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The purpose of the article is to consider the practical aspects of the structural transformation of economy. Over the past few decades, absolutely all national economies have undergone structural changes, regardless of their size, economic system and all other political or economic differences. The transformation of structures was associated with many factors, including institutional changes, technological changes, the widespread introduction of the results of scientific and technological progress, globalization and integration processes. At the same time, it should be noted that not all structural changes had a positive effect for all countries, even though the changes had almost the same trend of growth in the share of the service sector, a decrease in the share of agriculture and manufacturing. This article is an attempt to systematize the main trends and consequences of structural transformations in the world. The authors put forward the hypothesis that the world economy tends to “servicization” and deindustrialization, which has dialectical significance for the world economy. To assess the structural changes, we analyzed the data of the World Bank to study the dynamics of changes in the sectoral structure of the countries of the world in the period from 1990 to 2019. A very great influence on these processes was exerted by globalization, which through its mechanisms made possible a rapid change in industry proportions not only in the developed world, but also in developing countries, while forming a global trend of “servicization” of the economy. The authors tried to conduct a comparative analysis of the impact of each economic sector on GDP using a regression model based on panel data from more than 180 countries of the world presented by the World Bank.

The growth of the tertiary sphere in the economies of developed countries appeared long ago, and the term “tertiarization” has already become an integral part of scientific discourse. The schematic diagram of the “third wave,” first formulated in a holistic manner by D. Bell back in the late 1950s, later developed into the concepts of information and then network society (Castells, 2009; Toffler, 2009). Constructed in the logic of the modernization approach, it at some stage seemed to be universal for the whole world: the entry into the post-industrial era was associated with the complication of human needs and, as a result, the multifaceted development of the service sector, for which information and methods of its processing were of key importance. However, by the mid-1970s, unequivocally positive assessments of the prospects for a postindustrial future became the subject of discussion even in relation to developed countries (Webster, 2004). Among the problems of the emerging “era of disunity” are barriers in the emerging new social stratification of society, strengthening of social differentiation, and transformation of traditional development motivations for different groups of the population. “The problem of limited distributional benefits has been replaced by the problem of limited status benefits, which, it seems, has no solution at all” (Bell and Inozemtsev, 2007, pp. 244–245). All this also has a polyscale regional projection. For countries that do not occupy the upper tiers in the world-system hierarchy, further lag in some way behind the leaders, sources of technological and institutional innovations, is predetermined. The problems of large and asymmetric states, where innovation cores resemble islands in the sea of the periphery, are exacerbated by their heterogeneity (Treivish, 2009). Subjective factors also play a role: for example, according to a number of experts, Russia is one of the states that has had its hopes of becoming independent parts of the postindustrial world diminished by the economic management system and political institutions that have developed over the past two decades (Inozemtsev, 2018). Of course, it is difficult to avoid the temptation to try to discern advanced Western trends in modern Russian realities (Pilyasov, 2009; Zamyatina and Pilyasov, 2018). However, this is most likely just fixing the next waves of “instrumental modernization,” so characteristic of countries of catching up in development, when the illusion of rapprochement with leaders is created due to the concentration of material and organizational resources in individual, mainly strategic, areas in a very limited number of centers (Vishnevsky, 1998). All of this does not negate the process of tertiarization itself, which in the countries of the global semiperiphery, including Russia, manifests itself primarily in the expansion of areas of structural dominance of the service sector and for many regions remains a form of crisis adaptation of the economy amid a downturn in other sectors of the economy. The development and complication of the tertiary sphere, associated with the ability to assimilate—adapting for oneself—external innovations and produce one’s own, is characteristic of a relatively small number of territories. As a result, a more or less wide range of regional types of tertiarization arises. The aim of this study is to try to systematize regional types based on a case study of Russia.

