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The wire-mesh capacitance tomography (WMCT) has been applied to visualize 2D of the distribution of electric field intensity in the treatment planning system (TPS) of electro-capacitive cancer therapy (ECCT) using human head model. WMCT is proposed in this study to estimate accurately the distribution of electric field intensity which is the main optimum factors of ECCT in order to compensate the inaccuracy of TPS ECCT simulation. The experimental and simulation studies were conducted with wire-mesh sensor consisted of 8×8 wire matrix of copper in human head model using two type of helmet ECCT. The result of electric field value at the intersection wire-mesh have been compared between experimental studies and simulation studies. The electric field average value resulted from ECCT helmet-1 is higher than ECCT helmet-2. The average electric field generated by the ECCT helmet-1 is 1585.72 V/m in an air medium, 97.43 V/m in grey matter and 80.58 V/m in the cancer. While the average electric field generated by the ECCT helmet-2 is 1413.28 V/m in an air medium, 64.20 V/m in grey matter and 52.65 V/m in the cancer. ECCT helmet-1 and helmet-2 result the different of electric field distribution pattern. ECCT helmet-1 is more optimal for used to patient has cancer position in the right and bottom, while ECCT helmet-2 is more optimal for used to patient has cancer position in the top and bottom.

Blood cancer causes a significant increase in the concentration of Leukocytes, which can be broken down through dielectrophoresis and electrochemical procedures. Therefore, the electric field plays an important role in the migration of leukocytes to high voltage areas. This is because different electrode arrangements produce varying electric field distributions. Furthermore, this study applied finite element methods to generate electric fields when electrodes with an AC voltage were applied to blood placed in a chamber. Therefore, in this study, variations of mediums and electrode arrangements were investigated, which led to the recommendation of 3 models. The objective was to investigate electrode arrangements that produce optimal electric field distribution for the three models to exhibit a booster of electric field distribution. The maximum electric field is generated close to the electrode (Z=2 mm and Z=92 mm) for any material (i.e. normal blood, B lymphocyte, and T lymphocyte) with values of 22.6 V/m and 23.47 V/m, 22.85 V/m and 22.97 V/m, and 24.88 V/m and 25.01 V/m. Based on principle, lymphocytes in the blood result in positive dielectrophoresis, since they migrate to a higher electric field close to the electrode, with enough input voltage to turn the electrochemical process on the leukocytes into electric current. Furthermore, this study provides new perspectives and ideas, which have not been revealed in previous studies on blood cancer therapy using the electric field of Ag electrode in blood cancer distribution.Keywords: blood cancer, dielectrophoresis, electric field, voltage, electrochemical, and cancer therapy.

Rural development is a social process. It involve s local community in all stages of development. Community dialog is a means for facilitating community involvement in determining a development direction , potential development plan and development sus-tainability in the future . Frequently, local community is considered as the development target. This position puts them just being development watchers, spectators, silent and passive recipients. Moreover, these silent roles make them remain unempowered since they do not know how to determine their future , how to take part in collective decision and feel being neglected. This study examines potentials of community involvement in dialog. A qualitative research paradigm is adopted. The data are collected by recording, transcribing and analyzing community dialog at Klagen, Nganjuk, Jawa Timur . The study finds that community dialog offer s considerable potentials. The first potential of community dialog is generating local community commitmen t, awareness , sense of belongingness and supportive character to build their own homeland. These p ositive development psychological states, characters and ethos are soft human dimensions which can be critical drivers in rural development. The second is creation of local knowledge and scientific knowledge joint enabling innovation and collective learning process. This joint-knowledge allows the combination of local wisdom and scientific insight. The third is building shared or collective development vision and plan. This plan and vision allow the development prioritizing process and development of rural strength, potential competitive advantage and resource building. The fourth is expanding rural networking and exercising rural people capacity to build wider internal and external social relationship.

