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The author analyses the process of direct participation in Poland compared with other European countries. The analysis includes a review of the subject literature and a new qualitative study carried out as part of the DIRECT project (2017–2018) co-financed by the European Commission. The article aims to examine new trends in direct participation and outline the various components of the process. The author defines direct participation (DP) as the conferral upon subordinates of tasks that they are expected to perform more or less autonomously. A complex picture is offered on the basis of data gathered from various research, although there is a concurrence between the results of quantitative research pursued to date and new data from qualitative research. Of note is the lack of continuity of direct participation in many dimensions, such as work organisation, instruments applied in practice, and differences between management ideas and actual day-to-day practice, including in terms of official and formal mechanisms versus unofficial and informal ones.

Islamic education in Indonesia extremely urgent to be examined because citizen of Indonesia are mostly moslem, until it become education progression factor in a country with mostly moslem citizen. The entrance used to collect empirical and actual data in order to critically analyzed quality management theory which is islamic education like madrasah. Madrasah as formal islamic education organization that integrated within national education system in Indonesia needs quality management. Madrasah based quality advance management is a management model that extend bigger autonomy to madrasah, giving flexibility to madrasah, and encourage direct participation from stakeholders to increase the quality of madrasah. Keywords: analysis, madrasah, quality advance management

The article is devoted to one of the most perspective mechanisms of innovation implementation in Russia and China – in the form of innovation educational clusters. The leading role of higher educational institutions is underlined in formation of innovative economy and high-tech projects, as well as in the decision of previously established and newly emerging constraints associated with global processes in the world economy. Based on the review and analysis of its results, the authors formulate proposals for applying the existing experience of implementing the cluster approach with the direct participation of higher education institutions in the creation of international innovative educational clusters for the formation of joint projects in the most promising industries and technologies, in particular, in the medical industry and pharmaceuticals. The relevance of the research is due to the need for further development of educational and scientific ties, trade and economic relations between Russia and China, increasing the competitiveness of both national economic systems as a whole, and high-tech enterprises of the two countries in domestic and global markets.

The article compares the commentary genre with the genre of forum in order to identify similarities and differences between them. An analysis of the genre system of Internet discourse and a description of the various criteria for distinguishing genres are made to do genre distinction of discursive forms. It includes situational and style-forming signs; structural and compositional criteria; origin; inclusion in a particular discourse; time and location of communicants; the form of speech and the factor of direct participation of communicants; language features; goals of the communication. As a result it was determined that the similarity of genres appears in terms of secondary characteristics towards the initial stimulus, in the polylogical form of communication, in the addressee and addresser characteristics and the presence of observers. The differences are revealed in the initial stimulus, the communicative purpose of the messages, hierarchy and status and in the type of addressing.

News about environmental issues have led many companies and fast food restaurants like KFC started the Public Relations campaign movement with the theme #NOSTRAWMOVEMENT which was done simultaneously in all of their outlets in Indonesia. KFC Raden Inten becomes case in study. This study aims to determine the influence of the Public Relations campaign #NOSTRAWMOVEMENT will influence consumer participation in KFC Raden Inten. This research uses stimulus- respons (S-R) theory and participation concept which can be interpreted as taking part or taking a role in activities or activities. The author uses this theory because I want to know how much consumer participation is influenced by Public Relations campaign #NOSTRAWMOVEMENT of KFC. Participation is divided into two categories, direct participation and indirect participation. In this study, researchers used quantitative research with a descriptive and explanatory approach. Data collection techniques used in this study were documentation and questionnaire filling as part of the survey. Researchers used a survei method using a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques using validity test, reliability test, normality test, t test, F test and R2 test. Based on the data processing carried out, this study obtained the result that the relationship between the Public Relations campaign variables and consumer participation had a positive and significant influence. Keywords: Public Relations Campaign, Consumer Participation, Consumer Attitude