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of productivity in developed countries, including EU countries and Ukraine. Hypotheses about the identity of the deindustrialization factor as the main cause for productivity decrease for both the Ukrainian economy and the economic systems of developed countries are verified.Purpose of the article: To develop a comprehensive methodological approach to strategizing and state regulation of the business environment based on guidelines developed according to the results of a comparative analysis of the productivity of entrepreneurial activities and focused on maximizing the creation of added value, which is a criterion for increasing the productivity of entrepreneurial activities.Methods used: A review of the scientific literature, a comparative analysis of the productivity of entrepreneurial activity in developed countries and Ukraine, including time series analysis, calculating growth rates of per capita value-added, and factor analysis of key obstacles that hinder the growth of the productivity of innovative entrepreneurial activity.The contribution made to the theory and methodology of productivity includes the proposed definition of the economic category “productivity of entrepreneurial activity”; general methodological principles of forming a strategy for improving the productivity of entrepreneurial activities are established; taking into account the best international experience, the main principles of state regulation of the entrepreneurial environment are laid down; it is established that the purpose of the strategy for improving the productivity of entrepreneurial activity is to provide the state with favorable business conditions, i.e., to create a favorable entrepreneurial environment and make it possible to identify and use hidden assets of entrepreneurial structures to develop value-added chains, the growth of which is a criterion for increasing productivity. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy porównawczej produktywności w krajach rozwiniętych, w tym w krajach UE i na Ukrainie. Weryfikowane są hipotezy dotyczące identyfikacji dezindustrializacji jako głównej przyczyny spadku produktywności zarówno ukraińskiej gospodarki, jak i systemów gospodarczych krajów rozwiniętych. Cel artykułu: Opracowanie kompleksowego podejścia metodologicznego do tworzenia strategii i państwowej regulacji otoczenia biznesowego w oparciu o wytyczne opracowane na podstawie wyników analizy porównawczej produktywności działań przedsiębiorstw i ukierunkowanego na maksymalizację wartości dodanej, która jest kryterium zwiększania produktywności działań przedsiębiorstw.Zastosowane metody: przegląd literatury naukowej, analiza porównawcza produktywności działalności gospodarczej w krajach rozwiniętych i na Ukrainie, w tym analiza szeregów czasowych, obliczenie tempa wzrostu wartości dodanej na mieszkańca oraz analiza czynnikowa kluczowych przeszkód utrudniających wzrost produktywności innowacyjnej działalności przedsiębiorstw.Wkład wniesiony do teorii i metodologii produktywności obejmuje proponowaną definicję kategorii ekonomicznej „produktywność działalności przedsiębiorstw”; ustalenie ogólnych metodologicznych zasad tworzenia strategii poprawy produktywności działań przedsiębiorstw; określenie głównych zasad państwowej regulacji otoczenia przedsiębiorstw z uwzględnieniem najlepszych doświadczeń międzynarodowych; ustalenie, że celem strategii poprawy produktywności działalności przedsiębiorstw jest zapewnienie państwu korzystnych warunków prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej, tj. stworzenie sprzyjającego otoczenia przedsiębiorstw oraz umożliwienie identyfikacji i wykorzystania ukrytych aktywów struktur przedsiębiorczych do budowania łańcuchów wartości dodanej, których wzrost jest kryterium wzrostu produktywności.

This study is aimed to: (a) analyze changes in the economic structure of Java and Bali from 2010 to 2019, (b), understand to what extent the level of specialization of economic sectors in the Java and Bali Region that utilizes the base or the leading sector, and (c) understand on economic sectors that are growing progressively and have high competitiveness in the Java and Bali Regions. This study uses the LQ method and shift share analysis. Results show that the economy of Java-Bali from 2010 to 2019 did not experience much shift in the economic structure. In general, sectors that became the source of growth in 2010 in each province in Java-Bali remained the base sector/sources of growth in 2019. The shift share analysis shows that the Manufacturing sector in most provinces in Java-Bali is in quadrant III, which means that it grows slowly and its commodities lack of competitiveness. Meanwhile, the Communication and Information sector is mostly in quadrant II, which means this sector is growing progressively but lacks of competitiveness. Likewise with the Transportation and Warehousing sector, in most provinces this sector is able to grow progressively, but this sector lacks good competitiveness (quadrant II). On the other hand, the Service sectors in most provinces have grown progressively and have good competitiveness (quadrant I). The implication of this finding is the presence of symptoms of premature deindustrialization in Java-Bali, since the Services sector is growing faster, more progressive with a contribution to GDRP exceeds the Manufacturing sector, whereas the Manufacturing sector is not mature yet. Premature deindustrialization in Java-Bali has the potential to reduce job creation in the manufacturing sector and increase the risk of unemployment. Although the Service sector is growing progressively and competitively; However, if we look at the labor productivity, it appears that the labor productivity of the Service sector is much smaller than the labor productivity of the Manufacturing sector