The success and failure of a destination tend to rest on its’ capacity to satisfy the visitors. Listening to visitors’ appraisal and voices is vital in community-based tourism development. This study aims to explore WPP Dalegan visitors’ voices. The data are collected through Dalegan visitors’ online reviews and direct observation. The study finds that Dalegan has a high competitive advantage as family recreational destination as it is cheap, reachable, accessible, has various local-traditional-cheap food, beautiful calm beach and soft white sand as a playing and learning ground for children. Despite its’ comfortable image, some visitors voice unsatisfied services, facilities, nature-caused and human-caused threats. The study also illuminates that Dalegan destination branding is not only influenced by its’ capacity to attract visitors by its’ beautiful marine nature, but also local community characters, community education and values. The study indicates that to develop tourism destination, local potentials are not the only determinant keys. It needs to be supported by other determining factors. One of those factors is tourists’ voices on their impression, comments, satisfaction and dissatisfaction feelings. Linking potential resources of destination and tourists’ meaningful experience can be challenging as different tourists may have different perspectives, wants and satisfaction-dissatisfaction levels.

Tourism is a promising development sector. It has strong potentials for improving local community life quality by alleviating poverty, broadening information access, improving facilities and infrastructure, opening new and diversifying employment. Thus, today tourism is recognized as one of key sectors in development possessing multiplier effects on other sectors and contributing to other development goals attainment. This encourages many communities to initiate and run their local-scale tourism at their kampung. The development of these community-based tourisms need to be strengthened by community capacity to develop their tourism into more sustainable and competitive destinations. Moreover, the Covid-19 pandemic potentially threatens tourism existence and sustainability, especially if the communities do not rapidly respond by improving their tourism capacities. This study aims to explore several factors needed by local community to foster tourism transformation. The study is concentrated on examining WPP Dalegan and Dalegan community tourism transformation needs. The data are collected through community dialog incorporated with community service program. The study identifies three primary transformation elements for fostering WPP tourism improvement. The first factor is transformational and collective community leader who provides empowerment, climate and chance for Dalegan community to participate and orients to community social changes. The second factor is Dalegan community capacity building. Dalegan tourism transformation rests on its local community to learn together and improve the quality of their tourism services and products. The third factor is development facilitation. To successfully transform, Dalegan community needs to expand their networking, build horizontal and vertical partnerships.

The delivery of radiation therapy to patients requires prior planning made by medical physicists to achieve radiotherapy goals. Radiotherapy has a plan to eradicate the growth of cancer cells by giving high doses and minimizing the radiation dose to normal tissue. Evaluation of planning is generally done based on dosimetric parameters, such as minimum dose, maximum dose, and means dose obtained from the DVHs data. Based on the same DVHs, data were evaluate dinterms of biological effects to determine the highest possible toxicity in normal tissue after the tumor had been treated with radiation using the NTCP model. The evaluation was conducted by selecting three DICOM-RT data of post-mastectomy right breast cancer patients who had been prescribed a dose of 50 Gy obtained from the Hospital MRCCC Siloam Semanggi database. All data were processed using open-source software DICOManTX to get the DVH and isodose information. Matlab-based CERR software was used to calculate the NTCP model. The results show that the three patients' DVH and isodose treatment planning result in a homogeneous dose distribution result because the PTV area obtains adose limit of ≥ 95%. Moreover, normalt issue still gets adose below the tolerance limit based on the standard from RTOG 1005 and ICRU 83. Analysis of NTCP shows a complication probability below 1% for each organ, suggesting that any organ which has been irradiated has a low likelihood of complications. Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment planning which has been made in the three patients using the IMRT technique has achieved the objectives of radiotherapy, which is to minimize toxicity to healthy organs. |Keywords: DVH, isodose, NTCP, radiotherapy.