In modern clinical practice, the assessment of the state of blood microcirculation and the diagnosis of microcirculatory disorders are extremely relevant in a variety of diseases: in cardiology, diabetology, oncology, dermatology, dentistry, surgery and resuscitation. Microcirculatory disorders are very diverse both in their pathogenesis and in clinical manifestations. Therefore, in the pattern of various diseases and extreme conditions, as well as in the correction of microcirculatory disorders the methods are needed for both operative assessment of the state of blood flow at tissue level and for its long-term monitoring. The interest in the study of the microvascular bed of the circulatory system is sparked by the significant role of capillaries in the implementation of the basic processes of the body's vital activity, in the trophic support of organs and their direct participation in tissue and cellular respiration. The health and life expectancy of a person depend on the coordinated work of the heart, large blood lines, and microcirculation vessels. The authors have studied modern optical methods for diagnosing microcirculation. The feasibility of using the speckle imaging method for noninvasive rapid assessment of the state of the microvasculature of human surface biological tissues has been substantiated. To implement the speckle-visualization method, methodological and software have been developed. The processing parameters that are most optimal from the point of view of the ratio of spatiotemporal resolution and computation time have been experimentally substantiated. The purpose of this work is the experimental testing of the developed methodological and hardware speckle imaging for the diagnosis of microcirculation of human surface biological tissues. The authors have carried out the studies of the state of microcirculation in the superficial blood vessels of the skin during physiotherapeutic procedures and in the imitation of pathology. The results of the studies have proved the feasibility of using the developed software for a high-quality diagnosis of the state of microcirculation of human surface biological tissues: primary changes in microcirculation are revealed, further changes to occur during physiotherapeutic procedures are visualized.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de educación financiera de los comerciantes de la empresa pública Mercado de Productores Agrícolas San Pedro de Riobamba EP-EMMPA, y su incidencia en la capacidad de gestión; de un universo de 946 comerciantes arrendatarios permanentes, se obtuvo una muestra representativa de 195 a quienes se aplicó una encuesta mediante el método aleatorio sobre aspectos relacionados con: nivel de formación y conocimientos financieros; comportamiento y actitudes en relación a la inversión, el financiamiento, el ahorro y manejo de herramientas financieras básicas. Los hallazgos relevantes evidenciaron el manejo empírico de las finanzas por parte de los comerciantes del mercado mayorista de la ciudad de Riobamba, debido al bajo nivel de educación financiera que incide en la capacidad de gestión y manejo de sus recursos económicos. Al mismo tiempo generan graves dificultades tales como: sobre endeudamiento, falta de inversión, deficiente ahorro y financiamiento de la actividad comercial a través de fuentes informales con elevados costos financieros y sociales. La investigación concluye la necesidad de trasferencia de conocimientos que permita en el mediano y largo plazo fortalecer la cultura financiera de los comerciantes mediante programa de formación y educación financiera con participación directa de las Universidades y Escuelas Politécnicas de la localidad a través de sus Facultades de Administración de Empresas y unidades de vinculación con la comunidad

The aim of the study is to present the results of pilot study on academic staff direct participation (ASDP) in managing higher education institutions (HEI) (content, scope, intensity, practicality of impact), in key areas of its activity and its advantages and risks. The research was carried out under questionnaire survey method among academic staff of selected HEIs, in autumn 2018. It was found that ASDP applies to all areas of activity of these HEIs (content), primarily educating students; is full (academics participate in all stages of the decision-making process), has mainly operational scope (related to basic tasks in the position at work), less often strategic; it is perceived participation because the real impact of the respondents in managing HEIs is limited (passive form of participation dominates). The identified main benefits from participation indicate that ASDP can be an effective tool for creating commitment of academic staff in managing HEIs in handling their key areas of activity. The results presented are not representative (pilot study), but interesting. Therefore, the author is planning to carry out in-depth research on ASDP in managing HEI in the future.

From the mid-2010s, the Indonesian government began to strengthen its direct participation in the economy by investing significantly in and via state-owned enterprises. Since the ownership reorgani...

Modern ideas about the etiological factors underlying a rare, serious illness — fulminant acne, the influence of genetic and exposure factors on the formation of the disease, and the pathogenesis of this form of acne are described. The main pathogenetic factors affecting the debut and course of fulminant acne were identified: Cutibacterium and the microbiome of the skin as a whole; sebum overproduction of sebum with the direct participation of dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, insulin-like growth factor-1; features of innate immunity, follicular hyperkeratosis. The clinic, complications and optimal therapeutic tactics at the present stage are described. A clinical case with a successful therapeutic outcome is presented.

The purpose of the article is the analysis of the key social and legal mechanisms of environmental culture development in the population. Through the method of expert survey, the authors determine the main functions of the environmental culture and the social institutions of environmental culture development in population. Environmental culture is characterized by deep versatile knowledge of the environment; the presence of nature-related values; the ecological style of thinking and the corresponding attitude towards nature; the acquisition of skills and experience of solving ecological problems; direct participation in conservation-related activities; the anticipation of the possible remote negative consequences of the nature-transforming activities of the people.

This study examines the sustainable transport policy framework in the case of railway development in Klang Valley, Malaysia. It is guided by the main principle that sustainable transport policy is a result of the integration of broad policy instruments that range from infrastructure provision and management, technological improvements, regulation, information, awareness, education, and pricing and taxation. Although this study is mainly qualitative, performance data available at the ASEAN Statistics Division, World Bank Open Data and Global Competitiveness Reports. This is followed by in-person interviews with experts who have vast knowledge, experience, and direct participation in sustainable railway development in Malaysia, especially those related to the Klang Valley development. The main findings have indicated that the current framework in Malaysia meets the criteria of sustainable development policy framework, which are essentially constituted within environmental protection. It also constitutes the pursuance of long-term growth in terms of economic and societal needs. Nonetheless, the rail-based transit system in Malaysia is highly driven by the Government and there is no clear sign indicating that the public is shifting from the road and private transport to rail-based services.

This chapter investigates issues and opportunities to adapt Machiavelli’s life and thought to the specific language of the graphic novel. In the world of comics, there are plenty of examples that could be tracked back to Machiavelli’s texts and this contribution discusses in particular Don McDonald’s Machiavelli. A Graphic Novel (2015). Then the author, a Renaissance scholar, also introduces the reader in the making of his own comic book about Machiavelli and how much of Machiavelli’s life experience needs to be taken into account when we seek to understand the complexities of his works. His “Vita di Niccolo Machiavelli, fiorentino” has just been published in Italy, with the direct participation of Marco De Luca, the artist who illustrated Testa’s graphic novel.