The development of the world economy, despite the barriers, is quite dynamic. The drivers of growth and stabilization of national economies at present are not raw materials industries, nor even industrial enterprises, but companies that generate innovative products. The enterprises that are most dynamically developing and producing innovations include enterprises in the field of medicine and IT. The updated list of S&P 500 companies showed that 50% of all the most innovative companies in the world are registered in the United States. Despite the pandemic challenges, some economies have not suffered significant losses due to quarantine restrictions. Since the level of innovative development of the national economy is a total (integrated) expression of the whole complex of innovative products created by companies of such a country, the initial elements are the creation of favorable regulatory and state support for developers of innovative products, tax benefits and incentives, export support for innovative products and so on. In order to assess these achievements, international organizations have developed appropriate methods for measuring the index of innovation development, namely: Global Innovation Index (GII) (WIPO and Cornell University), Bloomberg Innovation Index (BII) (Bloomberg), Global Competitiveness Index (World Economic Forum), World Competitiveness Index (IMD World Competitiveness Center). Studies have shown that against the background of the flagship countries (Switzerland, Sweden, Singapore, USA, Germany, China, etc.), Ukraine is constantly losing its position in the rankings, which is an objective reason for deindustrialization of the economy and denationalization and privatization of strategic enterprises of national importance. Today, Ukraine ranks 45th (GII) and 56th (BII), respectively, and belongs to the group of countries with below-average incomes per capita. At the same time, Ukraine ranks 71st in terms of innovation spending and 37th in terms of innovation development (profit). The development of Ukraine’s innovation component, according to experts and specialists, is ahead of forecast values. Keywords: national economy, innovations, innovative development, innovative products, innovative companies, indices of innovative development, gross national income per capita. JEL Classification O30 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 4; bibl.: 19.

The article shows the importance of Ukraine’s development within the framework of the European integration project. A positive impact of European integration on Ukraine’s development dynamics has been revealed. European integration accelerated after signing and implementing the European Union-Ukraine Association Agreement 2014. The main achievements of Ukraine’s European integration are related to the improvement of its institutions, as well as the growth of trade between Ukraine and the EU. It is found out the most serious challenges of European integration of Ukraine are related to the problems of economic growth, deindustrialization, foreign trade structural distortions, macro-financial stability, as well as the slowdown in a convergence between Ukraine and the EU. It is stated that Ukraine needs to restructure its national economy in line with the European and global context.

This article examines the social challenges posed by the data-driven economy, their implications for international trade law, the current trade negotiating context involving distinct models advanced by the United States, European Union, and China, and a way forward that can both enhance trade and regulatory efficacy. It examines seven interrelated risks. They are the rise of ‘winner-take-all’ companies; social control through public and private surveillance; social polarization; premature deindustrialization; national security threats; cybersecurity risks; and threats to personal privacy. In response to these risks, the article contends that trade agreements should be deferential to national regulation, while supporting mechanisms for regulatory learning and adaptation. In this spirit, the article advances a governance framework that goes beyond ‘liberalization' and that foregrounds the importance of building resilience and engaging in regulatory problem solving.

