U.S. counterpart is usually a four-year program following a bachelor’s degree. The NED, which is made up of 330 questions, is a single, all-important gatekeeper test that immediately grants licensure to practice dentistry throughout Japan. The NED contains no evaluation of technical skills; it is purely a written exam. By contrast, in the United States, the NBDE Parts I and II, which consist of 900 questions, are only components of a three-step licensure process. An additional state or regional board examination on technical skills is required to obtain licensure to practice. There are 400 basic science questions on the NBDE Part I, while the NED has thirty. In terms of cognitive level, questions on the NED place more emphasis on recall, while those on the NBDE Part II are more focused on problem solving. The outcomes of this comparison provide dental educators with comparisons of the licensure examination process for Japanese and U.S. dentists.

The University of California, San Francisco School of Dentistry wanted to determine if a predental school manual dexterity test predicts: 1) subsequent grades in preclinical restorative courses, and 2) faculty perceptions of satisfactory performance in these skills that would indicate the student is ready to advance to the clinic. The study population was comprised of all 244 applicants admitted to UCSF School of Dentistry's D.D.S. program from Classes of 2000 to 2002 and who matriculated into the program. The manual dexterity test (MDT) consisted of a two-hour block-carving test. Three preclinical faculty, three clinical faculty, and two basic science faculty graded the blocks. Even after instruction and calibration, faculty varied greatly in their grading (intra-rater reliability kappa statistics ranging from 0.34 to 1.00). Two of three preclinical raters gave No Passes for the MDT in 9.8 percent of the incoming, first-year dental students. Of these twenty-three students, only four (17 percent) were in the lower 10 percent of their classes according to their five preclinical restorative laboratory courses after two years, and four (33 percent) were among the twelve students the three preclinical laboratory directors identified as laboratory cautions. The MDT did not significantly (p=0.342) predict students in the bottom 10 percent after five restorative preclinical laboratory courses, above and beyond current admissions criteria. Among current admissions criteria, PAT score was the only item at least moderately correlated with preclinical average percentile class rank (Spearman correlation = 0.34). In conclusion, the MDT did not appear to add information to the current admissions criteria.

Background The authors examined the attitudes and behaviors of a national sample of dentists regarding domestic violence and the barriers dentists face in intervening to help victims. Methods The authors surveyed a national random sample of 321 dentists by mail from November 1997 to March 1998 about their attitudes and clinical practice behaviors related to domestic violence. Survey items were developed based on the domestic violence and health care literature. The authors used the Total Design Method to maximize the response rate and analyzed data to determine differences between dentists who had received domestic violence education and those who had not. Results Eighty-seven percent of responding dentists never screened for domestic violence; 18 percent never screened even when patients had visible signs of trauma on their heads or necks. Overall, respondents intervened only minimally to help patients whom they had identified as victims. Respondents reported that the major barriers to screening were the presence of a partner or children (77 percent), lack of training (68 percent), concern about offending patients (66 percent) and their own embarrassment about bringing up the topic of abuse (51 percent). Respondents who had received domestic violence education were significantly more likely to screen for domestic violence and to intervene. Conclusions Dentists face many barriers to identifying and helping patients who are abuse victims, yet these data suggest that education about domestic violence could help them overcome some of these barriers. Clinical Implications We suggest that dentists follow the AVDR model when approaching abused patients in their practice: Ask about abuse, provide Validating messages, Document presenting signs and Refer victims to domestic violence specialists.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of liquid oral dietary supplements among nursing home residents who were eating poorly and losing weight. DESIGN: A prospective, descriptive, anthropological study. SETTING: Two proprietary nursing homes with 105 and 138 beds. PARTICIPANTS: Purposive sampling was used to select 40 residents from among the 100 residents who were not eating well. Dietary data were collected on this sub-sample of 40 residents. MEASUREMENTS: Participant observation, in-depth interviews, event analysis, bedside dysphagia screenings, oral health examinations, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and chart review were used to collect data. Dietary data were collected over a 3-day period, and data were gathered on how supplements were ordered, served, and consumed. RESULTS: Supplements had been ordered for 29 of the subsample of 40 residents. Only nine of 29 residents were served the correct number and type of supplements as ordered by their physicians, and only two residents consumed the full amount of supplement as ordered. The overall mean percentage of supplement consumed compared with that ordered was 55.1%. Although supplements were ordered primarily to prevent weight loss and to facilitate weight gain, nearly half (n = 14) of the residents continued to lose weight. Supplements were ordered without investigating the underlying factors contributing to weight loss, such as inadequate staffing and lack of supervision at mealtime, undiagnosed dysphagia, and poor oral health. Without evaluation of these factors, it is unknown which residents might benefit from oral supplements. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that supplements were used nonspecifically as an intervention for weight loss in nursing home residents without regard to dose, diagnosis and management of underlying problem(s), amount of supplement consumed, and outcome. Further research is needed to establish when supplements should be ordered, how to ensure that they will be taken, and whether they are effective.