This paper illustrates the aim, concept and scope of the STAGE project as a complementary way of exploiting leisure. This is achieved through accessing cultural events for the benefit of older users in addition to the standard direct participation. Older users could not always avail such events within reach, due to several reasons - mobility and family problem, lacking infrastructure and transportation, affordability. Accessing cultural events via streaming is not an alternative or substitute of direct participation, but it is an additional way of attending that extends the audience, the range of selectable events - also internationally - and the participation options through time. Platform development was carried out with a significant and supportive user engagement of older people through the co-design methodology.

Academic programs are trying to implement edge technologies on their Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees offerings. In this paper authors present the experience of a dedicated electromobility research project and its alternative use for academic purposes. A case study is selected in a university in Chile, where the design of a new laboratory that serves for e-mobility research and for careers activities is described as an example of a long-term academic strategy. The numerous activities derived from a governmental funded academic research represents a parallel opportunity for continuous student education on high tech fields, in such a way that active student participation is highlighted as a successful academic knowledge transfer. In a period of nine months, over nineteen students from Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering and Bachelor’s Degree in Automotive Engineering have direct participation, through student internships and four final degree projects are being developed.

Introduction: The work of green space managers – local authority department staff, external contractors, or caretakers employed by institutions or companies – can be expected to have a great effect on child-friendliness by affecting mainly physical, but also socio-environmental determinants. The Scandinavian countries have a history of being world- leading in work to improve the child-friendliness of environments, with much awareness of this issue during the early and mid-twentieth century. Children’s levels of independent mobility are generally high, but diminishing, probably due to urban densification and increased car traffic (Bj o rklid and Gummesson, 2013 ). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child has been ratified and promoted, but less attention has been given to later international movements, and planning in Scandinavia has been criticised for not taking a child-friendly direction (Bjorklid and Nordstrom, 2007 ), with a focus on densification, urban character and new public management solutions. Much of the literature on child-friendly environments focuses on participatory approaches to development of the physical environment (Alarasi et al., 2016 ; Cushing, 2016 ). Children’s participation in planning can be highly valuable, but is not the only way to approach child-friendly environments, since these also depend on other practices, as well as on basic physical and social environmental factors. These can be developed both with and without children’s direct participation. In this chapter, we examine the specific role of green space management in developing child-friendly environments, focusing on children’s perspectives. We argue the importance of green space management to children, and suggest how managers can understand and strive towards child-friendliness in their approach to management of the urban environment. We argue that this work has huge potential, which is yet to be fully acknowledged and realised.

The dark web scene has been drawing the attention of law enforcement agencies and researchers alike. To date, most of the published works on the dark web are based on data gained by passive observation. To gain a more contextualized perspective, a study was conducted in which three vendors were selected on the "Dream Market" dark web marketplace, from whom subsequently several new psychoactive substances (NPS) were ordered. All transactions were documented from the initial drug deal solicitation to the final qualitative analysis of all received samples. From the selected vendors, a total of nine NPS samples was obtained, all of which were analyzed by NMR, HRMS, LC-UV, and two also by x-ray diffraction. According to our analyses, four of the five substances offered under already known NPS names contained a different NPS. The selected vendors therefore either did not know about their product, or deliberately deceived the buyers. Furthermore, two of three obtained samples of purportedly novel NPS were identified as already documented substances sold under a different name. However, the third characterized substance sold as "MPF-47700" was a novel, yet uncharacterized, NPS. Finally, we received a single undeclared substance, later identified as 5F-ADB. In addition to chemical analysis of the nine obtained NPS samples, the methodology used also yielded contextual information about the accessibility of NPS on the dark web, the associated purchase process, and the modus operandi of three NPS vendors. Direct participation in dark web marketplaces seems to provide additional layers of information useful for forensic studies.

In recent years the role of microvesicles in endocrine system transmission, in providing cellular connectivity, in transportation of proteins and nucleic acids from one cell to another, in angiogenesis regulation, in inflammatory reactions and in dissemination of tumors is actively studied. This article reviews the mechanisms of microvesicle formation, the structure of microvesicles and their potential value as biomarkers. Among all essential reactions involving microvesicles one thing especially stands out: their direct participation in providing hemostatic reactions for bleeding control in case of a solution of continuity in blood vessels due to different reasons. Platelet microvesicles play an important role in this process, and it has been proved by several experimental and clinical studies. In this review we evaluate prospects for clinical use of one of modern blood components – cryoprecipitate – as the source of platelet microvesicles.