Heart Rate is important information about the physiological and psychological condition of human. The pulse rate is directly related to the heart activity because of the impact of the volume changing of blood correlated to the heart which pumps blood throughout the body periodically. Heart rate measurement is used generally ECG (Electrocardiogram) or Blood Pressure Measurement in the medical world. In this paper the ratio of the heart rate is analyzed by using a technique photoplethysmography and optical sensor based on self-mixing interferometry. A typical self-mixing configuration consist of a laser diode as a light source (LD, 785 nm) and the photodetector which integrated in the package. Photoplethysmography consist of infrared (IR, 940 nm) acts as source of light, photodiode as a photo-detector, PPG circuit, arduino and PC. Photoplethysmography is non-invasive optical technique that can used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular bed of tissue. The result show that human heart rate signals can be detected using the SMI method with a frequency of 100 kHz and input current 50 mA, but using PPG method the human heart signal was detected in the amplitude range of 2,070 to 2,080 mV.

BAND-PASS FILTER CIRCUIT DESIGN FOR MULTI-FREQUENCY ELECTRICAL IMPEDACE TOMOGRAPHY SYSTEM . Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is one of the emerging imaging technologies recently. The principle of EIT system is inject electric current into impedance object and measure the voltage based on the electrodes array. The current source that precise, stable, and wide-bandwidth is required to obtain voltage measurements accurately. The current source used for this EIT system is Voltage-Controlled Current Source (VCCS). The VCCS block circuit consists of several circuits, one of them is a filter circuit. The suitable filter for multi-frequency EIT system is band-pass filter. This research has been designed and fabricated a band-pass filter with cut-off frequency 1 and 250 kHz, which is using Butterworth coefficient, unity gain, and Sallen-Key topology.

Treatment planning aimed to provide the maximum dose to target tumor and minimize doses received by healthy tissue. Dose-volume histograms contain essential information about the dose distribution that radiation oncologists use in considering a treatment planning. In breast cancer mastectomy, the thickness of the thorax wall has decreased because of surgery. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the dose received by healthy tissue around the tumor. This study analyzes the doses distribution in breast cancer mastectomy using SlicerRT and compares it with treatment planning from the hospital. The study used three data patients from MRCCC Siloam Hospitals Jakarta. The simulation results were analyzed based on the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report’s 83 for target tumor and tolerance limits of healthy tissue according to limitations from various references. Although the target tumor’s homogeneity does not qualify, the healthy tissue around the tumor is still within tolerance. It is not a problem in intensity-modulated radiation therapy if avoidance of healthy tissue is more important than homogeneity. For the comparison result, the percentage acceptance of SlicerRT simulation is quite good, above 90%.

Lung cancer has decreased mortality rates each year that can treat with radiotherapy. The radiotherapy module is own by 3D Slicer that is open-source software. The purpose is to determine the distribution of doses on the dose-volume histogram (DVH) and the percentage of the suitability of the 3D Slicer simulation results with the Treatment Planning System (TPS) at MRCCC Siloam Hospital. The data used were three Computed Tomographic images of lung cancer patients obtained from the MRCCC Siloam Hospital. The parameters analyzed included volume, the dose of the target volume, and organ at risk (OAR). Analytical studies were carried out by comparing the target volume with The International Commission on Radiation Unit (ICRU) Report 83 and comparing the OAR regarding dose tolerance. The dose distribution of all patients from the simulated 3D slicer for OAR met the tolerance limit reference recommendations. The Planning Target Volume (PTV) of all patients also matched the evaluation recommended by the ICRU Report 83. The percentage value of the suitability between the 3D Slicer and TPS results for all patients was above 95%. It shows that 3D Slicer can use as a recommendation software for initial radiotherapy planning studies.