O objetivo deste trabalho é atualizar o diagnóstico sobre as tendências recentes do padrão locacional da indústria no território. Considerando-se a retomada do crescimento econômico e industrial no século XXI, as mudanças estruturais em curso e seus efeitos nos processos de industrialização, desindustrialização e padrão locacional da indústria, torna-se necessário uma reavaliação dos resultados recentes e suas tendências, especialmente seus impactos regionais. Entre essas mudanças estruturais, destacam-se as transformações no cenário internacional; o acelerado processo de mudanças tecnológicas e organizacionais; o aumento do peso dos serviços na ocupação e na renda; o dinamismo da fronteira agropecuária; as mudanças nas políticas públicas; os investimentos em infraestrutura, principalmente relacionados ao setor energético; e a adoção de políticas sociais de natureza horizontal. Tudo isso diante de um grave processo de desindustrialização do país.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the efficiency of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union, in general and expediency of Ukraine’s joining the Free Trade Area, in particular, as well as to prove the expediency of European integration processes, in general. The article deals with the history of the development of Ukraine’s integration into the European Economic Community. The main expectations, risks and results of measures aimed at integrating the Ukrainian economy into the European one are considered. Two main viewpoints on the results of the European integration are revealed. The first one is that the European integration is a blessing in all respects, it has no obvious and significant risks and should bring economic and social prosperity to Ukraine, promote Ukraine’s transition to the European social standards, due to economic growth caused by expanding target markets for Ukrainian products (giving access to the capacious European market), guarantee rapid growth of direct foreign investment in the Ukrainian economy, the improvement of the export-import balance, the creation of new jobs, the intensification of innovation processes and an increase in tax revenues to the budgets at all levels, the revamping of Ukrainian industry and the entire economy. The second viewpoint is quite opposite to the first one. It says that the European integration will cause deindustrialization, accompanied by a massive reduction of jobs; emigration of a significant and most capable part of the population; and as a consequence, acute shortage of labor resources, catastrophic increase in social tension and Ukraine’s transformation into Europe’s raw material appendage. Research carried out in the field of investment activity confirms the collapse of direct foreign investment in the Ukrainian economy during the period of the EU integration. Currently, foreign investors, at best, take a wait-and-see attitude, waiting to see the direction in which Ukraine’s political, economic and social development will go. The state of the trade-economic balance with the EU has deteriorated noticeably, as well as the state of the labor market and innovation activity. The research carried out clearly confirms the validity of the second viewpoint. Further studies of integration processes should be aimed at a significant modification of the goals and directions of Ukraine’s European integration, and should help Ukrainians to find a way out of the socio-economic crisis and rank high in the global division of labor. Keywords: economic crisis, enterprise, European integration, export, import, industry, investment. JEL Classification С13, А10 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 5; bibl.: 24.

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una aproximación didáctica de conceptos de la sociología del trabajo a través de la visualización de segmentos de filmes o audiovisuales . El recorte videográfico objetiva debatir cómo las formas de organización del trabajo y los cambios en la tecnología repercuten en los modos de subjetivación del trabajador. Apoyándonos primeramente en los aportes de Zarifian (2016) sobre la división abstracta entre trabajo-trabajador, presentamos una escena del cine de principios de siglo XX. Nos detenemos en las miradas desde el cine del sujeto taylorista y de la innovación tecnológica. Posteriormente, nos centramos en una secuencia que muestra el trabajo en la industria uruguaya de fines del siglo XX que nos permite identificar qué sujetos subsistían, la desindustrialización y las relaciones de mercado, ya anacrónicas para la época retratada. Finalmente, mostramos un corto documental que ilustra la relación subjetividad-trabajo, el contexto actual de precarización laboral y de introducción de tecnologías digitales de gestión por plataformas. Identificamos las formas discursivas del management en busca de la implicación de los trabajadores, modos de acción sobre sí mismos bajo la impronta del “emprendedorismo”, y cómo éstos organizan sindicatos, desarrollan un sentido colectivo y se rebelan.

[...]there was something missing in this focus on the nation state and the yet-to-be-attained economic independence is reflected in the large levels of poverty that bite at the continent. In this new model of modern Pan-Africanism, public resources must be managed for the benefit of all, leadership must frontload ethics and values, and the state must be a facilitator, enabler, and provider of the necessities for decent and dignified living. By adding value to Africa's agricultural sector, increased agricultural investment will likely lead to a stronger manufacturing industry, boosting industrialization.4 Such investments will increase quality crop and animal husbandry yields while promoting more value addition activities, including food processing and production in sectors incidental to agriculture, such as transportation and agricultural inputs. The share of manufacturing in Africa's combined GDP is currently at about 10 percent.5 While fears exist about premature deindustrialization in Africa, there are opportunities across a range of sectors that can build on the demands of COVID-19 on African leaders, who are increasingly in favor strengthening domestic production.6 These actions can build on the corrective measures to dismantle heavy intra-African trade barriers.

Did the Egyptian economy decline in the late Middle Ages? This article discusses possible causes for Egypt’s apparent decline: climate, epidemics, breakdown of irrigation agriculture, violence, weak institutions, and a failure to adopt new technology. It argues that the demographic impact of contagion, perhaps exacerbated by climate change, transformed Egypt. Agriculture contracted in step with reduced demand and the manufacturing sector outsourced mass production to Europe while concentrating on high-quality products. Primary and secondary sectors thus declined while the tertiary sector (international trade and higher education including numerous madrasas) thrived: by the end of the Middle Ages, Egypt had moved towards a fully mature knowledge economy.