Plants harbor a wide range of organic compounds, and based on their direct participation in growth, development, and well-being of host, these organic compounds are mainly referred to as primary or secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites, distributed among all plants, perform essential metabolic roles. Phyto sterols, acyl lipids, nucleotides, amino acids, and organic acids are present in all plants and these compounds are directly involved in their metabolism forming obvious examples of primary metabolites. In contrast, secondary metabolites do not appear to participate directly in growth and development, but they play important roles in the adaptation of plants to their environment. These substances are often differentially distributed among limited taxonomic groups within the plant kingdom and have wide range of chemical structures. In traditional medicine, secondary metabolites have been used for centuries due to their significant biological activities and they find applications in fine chemicals, pharmaceutics, flavors, pesticides, cosmetics, fragrances, and more recently in nutraceuticals (functional foods). Nutraceuticals are food or part of food that perform important roles in providing health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of various diseases. The basic principle of herbal nutraceuticals is to prevent nutritionally induced acute and chronic diseases, thereby promoting optimal health, longevity, and quality of life. Fermentation is an effective protocol of enhancing the value of nutraceuticals. Ayurvedic system of medicine had adopted methods for preparing fermented plant extracts several millennia ago, that could be equated to present-day nutraceuticals.

Local resource curse problems epitomize the difficult interface dynamics confronting resource developers and host communities. These problems centre on the opportunity costs that local people encounter due to their proximity to resource development projects. Our fundamental objection is the working assumption – and in some cases the proposition – that people are getting something for nothing. In this paper we challenge two persistent ideas in the resource economics literature. First, that resource curse problems occur primarily, if not exclusively, at the national level, and second, that mining benefits are cost neutral to communities. We argue that pro-industry constructs such as ‘shared value’ and ‘shared benefit’ are detrimental to the study of local resource economies, and in particular, the examination of cost-benefit scenarios in resource enclaves. Our aim in this paper is to draw attention to local resource curse problems. These are effects that involve significant opportunity costs for local communities as a result of their direct participation or near proximity to large-scale resource projects.

The purpose of this research is to suggest an implication of policy to improve the satisfaction of residents and merchants who are the main participants in the Seoul Urban Regeneration Project. This research compares and analyzes the factors that influence the resident and merchant satisfaction in the Seoul Urban Regeneration Activation Regions by multiple regression analysis. The results are as follows: The factors affecting the resident groups achievements include the role of the urban regeneration support center, the support and role of the local government, and improvement of the residential environment. The factors affecting the merchant group include the support and part of the local government, residential environment improvement, the participatory local event, and the community involvement in the project. The following factors are required to enhance the resident and merchant satisfaction. First, the support and services from administrative districts must be boosted, and improvement in the residential environment must be prioritized. Then, we need to discriminate as to whether there is a need for involvement between community residents and the merchant group. For the resident team, indirect participation around the urban regeneration support center is suitable. If the merchant group is impacted by the district project, more direct participation and reflection on the group’s opinions are required for higher efficiency. This research proposal is significant, as it examines strategies to improve the primary participants’satisfaction with the ongoing project.

A man is a complex biological and psychological phenomenon comprised of different behavioral patterns. Just these behavioral patterns cause the development of many diseases. In the article different types of pain disorders are reported, especially in the field of neurostomatology. One of the most interesting trends of behavioral medicine is a method of computer selfregulation based on a universal principle of a biological feedback (BOS is a Russian abbreviation). A method of biological feedback (BOS) and its variations have been proposed for the treatment of pain disorders such as headaches, especially tension-type headache, migraine, associated with depressive states, temporomandibular disorder, burning syndrome etc. There have been described different types of BOS - trainings - relied upon the temperature, EMG, EEG, the influence on frontal muscle groups and other effective trainings - influence on the pain for its healing with the direct participation of the patient. BOS-trainings have been presented in the article as one from dominated methods in contemporary neurostomatology based on universal means of fight against pain - biological self-regulation.

India, the world's largest processor of cashew kernels, depends heavily on imports of raw cashew nuts (RCNs), primarily sourced from Ivory Coast. While the Ivorian processing industry is still in its infancy, in the last decade domestic cashew factories have rapidly increased their capacity. This study is an exploration of how the cashew value chain is organized and what this implies for upgrading prospects in the Ivorian cashew sector. Its findings suggest that the cashew value chain is characterized by a bipolar governance structure comprising a trader-driven segment between Ivorian farms and Indian processors, and a buyer-driven segment that links processors to Northern end markets. The results are consistent with studies that describe South–South value chains as being less tightly controlled, with a decreased significance of quality related standards and lower entry barriers than those chains feeding into Northern end markets. Inter-firm linkages in the Indo–Ivorian RCN channel provide few opportunities for product and functional upgrading of RCN suppliers. Considerable institutional support is needed to overcome the barriers to Ivorian firms' direct participation in the North–South value chain for processed kernels.