Coastal areas and small islands has considerable management potential, however several studies have shown that these conditions do not make the management of coastal areas in Indonesia optimal. The purpose of this research is to try to answer important issues regarding how sustainable tourism development affects people’s lives and livelihoods. This research presents debates in sustainable tourism development by paying attention to the concept of sustainable development and investigating the main problems of developing sustainable tourism development. The methodology used in this research is qualitative by using focus group discussions (FGD) with 50 people in the village of Dalegan to obtain data from important informants. The results of the research show that the lack of attention to the environmental sector in the village makes coastal tourism objects less attractive to tourists. The development of local communities must also go hand in hand with sustainable tourism development, the relationship between government and coastal managers in Dalegan also needs strengthening. The perception of visiting experiences reinforced by the presence of local communities is essential to increase the number of tourists to create a conducive economic climate. We suggest that the socio-economy should coexist with environmental sustainability and a sustainable tourism development framework must be created to address heterogeneity and complexity in a regional scope.

The success indicator of radiotherapy planning is that it can deliver a precise and maximum dose to the tumor, and at the same time, health tissues receive a minimum dose. The success can be achieved by understanding the density of the organs that go into the treatment beams because the dose distribution was directly affected by tissue inhomogeneity. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the tissue density of DICOM images and the homogeneity of the distribution of dose from treatment planning in lung cancer using 3D Slicer-SlicerRT. The method used in the study was used 3 data of CT and RT – Structures data from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA), NSCLC-Radiomics with a diagnosis of stage IIIB squamous cell carcinoma, the location of right cancer, and only one nodule. The calculation of tissue density values using segment statistics in 3D Slicer was based on CT-DICOM information. While the treatment planning was built using 3D Slicer-SlicerRT with a prescription of 60 Gy/30 fractions. Treatment design used six fields, and optimization was done by combining a gantry angle and beam weight. The results represented that the calculation of tissue density was following the reference standard and relative electron density for each organ. Besides, the study had successfully designed a treatment planning system using 3D Slicer-SlicerRT that fulfilled the total dose standard, was excellent for OAR sparing, and had a homogeneity index for patient data ID 1 until 4 with values of 0.252, 0.009, 0.007, and 0.007, respectively.

Traditional thin films and nanostructure are the most reasonable candidates to build the next generation of photoelectrochemical water splitting system with outstanding optical and electrical properties. Especially the use of nanostructure arrays as photoelectrodes might complement the traditional semiconductor photoelectrodes in providing close transfer distance of photoinduced carriers and the increase in the surface reaction sites than thin films. Both of the reasons reduce the probability of carriers recombination and thus enhancing the photoelectrochemical performances. In this work, we demonstrated highly efficient water splitting performance of CuBi2O4 nanopillars compared to thin film CuBi2O4 photocathode. The CuBi2O4 nanopillars were fabricated by electrodeposition on anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The CuBi2O4 nanopillars photocathode gave a notable improvement in photocurrent, from −0.50 to −1.50 mA cm−2 at −0.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl by the external quantum yield more than 3 times at wavelength 420 nm. Finally, the result of the study appealed that the photoelectrode based on CuBi2O4 nanostructure arrays is an encouraging system for showing efficient water splitting system under visible light.

The applications of Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI) have been popular in many fields, including biomedical signals. The self-mixing effect occurs from the coherent back-coupling of the reflected or scattered lights from a target surface. The reflected lights will be detected by a photodiode which has been integrated in one device with the laser. That's why the SMI sensor is quite practical, affordable and simple. However, SMI has the serious problem with the presence of speckle effect in measured signal. The speckle effect produced by the human tissue is called “biospeckles.” The biospeckles observed from the skin tissues contain information about the blood flow in dermal capillarities, heartbeat, and others. These biospeckle patterns cause random modulations that will be detected as random amplitude and spectrum by photodiode. In this paper we present a technique to characterize speckle effect on measurement of blood flow in fingertip using sensor based on Self-Mixing Interferometry (SMI). We used a laser diode 785 nm as a light source and a constant current of 70 mA as a current source which is irradiated on the skin tissue in the fingertip. Then, the backscattered light reenters the laser cavity and it will be detected by photodiode. The SMI signal with speckle effect will be processed by Continuous Wavelet Transform for reconstruction and detection fringe. Signal processing results show that the number of detected speckle fringes depends largely on determining the number of wavelet waves and the scale used. The fringe pattern resulting from the reconstruction of the signal can be used to determine the frequency of speckles due to object movement. The average speckle frequency of fingertip is 0,5-0,7 Hz