The Barrel CRID detector has been operating successfully at SLD for the past seven years. It is an important tool for SLD physics analyses. We report results based on long term operational experience of a number of important quantities such as the Cherenkov quality factor, N/sub 0/ of the device, fluid transparency, electron lifetime, single electron detection efficiency, anode wire ageing, TMAE purity, long term transparency, Cherenkov angle resolution and the number of photoelectrons observed per ring.

The authors evaluated accidental exposures to blood and body fluids reported to a hotline or to health officials at four dental teaching clinics. The authors used a standard questionnaire to solicit and record data regarding each exposure. During a 63-month period, 428 parenteral exposures to blood or body fluids were documented. Dental students and dental assistants had the highest rates of exposure. Syringe needle injuries were the most common type of exposure, while giving injections, cleaning instruments after procedures and drilling were the activities most frequently associated with exposures.

This study evaluated the effect of dental education on oral health-related attitudes and behavior of students in a five-year dental program in Peru. A survey using the Hiroshima University-Dental Behavioral Inventory (HU-DBI), which consists of twenty dichotomous responses (agree-disagree) regarding oral health behavior and attitudes, was completed by Year 1 and Year 5 dental students at the Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega in Lima, Peru. A total of 153 Year 1 students and 120 Year 5 students responded to the Spanish version of the HU-DBI questionnaire. The data were analyzed using chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses. Compared to the Year 1 students, the Year 5 dental students were more likely to agree with questions such as “I think I can clean my teeth well without using toothpaste” (OR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.10-0.58); “I have used a dye to see how clean my teeth are” (OR=0.19, 95% CI: 0.10-0.36); and “I have had my dentist tell me that I brush very well” (OR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.69). Overall, the data showed that the curriculum in this dental school in Peru resulted in more positive oral health-related attitudes and behavior among Year 5 dental students compared to those of Year 1 dental students. Revisión por pares