Le malattie rare raggruppano un numero elevato di patologie molto diverse tra loro, accumunate, dalla bassissima frequenza statistica nella popolazione (penetranza). Ne consegue una scarsissima numerosità di pazienti per ogni singola patologia e una loro distribuzione in diverse aree geografiche, fattori che comportano oggettive difficoltà nel reclutamento dei pazienti in studi sperimentali e nel coordinamento e organizzazione della ricerca con conseguente ridotta possibilità di effettuare studi clinici e ricerche di carattere genetico. In tale quadro, al fine di fare fronte alle drammatiche necessità di assistenza socio-sanitaria, cura e riabilitazione dei malati rari, sono sorte, in gran parte per merito degli stessi familiari, le associazioni di malati rari. Attualmente tali associazioni svolgono un’attività significativa nella proposizione, organizzazione, partecipazione diretta e pubblicazione dei risultati di ricerche scientifiche. Tale ruolo, rende le associazioni dei pazienti protagoniste anche nel sostegno all’organizzazione e realizzazione di studi clinici e sperimentazioni di farmaci in modo del tutto autonomo e indipendente da controlli da parte delle autorità sanitarie e dei comitati etici. Tale fenomeno noto come “Research Led by Participants” è stato reso possibile dalle enormi potenzialità di contatto e organizzazione offerte dalla rete che ha consentito la creazione di comunità virtuali di pazienti, di siti e blog dedicati all’informazione e comunicazione, e più recentemente, alla raccolta di dati, alla pubblicazione di risultati di ricerche condotte dai malati, nonché al reclutamento degli stessi per la conduzione di tali studi, secondo il modello proposto, ad esempio, dal sito PatientsLikeMe. Non possono tuttavia essere trascurati gli importanti aspetti etici implicati dalla ricerca condotta dai partecipanti. Tali aspetti concernono, come evidente, sia la validità scientifica di tali studi che la protezione dei soggeti che aderiscono alla sperimentazione. Si tratta di una forma di sperimentazione del tutto nuova che richiede la capacità di proporre una modalità di gestione condivisa tra cittadini/pazienti, “terzo settore”, ricercatori, istituzioni e comitati etici in grado di valorizzarne i potenziali benefici conoscitivi creando regole etiche “misurate” su tali circostanze. Nell’articolo sarà proposto un modello teorico di governance del fenomeno e saranno indicati possibili criteri etici operativi. ---------- Rare diseases gather up a large number of different pathologies, all very different among them but similar for the low statistical attendance of population (penetrance). Therefore there is a very low number of patients sick of the same pathology and their presence in different geographical areas makes objectively difficult to recruit patients in order to study their disease and coordinate and organize the research of the pathology. As a consequence there is a very reduced possibility to carry on clinical studies and genetic researches. In this framework, in order to face the dramatic necessity of sociological and sanitary assistance, treatment and rehabilitation of the rare patients, families members generally organize Rare Diseases Patient Organizations. At the moment these organizations develop an important activity with regard to organization, proposals, direct participation and publication of the scientific research results. These organizations also play an important part in supporting the organization and the realization of clinical trials. They play in total autonomy and are independent from every ethical and scientific oversight by the sanitary authorities and ethical committees. This extraordinary event known as “Research Led by Participants”, has been realized thanks to the large contacts possibilities and organization offered by the web which made possible the creation of virtual communities of patients, of blog and web site for information and communication and, more recently, for collecting statistical data, publication of the patients research results and the recruitment of patients in order to manage the studies following the rules and models proposed, for example, by the web site “PatientsLikeMe”. We must however put in evidence the important ethical issues involved in the research led by the participants. These aspects concern, obviously, either the scientific validity of these studies or the protection of the subjects who accept to be submitted to the experimentation. It is a completely new way of experimentation that requires the capacity to propose and follow a governance that must be accepted and shared by citizens/patients, “third sector”, research workers, institutions and ethical committees able to exploit the potential advantageous knowledge and create ethical rules inspired to those new situations. In this article it will be proposed a theoretical model of governance of this phenomenon and also it will be outlined ethical rules for operative plans.

Science, Technology and Society (STS) research on the social dimensions of technology development emphasizes how imagined publics who play passive roles in technology systems influence technology design and public engagement. It further documents expert adherence to deficit models for conceptualizing publics’ responses to technology development. Building on this literature, this paper examines two related questions that have received little attention. First, how do experts conceptualize publics whose direct participation with technology development, rather than quiescence toward technology development, is framed by experts as mandatory for the technology project’s success? Second, given both the prevalence and problematic outcomes of expert and institutional adherence to deficit models, what might an alternative model for conceptualizing publics look like? To address these questions, we draw from a case study of 30 “bioenergy experts” in the Northeastern U.S. and their imagined landowning publics. Our analysis provides two contributions. First, we develop the concept “obligatory publics” to examine expert imaginaries of publics whose direct participation is seen as mandatory for successful renewable energy technology (RET) development. And second, we suggest a “hermeneutic-dialectic” approach, which emphasizes the role of dialogue between experts and publics for achieving new and mutually agreed upon understandings, as one possible alternative to public deficit models.

Objetivo: Determinar los márgenes de comercialización y la participación directa del productor de durazno criollo (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) hueso pegado cultivado en Zacatecas, México Diseño/metodología/aproximación: La información pertinente se recopiló de las principales partes interesadas incluyendo a productores y comercializadores a través de una encuesta directa. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que 25% de los productores entrevistados realizaron la venta directamente al consumidor final. El canal de comercialización más común fue productor, mayorista y consumidor final. El margen bruto de comercialización generado alcanzó 85.7 %, donde la participación directa del productor fue del 14.3%. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Es importante aumentar el tamaño de la muestra para tener un mejor enfoque de la realidad. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Los márgenes aquí encontrados comprueban la bondad de cultivar durazno; sin embargo, la organización de los productores de durazno es primordial para mejorar la calidad de su producto y tener una mayor influencia en la cadena de la comercialización.