The debate about the transformations that the Brazilian industry is undergoing gained dimension in recent years, especially with regard to the reduction of the sector's participation in the composition of the Gross Domestic Product and in the offer of jobs, as well as the low rate of innovation implemented, characterizing what some scholars call “deindustrialization”. Different interpretations of this process have been presented, and the analysis, especially in the Brazilian case, must consider aspects such as economic, political and technological changes, economic and industrial deconcentration, territorial- productive restructuring, as well as changes in the methodology used by agencies that study the phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to make some considerations about the manufacturing industry in Brazil, with emphasis on the different interpretations of the deindustrialization process and the challenges imposed on the sector by the technological innovation of industry 4.0.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 revolutionized politics in the American South. These changes also had economic consequences, generating gains for white as well as Black southerners. Contrary to the widespread belief that the region turned Republican in direct response to the Civil Rights Revolution, expanded voting rights led to twenty-five years of competitive two-party politics, featuring strong biracial coalitions in the Democratic Party. These coalitions remained competitive in most states until the Republican Revolution of the 1990s. This abrupt rightward shift had many causes, but critical for southern voters were the trade liberalization measures of 1994, specifically NAFTA and the phase-out of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement which had protected the textiles and apparel industries for decades. The consequences of Republican state regimes have been severe, including intensified racial polarization, loss of support for public schools and higher education, and harsh policies toward low-income populations.

The exodus of manufacturing jobs from industrialized cities has increasingly altered the way municipalities plan and cope with buildings and areas that once served as industrial and economic centres. Now these often derelict and costly structures sit as an eyesore in many communities which experience symptoms of post-industrialism. The practice of adaptive reuse is a unique concept of city building, where demolition and traditional brownfield redevelopment have been common practice. Though an already established method, adaptive reuse is becoming increasingly popular due to a greater intensity to protect heritage, reuse materials and structures, and offer unique architectural spaces, there has been a demand to reuse former industrial buildings for other uses such as commercial and recreational spaces. To achieve this, there must be sufficient policy in place to incentivize and mitigate the increase cost and risk which are usually associated with this type of development. This article will focus specifically on Ontario, Canada, and the current Official Plans of all 51 of the province’s cities, and how they are addressing adaptive reuse in former industrial areas and unique ways in which they address this problem. A content analysis of the documents showed that there is a wide difference in reuse contextualization and suggested policy directives. However, Cities in Ontario have proposed that affordable housing, intensification, revitalization in the urban core, and creating spaces for creative and vibrant industries can be addressed by the promotion of reuse in the community. For those with strong industrial history, the applicability of reuse allows for communities to preserve their industrial heritage, while at the same time shift uses to the new economy.

Dutch Disease was used to describe the decline of the manufacturing industry of the Netherlands following its discovery of natural gas in the 1960s. The concept of Dutch Disease was later expanded to include oil, natural gas, agriculture, minerals, hot money and tourism. The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether the tourism industry in Turkey harming Turkey’s international competitiveness and causing deindustrialization the period after 2000s. In this study, the relationships between real effective exchange rate, foreign tourism revenues and current account deficit have been examined as the method. It was concluded that massive capital inflows in 2004-2014 years in Turkey that takes the first place in lowering the real effective exchange rate, while foreign tourism reached the second row. In the light of these findings, it cannot be said that the tourism sector in Turkey caused the Dutch Disease. However, in this study, it was concluded that foreign tourism caused the overvaluation of TL after the hot money and the country's manufacturing industry turned into an assembly industry.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis fenomena deindustrialisasi di Kota Tangerang dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa adanya fenomena deindustrialisasi di Kota Tangerang yang ditandai dengan penurunan peran sektor industri terhadap perekonomian Kota Tangerang selama periode 2010-2018. Hasil estimasi dengan analisis regresi linier berganda menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan ekonomi secara signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap peran sektor industri terhadap perekonomian Kota Tangerang. Sebaliknya, proporsi investasi dan tingkat harga secara signifikan berpengaruh negatif terhadap peran sektor industri terhadap perekonomian Kota Tangerang. Dengan demikian, diperlukan upaya peningkatan keterbukaan ekonomi melalui kegiatan ekspor dan impor, peningkatan investasi non bangunan, dan pengendalian tingkat harga untuk mengatasi fenomena deindustrialisasi di Kota Tangerang. Kata kunci: deindustrialisasi, investasi, keterbukaan ekonomi, tingkat harga ABSTRACT This study aims to analyze phenomenon of deindustrialization in Tangerang City and influencing factors. This study uses multiple regression analysis. The result of analysis shows that phenomenon of deindustrialization is occured in Tangerang City which is showed by decreasing of industry sector’s share to the economy of Tangerang City during period 2010-2018. The result of estimation by using multiple regression analysis shows that economic openness significantly give positive influence to share of industry sector to the economy of Tangerang City. While, share of investment and price level significantly give negative influence to share of industry sector to the economy of Tangerang City. So, the effort to increase economic openness through export and import activity, increase non-building investment, and control price level to handle the phenomenon of deindustrialization in Tangerang City. Keyword: deindustrialization, economic openness, investment, price level