Recurrent themes ran through the first and second day of London’s trauma conference. The need for identification and effective management of time critical pathology at the point of care was particularly emphasised. Delegates heard of developments in the understanding of the pathophysiology affecting pre-hospital patients, secondary to trauma, cardiac arrest or drowning, and advances in management, from new airway adjuncts to alternative extrication methods and blood product availability. The second half of the day was dedicated to major incidents and began with a humbling first hand account of the terrorist attacks that affected Norway in 2011. Delegates were reminded of the logistical and medical complexities that result from major incidents and the preparation, planning and training required to deliver an adequate response. Professor Sir Keith Porter began the day by outlining the background and structure of training for the recently approved UK sub-speciality training programme of pre hospital emergency medicine. Currently the training programme consists of a year (or equivalent) of full time training carried out by senior trainees from the base specialities of anaesthesia or emergency medicine. The programme was developed after a need for consistent high-level advanced medical care to complement paramedic care was identified. It is envisaged that sub-specialists will undertake clinical primary work and inter hospital transfers, take up leadership roles in pre-hospital services and provide medical support to major incidents. There were four presentations that explored clinical issues in the early phases of care. Dr Lars Wik described the a ‘rapid vehicle extrication technique’ that has been established in Norway. He reminded delegates of the higher mortality rates associated with increased pre-hospital times and the importance of timely extrication in optimising survival. This technique involves the use of chains attached to fixed points at opposite ends of the damaged vehicle, and the application of opposing pulling forces to release the casualty. A paramedic usually remains with the casualty throughout, and the use of cutting instruments may be used as an adjunct. A study that compared the ‘rapid extrication technique’ to the standard technique found significantly shorter times to commencing extrication, faster extrication times and shorter casualty to stretcher times. Dr Matthew Thomas, a Consultant Anaesthetist from Bristol and Great Western Air Ambulance spoke about supraglottic devices in pre-hospital airway management. He presented evidence that suggests survival rates favour tracheal intubation in some patient groups. He went on to present a case for the role of supraglottic airway devices in pre hospital and trauma settings. He argued that besides the challenges of intubating in a pre-hospital setting and the potential for unrecognised oesophageal intubation, the greatest disadvantage it presents in the cardiac arrest setting is that of interruptions in the provision of CPR. He challenged the theory that intubation is a means of protecting the airway from aspiration by arguing that this, if it is going to occur, will have occurred early, and stressed instead the need for appropriate oxygenation, ventilation and sedation; which he argued can be achieved by a supraglottic device. He discussed the relative merits and disadvantages of different supraglottic airways, suggesting that novel devices (i.e. LMA supreme™ and I-gel™) are likely to be better, and the importance of their use as a rescue technique in the case of a failed intubation. However, he finished by stressing that trained and supported drug assisted tracheal intubation remains a critically important skill. Dr Bob Winter, President of the Intensive Care Society, spoke about hangings. He gave an informative presentation of the epidemiology, pathophysiology and history behind the classifications of judicial and non-judicial hangings. He explained that the mechanism of injury depends on the type of hanging, of which there are many, but that judicial tends to result in death by spinal transection and non-judicial results in the consequences of compressive injury. Evidence does not support the need for the induction of hypothermia or for C spine immobilisation in casualties of non-judicial incomplete hangings. He did however recommend the use of a lateral C spine X Ray to detect a fractured hyoid – a sign of severe occult tissue injury, a CXR to elicit ARDS - likely caused by negative pressure pulmonary oedema, and potentially the use of CT head and neck (+/- angiogram) to establish the injuries incurred. Dr Paddy Morgan, Medical Advisor to the RNLI and SLS GB, began his talk by reminding delegates of the large number of deaths attributable to drowning each year; it represents the third leading cause of accidental death worldwide and children are recognised to be particularly at risk (WHO, 2004). He provided a classification for drowning and described the pathophysiology involved, including the additional risks involved on immersion in cold water; that of the cold shock response, and the insidious onset of hypothermia and swim failure. He described the recently published theory of an autonomic conflict seen in victims of face-in immersion that proposes a conflict between the parasympathetic driven diving reflex and sympathetic cold shock response, resulting in potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Dr Morgan described the initial management of a casualty suspected drowning, including the use of ventilatory support with PEEP, and the importance of continued adequate ventilation in the intensive care setting. He reminded delegates of the lessons learnt from the Lyme Bay disaster; the importance of horizontal transfer of casualties from the water, and mentioned the potential future use of artificial surfactant in drowning casualties.

Many nursing home residents have poor oral health and are in need of treatment. A major barrier to pre viding care is the difficulty of examining cognitively impaired elders. In two research studies, 625 exams were conducted on 181 nursing home residents, the majority of whom suffered severe cognitive impairment. Qualitative data collected during the course of these two studies revealed strategies that permitted examiners to conduct the examinations successfully, including developing rapport with the residents, providing a quiet environment, and enlisting the help of the primary caregiver. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration among health professionals, especially dentists and nurses, is discussed.

Measurements have been made of the performance of scintillating fibers read out with visible light photon counters (VLPCs). The light yields of single-clad and multiclad scintillating fibers have been compared. The experiment consisted of 3 m long scintillating fibers of 830 μm diameter optically coupled to 8 m long waveguide fibers of 965 μm diameter read out with HISTE-IV VLPCs. For the case of multiclad scintillating fiber and waveguide, an average of 6.2 photoelectrons was detected from the far end of the scintillating fiber if the fiber end was unmirrored, and 10.2 photoelectrons if the fiber end was mirrored. With this substantial photoelectron yield, minimum-ionizing tracks can be easily detected in fiber arrays, and excellent performance characteristics are expected for the fiber trackers designed for the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider and the SDC experiment at the SSC Laboratory.