This Engineering education has to prepare graduates at all levels, BSc, MSc and PhD, for their future jobs in high technology companies. Many aspects, not only the professional knowledge, have to be taken into account in order to ensure students preparedness to work in continuously changing environments in modern industrial companies. Because the conditions for high technology companies are changing very in 21-st century, it is very important for universities to empower the cooperation with industry to ensure up-to-date engineering education. This include also students' internships in companies and completion of students' Bachelor thesis in companies and with companies' supervisors. DTU Diplom has a long tradition for cooperation with Danish industry and about 85-95% of our students complete theirs Bachelor thesis in companies. In this paper, we describe different ways we cooperate with companies in order to ensure that most of our students have the possibility for internship in industrial companies and subsequently complete their Bachelor thesis in the same company. This university- industry cooperation benefits students, companies and university, because our students get skills necessary for their future jobs by direct participation in companies' everyday work.

GOKTURK-1 is an Earth Observation Satellite developed by Thales Alenia Space - France with the Direct Participation of Turkish Companies, e.g. ROKETSAN. During the Project, ROKETSAN participated to all activities related to propulsion subsystem development in addition to activities related to launcher interfaces. Subsystem requirement description, design, analysis and long lead item procurement, integration, tests, launch campaign and Launch and Early Orbit Phase activities of propulsion subsystem were the activities that only ROKETSAN personnel participated directly among companies in the project other than TAS-F. In this paper, the participated activities and lessons learned are presented.

Rapid technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) methods have fueled explosive growth in decision tools being marketed by a rapidly growing number of companies. AI developments are being driven largely by computer scientists, informaticians, engineers, and business people, with much less direct participation by radiologists. Participation by radiologists in AI is largely restricted to educational efforts to familiarize them with the tools and promising results, but techniques to help them decide which AI tools should be used in their practices and to how to quantify their value is not being addressed. This paper discusses the role of radiologists in imaging AI and suggests specific ways they can be engaged by (1) considering the clinical need for AI tools in specific clinical use cases, (2) by undertaking formal evaluation of AI tools they are considering adopting in their practices, and (3) by maintaining their expertise and guarding against the pitfalls of over-reliance on technology.

Currently, many construction companies have chosen a model of “steady state” - maintaining market share. The working model uses methods of historical and logical analysis, forecasting, economic and mathematical modeling. The work is devoted to the problems of road construction enterprises arising in determining the profitability of construction and installation works and economically justified calculations of the cost of investment projects for the construction, reconstruction and major repair of highways. The authors associate the prospect of the development of the construction company in direct participation in state programs both in the development of the country’s transport system in 2015–2020, and in the implementation of the program for the development of the northern territories.

Global value chains (GVCs) in agriculture and food sectors have the potential to influence trading relationships and the gains from trade for different sectors along the value chain. This report explores the way in which value from trade and GVC participation is created for the agriculture sector. It examines differences in returns to the sector from participation in GVCs and trade either directly in contrast to participation that relies on downstream domestic processing. The study makes use of a database on trade in value added for 22 agro-food sectors derived from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database. The evidence presented in this paper suggests that aggregate value to the agriculture and to the economy overall from direct participation in trade and GVCs generates at least as much value as participation that relies on domestic downstream processing. Similar overall gains from primary exports are associated with greater volumes and the value created from ‘value addition’ to these exports – the embodied service and other inputs. Indeed, countries that specialise in primary exports have higher shares of service value added in these exports, with this also being a determinant of value growth for middle-income countries.

Village economy is one of the important factors in assessing the success of village development the Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning Village Article 1 paragraph 6 stipulates that Village-Owned Enterprises, hereinafter referred to as BUMDes, are business entities whose whole or part of their capital is owned by the Village through direct participation originating from Village assets separated to manage assets, services services and other businesses for the greatest welfare of the village community. This confirms that the management of BUMDes is fully implemented by the Village community, from the Village, by the Village and for the Village in an effort to strengthen the village economy and is formed based on the needs and potential of the VillageThe establishment of the BUMDes is expected not only to be oriented towards the profit of the institution but also to prioritize the benefits for improving the economy and welfare of the village community. This study aims to conduct a feasibility assessment of the implementation of business activities of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). This research was conducted with descriptive qualitative methods with data collection techniques in the field using interview methods, documentation, observation and literature review with the research subjects being village officials, BUMDes managers and communities using BUMDes services. Measurement assessment analysis uses indicators of feasibility study aspects. The results showed that the existence of BUMDes was in accordance with the objective of establishing BUMDes in an effort to improve the economy of the village community, that BUMDes Mekar Sari Mandiri in Mekar Sari Village, Kepahiang Regency from the results of business feasibility assessment especially on social and economic aspects had a positive and direct impact. for local village governments and especially communities around BUMDes

Finding ways to bridge the gap between technological knowledge and local knowledge is a fundamental socio-technical challenge. This chapter re-examines data with residents in nursing homes with the purpose of investigating opportunities for bringing the older adults’ local knowledge into the innovation of technology for ageing populations. The older adults in the study were all physically and/or mentally frail and all possessed knowledge about being an older adult and a resident in a nursing home. The analysis showed that the older adults’ participation in technology innovation was mainly indirect; in cases of direct participation the communication about technology was difficult and characterised by pleasantries. However, the older adults provided rich insights about their everyday routines and memories via observations, thus, giving designers access to local knowledge about being an older adult living in a nursing home. Finding ways to embrace and include this local knowledge requires a conceptual understanding of participation. The chapter contributes a conceptualisation of ‘invisible users’, i.e. people who are frail and considered difficult to engage in technology innovation. The findings contribute a perspective on ‘dimensions of participation’ as pivotal for designers who aim to bring this target group’s knowledge into technology innovation for ageing populations.