In the 1960s, Portugal lived through a period of rapid industrialization in what became known as the golden cycle of Portuguese industry. This late industrialization makes Portugal one of the countries ruled by a peripheral Fordism, which is particularly relevant in the region of Setúbal, since several heavy industry companies settled there, among them Setenave and Lisnave. These shipyards are described by workers as being “a city within the city” mostly given their dimension and labour contingent. However, this industrial “city” was more than a place of economic production; it was also a place for sociability. Informed by semi-structured in-depth interviews with former shipyard workers, and focused on the meaning they attribute to the changes experienced between the 1970s and the deindustrialization period of the 1980s, this article analyses the transition from a working culture based on solidarity to a culture dominated by competition and individualism.

This study attempts to explore the determinants of interprovincial income inequality in Indonesia from 2005 to 2013 by using a bi-dimensional inequality decomposition method. It tries, particularly, to analyze how economic tertiarization and concurrent output deindustrialization have affected interprovincial inequality. The bi-dimensional inequality decomposition method decomposes interprovincial inequality as measured by the squared population-weighted coefficient of variation in two dimensions, namely, by regional groups and industrial sectors. While deindustrialization has lowered the relative importance of manufacturing in determining overall interprovincial inequality, manufacturing activities are still very unevenly distributed among regions and provinces. The government needs to implement policies that are conducive to the balanced development of non-oil and gas manufacturing industries based on regional comparative advantages and disadvantages, where further development of economic infrastructures and human resources, particularly outside Java-Bali, is essential. Meanwhile, economic tertiarization has raised the importance of service activities in determining overall interprovincial inequality, particularly inequality within Java-Bali. The tertiary sector accounts for more than half of total GDP in Java-Bali, and many service activities, such as IC, banking, business services and private services, are concentrated in Jakarta and neighboring districts. Particularly, with the advancement of IC technologies, the IC sector has been expanding rapidly. Together with banking, business services and private services, further development of the IC sector is likely to increase interprovincial inequality in Java-Bali unless policies that could facilitate geographical dispersion of these service activities are implemented.

Purpose This paper aims to provide a comprehensive vision of the formation of intra-metropolitan clusters triggered by the deindustrialization of an urban area, namely, the district of Porto Marghera in the metropolitan area of Venice and propose possible regeneration scenarios based on intra-metropolitan clustering. Design/methodology/approach This paper adopts a multi-disciplinary approach and relies on both descriptive and qualitative evidence to show the economic transition occurred in the area of Porto Marghera in recent years. Findings Evidence shows the rise of two potential clusters in the KIBS and the creative industries in a well-delimited fringe area placed at the boundary between the urban centre and the core of the deindustrialized zone. Such clustering processes have been, however, characterized by two different and in some way alternative paths. The former stems from the combination of two autonomous entrepreneurial ideas that complemented one to each other. The latter relies on university-industry collaboration and on the presence of places of informal exchanges that proved to support personal networking, knowledge exchange and business opportunities. Research limitations/implications This paper suggests that local development policies could leverage on the presence of social entrepreneurs to substitute the creation of amenities and the provision of public goods in fragile territories. Originality/value This paper shows that, in presence of specific spatial conditions, deindustrialization can stimulate the formation of new intra-metropolitan through both top-down and bottom-up agglomeration process.