Corrosion and spalling of reinforced concrete columns particularly in tidal seawater zones is a major concern worldwide. A greater emphasis is being given to the maintenance and preservation of existing structures rather than the expensive alternative of replacement. Cathodic protection has been identified as one of the most effective means of arresting corrosion on steel reinforcement. This paper describes a newly developed technique of applying cathodic protection to steel reinforced concrete. The components comprise of conductive tape and mixed metal oxide coated titanium mesh anode (CAT) system. Protection is provided with an even current distribution over the surface via the conductive tape. An extremely long system life is predicted due to the low current densities involved and the elimination of shotcrete type cementitious overlays which tend to be the weak link. A major advantage of the CAT system is that it does not require the use of specialised equipment and that installation time is minimal. Two trials performed on road bridges in Victoria and Queensland, Australia are described in detail. The CAT systems were installed to protect the tidal zones and above. Polarisation effects and the possibility of current “dumping” in submerged zones were investigated. The long term evaluation and assessment of the performance of the system is an ongoing process. Monitoring will be performed on a regular basis over the next few years.

This article describes Colombia's development of formal dentistry, its dental school system, curriculum, and dental licensure, and current issues in oral health care. In 1969, there were only 4 dental schools in Colombia; at this writing there are 21. Five dental schools are public and the other 16 are private. Nearly all classes are conducted in Spanish. Undergraduate pre-dental coursework is not a prerequisite for dental school in Colombia. To obtain licensure, Colombian dental students must complete 5 years of study in dental school, earn a diploma, and work for the government for 1 year. There are approximately 41,400 dentists in Colombia, and the number is increasing quickly. However, the unemployment rate among dentists is very high, even though graduation from dental school is extremely difficult. Although the 1,100:1 ratio of citizens to dentists is considered satisfactory, access to dental care is limited due to the high rate of poverty. (J Oral Sci 52, 137-143, 2010)

A fiber tracking system was constructed at UCLA, consisting of four layers of scintillating fiber ribbons coupled to visible light photon counters (VLPCs), and was tested by measuring cosmic ray track. The total legth of the fiber array is 7 m: 4 m of scintillating fiber and 3 m of clear optical fiber, 0.83 mm diameter. An average number of 6 photoelectrons were detected by the VLPCs, 7 m from the cosmic ray interaction point at the end of the fibers. The details of the experimental arragement and the test results are presented.

The front-end electronics and data acquisition system for the SLD barrel Cherenkov ring imaging detector (CRID) are described. The specifications for this system require a 1% charge division measurement on single e/sup -/ pulses from a wire chamber in the presence of much larger signals. Fast recovery from saturating pulses and noise levels below 2000 electrons root-mean-square for single electron pulses are required. Noise and system performance results are presented for the initial SLD engineering run data. >

The front-end electronics of the Cerenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) used in the Stanford Large Detector (SLD) spectrometer at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Linear Collider is described. The Plessey process provides a straightforward and low-cost path toward system miniaturization. System tests show good noise performance, calibration precision, system linearity, and signal shape uniformity over the full dynamic range. >

The Stanford Large Detector for experimental particle physics detection at the SLAC Linear Collider contains a Cherenkov ring imaging detector (CRID). The barrel CRID mirrors have been successfully produced and installed. The industrial mirror production process, the quality control of the mirrors produced, and the results of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) reflectivity and mirror-shape accuracy are described. An average reflectivity of at least 80% for light at 160 nm and 85% for light in the 180–230 nm wavelength range has been achieved in the production of over 400 mirrors of a typical size of 30 by 30 cm. The surface roughness and optical distortion measurements imply that the light loss due to scattering is a few percent of the incident light and the angular error due to shape distortion is less than 1 mrad.