The bolus is also known a tissue compensation that has material similar to body tissue and placed directly onto the skin surface for radiation therapy. This study aims to characterize and evaluate the synthesized homemade bolus using Natural Rubber, Paraffin Candle, Play-Doh, and Paraffin Wax Pure for radiation therapy using a photon beam. Several dosimetry properties of the synthesized of the bolus, including relative electron density (RED), transmission factor, attenuation coefficient, and percentage of surface dose (PSD), were investigated. All the synthesized bolus made with the same dimension of 11×11 cm2 with the thickness is 1 cm. CT-Scan was used to measure relative electron density (RED) where as LINAC 2300iX with energies 6 and 10 MV were used to evaluate percentage of surface dose. The RED value of all bolus material is in accordance with the provisions of bolus as a tissue compensation of the human body, which is almost the same as the value of HU in breast organs, skin, fat and adult bones. Large transmission factors and attenuation coefficients of each bolus correspond to bolus from paraffin candles as the default bolus of the hospital. The maximum bolus dose value increases when compared to measurements without bolus.

In radiation therapy, bolus material is often used for increased surface dose, compensate for surface irregularities and internal heterogeneities. Bolus has properties equivalent to water and soft tissue. In this study, the mixture of Silicone Rubber (SR) and Bismuth was used for bolus fabrication and then compared to commercial boluses such as Paraffin, Play-Doh, and Paraffin Wax. The study aims to evaluate the comparison of relative electron density (RED), effective mass attenuation coefficient, transmission factor, percentage of surface dose (PSD), and Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) for all boluses. The bolus was made with the size 11 × 11 × 0.5 cm3. Physical density of the synthesized bolus was assessed by computerized tomography (CT) Scanning. The results of the RED analysis for the mixture of Silicone Rubber (SR) and Bismuth, Paraffin, Play-Doh, and Paraffin Wax were 0.954; 0.743; 0.933; and 0.878, respectively. The values of RED for all boluses has a similar to water and soft tissue. These results prove that the bolus is equivalent to soft tissue density such as fat, breast, lungs, and liver. Furthermore, for other dosimetry tests such as transmission factors and attenuation coefficients using Linear Accelerator (LINAC) with photon energy sources 6 and 10 MV. In general, Percentage of surface dose at 6 MV is higher than 10 MV. The highest percentage of the surface dose was achieved by paraffin wax at 6 MV energy by 85%. For effective mass attenuation coefficient result, the highest is the mixture of silicone rubber and bismuth at -0.0030 cm2/g for 6 MV and Play-Doh at -0.0114 cm2/g for 10 MV.

Water is the main requirement for the agricultural crops. However, improper amount of water can disturb the plant growth. In modern agriculture, this issue can be tackled by providing the appropriate amount of water for the plant. One of the methods is automatic control system based on the type of physical variables, which indicates water needs for plants [1]. Physical variables that are frequently used as an indicator are temperature and soil moisture [2].The automatic control system can also be applied in agricultural areas that have less water availability. This is due to the automatic control system can help saving water and operating costs [3]. Efforts in building optimal and efficient automated control system can be easily done with complete access to information. One way to access the information control system is via wireless communications [3,4]. From some of these challenges an automatic control system will be built on the research for controlling irrigation in telemetry based on temperature and soil moisture.