Rizal Ramli, a prominent national figure, senior technocrat and economist, argues that the government must reverse the logic built so far: Indonesia must first increase its economic growth to above 7%, then investment will surely come again. This paper is a his view of the economic conditions of the Jokowi era and how to rebuild Indonesia's economy going forward to rise from an alarming slump So far, he argues, deindustrialization has accelerated in the Joko Widodo era. The setback is marked by growth in the manufacturing industry sector until the third quarter of 2018 was 4.3% slower than the growth in the same period in 2017 at 4.8% and the processing industry growth rate is 4.3%, lower than the economic growth rate of 5%.

High Point, North Carolina, once known as the “Home Furnishings Capital of the World” for its vast manufacturing complex, has suffered intense deindustrialization over the past 60 years. During this same time, however, High Point has competed with much more prominent cities to become the world's most important furniture exposition node and a major design, fashion, and merchandising center. Exploiting its inexpensive real estate—what amounts to a planetary rent gap—and its furniture design heritage, city leaders have aggressively offered the furniture world unprecedented control over its downtown landscape for the twice–annual exposition. Over the past 35 years, however, there have also been growing efforts to combat the domination of the city by exchange value considerations privileged by outside real estate interests such as private equity firms Bain and Blackstone. This article documents, first, the loss of a resident–centered downtown to the pursuit of exchange values and, second, the mobilizations to reclaim resident–centered use values. As it does, it interrogates what the High Point case can teach us about the small city in the quickly transforming global context.

For economically advanced locations, a primary response to deindustrialization has been to emphasize higher value-added activities, the target frequently being research and development (R&D). R&D tends to occur in locations proximate to corporate headquarters in general and the headquarters of global lead firms in particular. This pattern is especially evident in the automotive industry. Thus, for countries or regions lacking a targeted industry’s global lead firm, generating R&D is problematic. In the automotive industry, the introduction of frontier technologies—such as those supporting autonomous vehicles (AVs)—may reveal new patterns of R&D development, a consequence of firms engaging with innovation ecosystems disconnected from the traditional automotive industry and its headquarters-proximate geographic core or cores. This article explores these matters via a case study of Canada’s efforts to build an AV R&D profile. Canada does not host an automaker’s headquarters, but it does possess attributes that suggest it is well equipped to conduct such work. After constructing and analyzing a global database of patents related to AVs, this article demonstrates that Canada has contributed R&D focused on AVs at a rate above that which it has reached for automotive R&D overall. It also establishes that globally, even though AV-related R&D has emerged from non-traditional automotive locations, the preponderance of AV-related R&D is converging in core automotive locations: proximate to automakers’ global headquarters.

Coal Country opens with the author witnessing the well-attended 2018 event commemorating a mining disaster which took place before most of those present were even born and with which very few prese...

The article presents the results of the study of the dynamics, state and structure of Ukraine's foreign trade with the countries of the European Union. The foreign economic activity of Ukraine under the terms of the Association Agreement and free trade zones, the application of the trade part of which began in January 2016, is considered. It was found that a characteristic feature of recent years is the deindustrialization of exports and the consolidation of its agricultural specialization. It is demonstrated that the domestic economy continues to establish itself in international markets as a key agricultural player. The relations between Ukraine and the EU are studied. It is highlighted that Ukraine is considered an important political and trade partner of the European Union. It has been proven that the EU is striving for ever closer relations with Ukraine, going beyond just cooperation, to gradual economic integration and deepening political cooperation. The analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2020 and showed that the main goods focused on the international market were vegetable products, base metals and articles thereof, machinery and equipment, mineral products, fats and oils of vegetable and animal origin, chemical products, land vehicles, aircraft, floating vehicles. It is determined that the largest share in the structure of exports and imports of services was occupied by services for processing material resources, transport services, telecommunications services, computer and information services, business services, royalties and other services related to the use of intellectual property, services related to financial activities. The study singles out such European countries as Germany, Poland, Italy and the Netherlands as Ukraine's main foreign trade partners. It is proved that the situation with trade between Ukraine and the EU does not seem very clear, that the structure of exports remains mainly raw materials and low-tech. It has been proven that the reduction of EU import duties has not led to significant changes in the structure of foreign trade, that there is a negative foreign trade balance for most groups of goods and services, which negatively affects the balance of payments and economic growth. It is proved that multilateral cooperation with the European Union today fully corresponds to the natural geopolitical direction of Ukraine's integration strategy and is one of the main practical means of forming an effective open economy.