This paper provides information about Peru's dental history and dental school system, including the curriculum and dental licensure. With the increase in the number of dental schools in Peru, the number of dentists is also increasing. Until 1965, Peru had only three dental schools; currently, there are 14. Four of these dental schools are public, and ten are private. A five- or six-year dental program leads to the B.D.S. degree. After successful completion of a thesis defense or competency examination, the D.D.S. degree is awarded. The D.D.S. is mandatory for practicing dentistry in Peru. Currently, there are approximately 14,000 active dentists, with a dentist-patient ratio of approximately 1:2,000. (J. Oral Sci. 50, 341-344, 2008)

To help ensure the stable long-term operation of a Cherenkov ring-imaging detector at high efficiency, a comprehensive monitor and control system is being developed. This system will continuously monitor and maintain the correct operating temperatures, and will provide an on-line monitor of the pressures, flows, mixing and purity of the various fluids. In addition, the velocities and trajectories of Cherenkov photoelectrons drifting within the imaging chambers will be measured using a pulsed UV lamp and a fiber-optic light injection system.

Thailand is geographically located in southeast Asia and its population is 63 million. Little has been published on dental education in Thailand. This paper provides information about Thailand regarding its dental history, dental school system including curriculum and dental licensure. There are eight public and one private dental school in Thailand. A six-year dental education leads to the DDS degree. On graduation from the public dental schools, dentists are required to work in the public system for three years. Currently, there are approximately 8,000 active dentists, with a dentist: population ratio of approximately 1:7,000.

The components of the SLD barrel Cerenkov Ring Imaging Detector (CRID) are now built and are being installed. We report on tests of these, including tests of the fiber optic calibration system, detailed studies of electron drift paths on production drift boxes and detectors, tests of the dynamic gating system and its effect on drift path distortions due to space-charge, and a measurement of the electron lifetime in a production drift box. In addition, we report on the UV transmission of recirculated liquid C{sub 6}F{sub 14} and on the effects of CRID construction materials on electron lifetime. 9 refs., 11 figs.

Nuclear medicine images have comparatively poor spatial resolution making it difficult to relate the functional information which they contain to precise anatomical structures. To assist in anatomical localisation, we have i in p I e me tit e d registration techniques to e na b le h i g h rcsolution anatomical images such as X-ray and MRI to be used 10 assist in routine radionuclide image interpretation. We have assessed the accuracy and clinical benefit of image registration for two regions of the body; the carpal bones of the wrist and the brain.

We present the Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector in the endcap regions of the SLD detector and report on initial performance during the 1993 and 1994 runs at the SLC. The endcap CRID was completed and commissioned in 1993 and is fully operational for the 1994 run. First Cherenkov rings have been observed. The endcap CRID detectors and fluid systems are described and initial operational experience is discussed. >

Summary form only given. The SLAC Large Detector (SLD) barrel Cerenkov ring imaging detector (CRID) is now complete and has participated in SLD data runs. Performance tests of the drift boxes and detectors both in the SLD and in separate test stands have been performed. Tests in SLD with the fiber-optic calibration system include the demonstration and measurement of electron drift paths, checks of the anode wire calibration, and the performance of the fiber-optic system in general. Other tests include measurements of the uniformity of TMAE concentration in a drift box and measurements of single electron diffusion and photon feedback in three drift gases. >