This research is conducted by utilizing strain gage uniaxial sensor with internal resistance 120 ohms and brass cantilever beam that is to build electronic mass scale in gram level. Basically, the aim of this research is to study deflect phenomenon measured by the strain gage sensor attached in the end of brass cantilever beam. Brass material was chosen to build cantilever as its Young moudulus contanst is bigger than other materials. Whilst mass loads for analizing brass cantilever profile are calibrated by manual Ohaus mass scale (PA214 type) with 0.07 gram load variations. The test result of this electronic mass scale system gets relationship of mass load data variation versus output voltage data (from differential amplifier). The relationship between mass and voltage can be approached by polynomial formula m = 4.2372V2 – 2.4551V + 1.5606 where m in gram and V in volt, and it gets 0.07 or 7% average error (less than linear formula approach). This formula is used further for programming ADC in 8-bit microcontroller to calculate mass and the calculation is shown in LCD 16x2.

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is an imaging technique for mapping the conductivity distribution of an object. One of the most significant circuit blocks in the EIT system is Voltage Controlled Current Source (VCCS) circuit. The VCCS should be able to supply a current ranging from 0.5 to 5 mA at 10 kHz–1 MHz and should be adequate to support the load at the range of 100 Ohm–10 kOhm. The main purpose of this study is to design the VCCS with a constant current of 1 mA at 20 kHz. We designed four types of VCCS by using two types of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) circuits, two types of voltage to current converter (VCC) circuits, and a fourth order Butterworth Bandpass Filter (BPF) circuit (Sallen-Key topology). The VCO circuit was designed with two types of Integrated Circuits (IC) which are XR2206 (VCO 1) and AD9850 (VCO 2), whereas the VCC circuit was fabricated based on Enhanced Howland (EH) circuit (VCC 1) and Triple Op-Amp circuit (TOA) (VCC 2). The results show that VCCS 4 which was designed with the combination of VCO 2, VCC 2, and BPF gave the best performance compared to the three other types of VCCS circuit. The VCCS 4 is capable of delivering a constant current for 1 mA at 20 kHz with a load value of up to 3.72 kOhm. However, the four VCCS types that have been designed could be used as a current source in the EIT system for a single frequency.

Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on TiO2/SnO2 composite electrode has been fabricated. In this research, modifications TiO2 electrode in the form of composite TiO2/SnO2 which aims to optimize the process of transfer and charge separation that reduces premature recombination in the cells, so as to increase the conversion efficiency and stability of dye-sensitized solar cell performance. In this study, DSSC is composed of several components, among others, a semiconductor oxide, a layer of dye, a counter electrode, and an electrolyte. This study used three types of semiconductors at the working electrode is pure TiO2, composite TiO2/SnO2 and pure SnO2, electrolyte gel based polymer PEG with BM 1000, plate carbon as the counter electrode (cathode), and the use of dye from synthetic materials N-749 as dye sensitizer. This study tested with xenon lamp light source intensity of 100mW/cm2. Results of research and calculations showed that the DSSC based composite electrode TiO2/SnO2 better than the DSSC based pure TiO2 electrodes and based pure SnO2 electrodes, this is indicated by the value efficient as follows: 0.041%, 0.019%, and 0.0114%.

The manufacturing of temperature and turbidity measurement system based on ATMega 8535 microcontroller has been done. To measure temperature, this system uses LM35 and photodiode to measure water turbidity. The principle of LM35 sensor is comparing temperature based on its resistance. Thus temperature that is converted to voltage can be detected. The Turbidity system in this experiment is using Nephelometer method with the light scattered by suspended particles in fluid, with LED and photodiode parallel to each other. This system can measure turbidity in 1 NTU – 200 NTU with a close distance (1 inch) and a maximum relative error of 3.09% for the temperature measurement and also 3,12 % for turbidity measurement.