Ensuring a successful transition from the cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) to the ward for the adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patient is a vital step in the critical care admission and can have a significant impact on outcomes. The transition process may require unique protocols given the various hospital settings and models of care for ACHD patients. Successful transition involves proper assessment for readiness to transfer, formalized provider handoff procedures, and proactive preparation for hospital discharge. Although various roles within the health-care team will be involved in care transition, the physician, advanced practice provider, and nursing roles have the most direct participation in the transition process. Defining the unique focus of these providers in handoffs and discharge planning will improve the formalized processes for inpatient transitions for ACHD patients. A multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach to transition of the ACHD patient from the CVICU to the ward may decrease critical care morbidity and mortality while promoting patient safety and satisfaction.

The article discusses ways to assess human capital. In recent decades, the urgency of the problems associated with the assessment of human capital and its components has not only faded away, but also increased as the number of companies grew. The interest of economics in human creative abilities, in the ways of their formation and development has sharply increased. Issues of human capital valuation are of interest due to the complexity and versatility of this category, as well as its importance for the effective functioning of the economy. Given the intangible nature of human capital, manifested in the form of knowledge, skills, work and management skills, as well as its continuous accumulation and communication with specific employees, it should be noted that a specific set of criteria is less important than the process of measuring and using the information collected. The systems for evaluating human capital based on certain quantitative criteria are based on value and natural approaches to its definition. Methodological approaches to the economic definition of human capital, based on different models, develop ideas that provide new, more realistic options for evaluating human capital. The formation and development of human capital takes place with the direct participation of the family, the state, enterprises and various public funds. At present, when an employee of an organization must be constantly active in improving his abilities, it is necessary to take into account the fact that learning takes place throughout his life.

Highlights • Museum face increasing challenges in europe. • A delphi study was conducted in france. • 3 scenarios are presented., The purpose of this article is to describe the possible futures of French museums up to 2030. To do this we rely on a Delphi study that took place between late 2017 and early 2018 with 99 experts from the field. We propose three scenarios. The first aims to create museums centered around youth and to democratize culture. The second corresponds to the reaction of museums facing a decrease in public funding. The third is a breakdown scenario, where museums undergo evolutions. In this latter scenario, a direct participation of nearby stakeholders is observed, unlike the other two scenarios.

Occupant activity level plays an important part in many smart building applications, such as power management [5] and elderly care [1]. There are several approaches to obtain occupant states, including visual-, acoustic-, and radio frequency based techniques. However, visual-based approaches require light-of-sight, while acoustic-based approaches are sensitive to background noise. On the other hand, radio-based approaches often require the occupant to carry a particular device to receive signals from base stations, which requires direct participation from the monitored occupants at all times.

This work has the objective of analyzing the financing for innovation carried out by the Minas Gerais Development Bank (BDMG), from 2011 to 2016. There are currently three types of activities: credit lines, investment funds and direct participation in the capital stock of two technology companies. The focus of the study was the analysis of the credit lines in two perspectives: a) the evolution of the Bank's performance and the sectoral distribution; b) qualitative analysis of the companies that received the resources. These two analyzes allowed us to infer: a) the Bank needs to expand its role in financing innovation, mainly because it has already acquired an experience; b) the importance of cumulative and public support and of different instruments, especially for the induction of innovations with a greater degree of risk, focused at national and international market, was evidenced at company level.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous nanosized membrane vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins and nucleic acids, which are active in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly seen as a vital component of many biological functions that were once considered to require the direct participation of stem cells. Consequently, transplantation of EVs is gradually becoming considered an alternative to stem cell transplantation due to their significant advantages, including their relatively low probability of neoplastic transformation and abnormal differentiation. However, as research has progressed, it is realized that EVs derived from native‐source cells may have various shortcomings, which can be corrected by modification and optimization. To date, attempts are made to modify or improve almost all the components of EVs, including the lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids, launching a new era of modularized EV therapy through the “modular design” of EV components. One high‐yield technique, generating EV mimetic nanovesicles, will help to make industrial production of modularized EVs a reality. These modularized EVs have highly customized “modular design” components related to biological function and targeted delivery and are proposed as a promising approach to achieve personalized and precision medicine.