The seventh London Trauma Conference was once again held at The Royal Geographical Society in London from 10–13 December 2013. Over four days the latest innovations and best practice in cardiac, trauma and pre-hospital trauma care were presented and discussed. It opened with the London Cardiac Arrest Symposium, kindly sponsored by Zoll, with Dr David Zideman providing the Douglas Chamberlain Lecture; an insightful presentation into the world of Sports Medicine. Over the subsequent three days, delegates heard from internationally acclaimed speakers who addressed key questions relating to trauma, major incident management, and pre-hospital care. Keynote speakers included Professor Dan Davis, Prof Bryan McNally, Mr Michael Crumplin, Mr Justin Lewis and Professor John Pickard. The Norwegian Air ambulance hosted the Air ambulance and pre-hospital care day that reflected on the latest developments, debated best practice and speculated on the future of clinical work in this setting. On the final day, the Peter Baskett Lecture was given by Mr Michael Crumplin, who provided a fascinating over view of the developments in combat trauma care over the last six centuries. Additional, breakaway sessions took place on each day of the conference. These included Resuscitative Thoracotomy, Practical Cardiac arrest and Neurotrauma masterclasses; Core topics in trauma, a Trauma Research Forum, and the annually anticipated evening of Stand up Science. Prizes at the conference were awarded as follows; The most inspiring clinical presentation was awarded to Dr Steen Barnung for his moving and impressive account of a multiple paediatric drowning incident that took place in Denmark. Best posters: Dr Kate Crewdson and Dr Beth Healey Stand up Science was won jointly by: Dr’s Maria Guerreiro and Hew Torrance. The innovation prize was won by: Professor Hans Morten Lossius for his work on Pre-hospital stroke thrombolysis. This year’s conference reminded delegates of the potential applications of new technology and innovation in prehospital, trauma and cardiac care but also the importance of ensuring that well established simple interventions are performed reliably and consistently. Once again the conference attracted speakers and delegates from 18 countries and continues to be a forum for learning network and debate. The eighth London conference will take place at the same venue between 9–12 December 2014. This supplement provides a selection of seven extended abstracts written by speakers at the conference illustrating some of the diverse subject matter covered and also the scientific abstracts from oral and poster presentations made at the conference.

There were six presentations on the management of major incidents. The scene was set with a detailed account of a recent high profile event. The clinical aspects of blood in pre-hospital care followed and the last presentations concentrated n practical aspects of rescuer safety.

This article presents data from the development and testing of an instrument to evaluate the oral health of nursing home residents by nursing personnel (RNs, LVNs, and CNAs). After the instrument was developed, nursing staff were taught to do a brief oral health status examination (BOHSE). Using the instrument, a dentist examined 100 residents; the examination was repeated on the same residents by each category of nurse examiners. Correlation coefficients indicate that statistically significant interrater reliability between the three categories of nursing personnel and the dentist was established, suggesting that nursing staff can be taught to evaluate the oral health of residents. Replication of the study in multiple sites is recommended.

Detailed computer simulation studies of a tracking detector originally designed for high luminosity operation at the Superconducting Super Collider have been carried out. Detector simulation and track reconstruction techniques appropriate to the extremely high charged particle rates corresponding to luminosities of up to 10 34 cm −2 s −1 are described. The detector performance is evaluated and compared to design requirements stemming from the physics goals of the SDC experiment. The results have implications for the design of tracking detectors at future high luminosity hadron colliders such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

A 96-channel, 3-superlayer, scintillating-fiber tracking system has been tested in a 5 GeV/ cπ − beam. The scintillating fibers were 830 μm in diameter, spaced 850 μm apart, and 4.3 m in length. They were coupled to 6 m long, clear fiber waveguides and finally to visible light photon counters. A spatial resolution of ∼ 150 μm for a double-layered ribbon was achieved with this tracking system. This first prototype of a charged-particle tracking system configured for the Solenoidal Detector Collaboration at the Superconducting Super Collider is a benchmark in verifying the expected number of photoelectrons from the fibers.

The authors propose an all-scintillating fiber detector for the purpose of outer tracking for the SDC. The objectives of this tracking system are to: (1) provide a first level trigger for {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} < 2.3 with sharp p{sub T} threshold with the ability to resolve individual beam crossings; (2) provide pattern recognition capability and momentum resolution which complements and extends the capabilities of the inner silicon tracking system; (3) provide three dimensional linkage with outer detection systems including the shower maximum detector, muon detectors, and calorimetry; (4) provide robust tracking and track-triggering at the highest luminosities expected at the SSC. The many attractive features of a fiber tracker include good position resolution, low occupancy, low mass in the active volume, and excellent resistance to radiation damage. An additional important feature, especially at the SSC, is the intrinsically prompt response time of a scintillating fiber. This property is exploited in the construction of a level 1 trigger sensitive to individual beam crossings.