The current source is one of the most important circuits in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) systems. It should be able to supply low current (1 mA) at 10 kHz–1 MHz and can support load between 100 Ω–10 kΩ. Moreover, it must have output impedance greater than 100 kD. In this study, we evaluated an Enhanced Howland (EH) and Triple Op-Amps (TOA) current sources with two different op-amps namely LM741 and AD844. The constant current was measured at 1 kHz to 1 MHz with two different loads (Resistor and Cole-Cole load). The results showed that the constant and high output impedance current sources for multi-frequency could be fulfilled both EH and TOA current sources prepared with op-amp AD844 and a Cole-Cole load. The constant current can be achieved up to 100 kHz for the op-amp AD844 while op-amp LM741 is only able to achieve up to 10 kHz. Meanwhile, measured output impedance showed that the EH current source is better than TOA current source. The output impedance of the EH current source was 1.18 MD at 1 kHz and was higher than 600 kD at 500 kHz, while the output impedance of the TOA current source was 1.16 MD at 1 kHz and was higher than 300 kD at 500 kHz. Otherwise, the op-amp LM741 is only able to produce output impedance below 200 kD at 10 kHz for both EH and TOA.

Electricity problem of most small islands in Indonesia has become a serious problem and need to be immediately resolved. In this present paper, Kangean Islands, Sumenep district of Madura, Indonesia, is one of the most suitable islands for an example. In this island, the existing electricity supply is mainly generated by diesel generators. Even though there are also electricity supplies from the government and private companies, it is very limited capacities just a few families. It is clear that the daily electricity requirements in the Kangean Islands are not adequately met. There is no self-supporting from the local residents to meet their daily energy needs. The community service activity helps to improve the understanding and the self-supporting of the Kangean Island community, especially for the young generation, in the field of electrical energy by utilizing renewable energy sources, especially solar cell system technology. Thus, it is expected that natural resources in Kangean Island can be utilized properly and able to increase the productivity. Finally, in this paper, the light intensity and surface temperature effects on the performance of a monocrystal solar cell are discussed.

This research is mainly about modeling and measurement a compact antenna design with stub using stepped impedance via computer simulation technology (CST) simulation program. The dimension of microstrip antenna on FR4 material used in this research was 100 × 100 mm. In addition, the results include the comparison between the state of antenna before and after given the stub as well as before and after the length of the stub was changed. Then, do the variation changes the stub length and impedance step change in the vertical dimension (La), followed by step impedance variations horizontal width (Wt). The result shows that the design of the optimized stub affects the shift in the resonance frequency of the antenna. The resonance frequency of 2.4 GHz was shown when the stub length was 30 mm. In addition, by changing the width of the stepped impedance, we obtained new resonant frequency. From the simulation, four resonant frequencies that were shown include 0.7 GHz, 1.31 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 4.75 GHz. After the stub being added to the antenna, there was an increasing of TM02at the resonant frequency of 2.4GHz, and yet the resonance curve was still the same. TM01 and TM10 have indicated a better result when the antenna was located at the frequency of 800MHz and 1.3GHz. The proposed antenna has a gain 4.44dBi.

Optical logic gates for OR-AND-NOT, NOR and exclusive-XNOR operations in waveguides consisting of nonlinear material are numerically investigated by means of FD-BPM (Finite Difference Beam Propagation Method). The proposed devices are designed utilizing the self-routing characteristics of nonlinear X-crossing and Y-branching structures when they are operated with one input beam or two. The numerical simulations show that the proposed structures can favorably be applied to optical data processing and computing as fundamental logic gates.

Telah dirancang perangkat lunak untuk pengenalan pola tulisan tangan dengan jaringan syaraf tiruan (JST) yang dikembangkan sebagai generalisasi model matematika dari pembelajaran manusia. Dalam penelitiani ini, dirancang dan dibuat aplikasi perangkat lunak jaringan syaraf tiruan menggunakan metode Backpropagation dengan fungsi aktifasi sigmoid. Pola berupa abjad tulisan tangan dipindai untuk kemudian diidentifikasi menggunakan metode vertical run dan horizontal run encoding untuk mengetahui batas paling kiri, paling kanan, paling bawah dan paling atas dari setiap abjad. Dari 485 data target yang digunakan menghasilkan Sum Square Error (SSE) sebesar 0,0203 dengan nilai output rata-rata sebesar 0,9429 yang mendekati 1 (satu).