The purpose of this study is to examine a user-centered and interactivity-based user-participatory design that could be completed by users by helping them to better understand a diverse experience and be involved in a design process. The aspects of expression that were marked by direct user participation and subsequent interactivity in the areas of design, the arts and fashion were investigated to determine their characteristics. The kind of fashion that is characterized by interactivity is of significance in that it is variable according to the purpose of the users, it's possible to have sustained communication with them through their direct participation, and that the designer is consequently able to build a new, communicative relationship with the users as co-creators. This study found that the characteristics of interactivity through direct user participation are classified into four characteristics; One is playfulness. which offers a new experience and way to create fun and vale. Another is variability, which is changeability of form; the third is the convergence of technology and function. Lastly, the fourth is virtuality. This is to embody images in virtual space.

Objective The aim of the present study is to explore patient's perspectives in pediatric oncology on participation in discussions and decision-making surrounding their cancer diagnosis. Methods Seventeen patients between 9 and 17 years of age receiving treatment at centers of the Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group were interviewed for this study. Their interview data was analyzed qualitatively to identify themes with regard to participation in medical communication and/or decision-making. Results Participants highlighted how their roles in health care discussions varied from direct participation to indirect involvement. Overall, there were fewer accounts of involvement in decision-making than in overall health care discussions. Challenges with regard to completely understanding the information provided and making decisions were identified. Participants also discussed situations when they were not involved in medical communication or decision-making. While they generally valued their participation, the preferred level of involvement oscillated between participants as well as within one and the same child across time. Conclusions The complex pattern of participation found in this study calls for a flexible model of involving children and adolescents in health care that accounts for the varying roles and preferences that they manifest. A patient may appreciate active involvement in some decisions while choosing to remain in the background for others. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The field of radiology may establish a role more fully in personalized medicine by facilitating patient-centered counseling and evidence-based practice with regard to imaging use, and in the future, increasing direct participation in the creation and implementation of tools for personalized risk-benefit analyses and shared decision-making.

Honey has continued to play an important role in nutrition and medicine; it is an ingredient in many herbal remedies and a crucial component of the bride price for many tribes in Nigeria. Several methods and structures including traditional, modern beekeeping, and age long honey hunting are employed to obtain honey for its several uses. This study aims to study honey bee farming structure; production capacity and constraints faced by both honey hunters and traditional beekeepers. A proportional random sample size of 190 bee honey farmers comprising of 110 bee honey hunters and 80 traditional beekeepers were used for the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaire and direct participation. The results of the study indicated that about 53% and 70% of the honey hunters and traditional beekeepers were within 20-30 years and 31-40 years of age respectively. The result also revealed that 86.3% of honey hunters and 87.5% of beekeepers employed smoking as mean of honey harvest. Further, 4.7litres, 4.8litres, 5.8lites and 6.2litres of honey were harvested from tree cavities, colonies on tree branches, woven grasses and calabashes respectively. Provision of necessary modern beekeeping tools, training, and credit facilities could mini mize constraints faced by bee farmers and improve their welfare.

Мета дослідження – визначення основних напрямів покращення та удосконалення навчального процесу зі студентами з дисципліни “неврологія”.Матеріали та методи дослідження. З урахуванням провідної ролі самостійної роботи студентів під час засвоєння знань і умінь з неврології були розглянуті та вивчені робочі програми і методичні розробки до практичних занять.Результати й обговорення. Структура навчального процесу неврологічної дисципліни предметно інтегрована й орієнтована на дотримання логічної послідовності викладання та розділена на відповідні модулі підготовки. У новій Типовій навчальній програмі питома вага належить самостійній роботі студентів. У навчальному процесі використовуються два види самостійної роботи студентів (СРС), такі, як: аудиторні СРС, що виконуються на навчальних заняттях під безпосереднім керівництвом викладача й за його завданням; позааудиторна СРС, яка виконується в позааудиторний час за завданням і при методичному керівництві викладача, але без його безпосередньої участі, або ж при частковій безпосередній участі викладача при головній ролі виконавця-студента, – значно допомагає активізувати самопідготовку в засвоєнні знань з дисципліни.Висновки. Самостійна робота студентів – важлива складова освітнього процесу, що індивідуалізує діяльність кожного студента і може розглядатися одночасно і як засіб вдосконалення його творчої індивідуальності. Поліпшення самостійної роботи направлено на вдосконалення навчального процесу, його оптимізацію та інтенсифікацію, підвищення якості навчання, активізацію навчально-пізнавальної діяльності студентів та зниження аудиторного навантаження.

Despite its growing popularity, the implication of point-of-purchase solicitations is unclear. Some research has shown that CRM activities are positively viewed by shoppers (Ellen et al. 2000), and others have shown that it can backfire (Osterhus 1997). It is specifically unclear if point-of-purchase solicitations boost a retailer’s reputation, sales, and shopper loyalty or result in any other competitive lift. Although understanding the impact of point-of-purchase solicitations on retail performance is important, research to date has not addressed this issue in sufficient detail. We fill this gap with the goal of exploring how CRM activities which involve direct participation by the shopper impact retailers.

It is not currently possible to address matters of economic life in isolation from the issues of globalization and international economic integration. These processes do not just direct, they determine the vector and intensity of the national economy development, act as its accelerator. In this context, effective foreign economic activity is becoming one of the most priority factors in the growth of the Russian economy, and the country’s involvement in the integration processes and economic relations is determined at a deeper level - the level of direct participation of the country’s regions in foreign economic activity.