Throughout history, industrialization has been synonymous with development. However, the trend of premature deindustrialization and the spread of automation technologies associated with Industry 4.0 has raised concerns that the development model based on export-led manufacturing seen in East Asia will be harder for hitherto less industrialized countries to replicate in the future. Can services-led development be an alternative? Contrary to conventional wisdom, the features of manufacturing that were considered uniquely conducive for productivity growth - such as international trade, scale economies, inter-sectoral linkages, and innovation - are increasingly shared by the services sector. But services are not monolithic. The twin gains of productivity growth and large-scale job creation for relatively low-skilled workers are less likely to come together in any given services subsector. The promise of services-led development in the future will be strengthened to the extent that technological change reduces the trade-off between productivity and jobs, and growth opportunities in services with potential for high productivity do not depend on a manufacturing base. Considering technological change and linkages between sectors while differentiating across types of services, this book assesses the scope of a services-driven development model and policy directions that maximize its potential.

Zimbabwe was the most industrialized country in sub-Saharan Africa with the exception of South Africa and was a major exporter of manufactured products to its neighbours. Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) (2015) observed that by 2015, however, the country’s industrial sector had all but collapsed following years of economic problems that resulted in serious deindustrialization as factories closed and relocated to neighbouring countries and thousands of workers were thrown out of employment. In view of this calamity, the Government of Zimbabwe reviewed its industrial development policy 2012-2016 and launched 2019-2023 policy. The purpose of the evaluation was therefore to identify implementation gaps and inform future policy reviews, bearing in mind that the policy under review promised to propel Zimbabwe out of mess and grow the economy to a developmental state by 2030. The overall objective of this evaluation is to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, administrative ease, equity, responsiveness and politically acceptability of the Industrial development policy. The evaluation utilised the qualitative approach because it is context-specific and provides flexibility and gives the evaluator the ability to conduct an in-depth evaluation on selected participants. The Delphi technique was used in this study. The Delphi technique is a group process used to survey and collect the opinions of experts on a particular subject. It is a method for structuring a group communication process so that the process is effective in allowing a group of individuals to deal with a complex problem. The overall findings from the expert drawn from the Tripartite Negotiating Forum (TNF) was that the policy objectives were noble but it faced serious implementation constraints due to country risk factors such as; Economic risk/unsustainable macro-economic variables, Commercial risk; (for example trading partners lacking confidence), Political risk ,thus the real or perceived mistrust and tolerance in expressing political views within a country that may give rise to political instability or apprehension by foreign governments in engaging freely with that country and social /cultural risk e.g. crime and moral decadence. Article visualizations

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted our ability to undertake oral history research as it is traditionally understood, where interviewer and interviewee are in dialogue with each other in a shared physical setting. Reflecting on experiences conducting twenty-seven remote interviews with former British mineworkers, this article explores how meaningful interviews can be produced with certain groups via video conferencing software and over the telephone. While some of the observational benefits of in-person interviewing were lost, there were gains in terms of the comfort of interviewees and interviewer alike. The reciprocity of video conferencing software went some way to disrupt the power dynamics of oral history interviews. Likewise, interviewees seemed more self-reflexive and willing to discuss sensitive topics when talking via online video-conferencing platforms than over the telephone, or inperson. My experience demands that we rethink orthodox methodological advice concerning best practice. The remote oral history interview can allow access to groups who are hard to reach, and offers a means through which vulnerable interviewees can regain some sense of identity and agency in a time of social dislocation.

Artificial intelligence (AI) provides many opportunities for social and economic empowerment in developing countries. However, when one thinks of Africa, robotics does not spring immediately to mind as the most relevant application of AI, considering that the continent typically has high unemployment and fast-growing populations. Nevertheless, some countries in Africa have embraced robotics on the basis that it has an important role to play in their economic development. In this article, we explore this role and the ways in which Africa can best exploit the opportunities afforded by intelligent automation and robotics. It also highlights strategies to offset the threats posed by global factors, such as premature deindustrialization.

Adam Smith finalised his magnum opus An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations between 1773 (Boston Tea Party) and 1776 (Declaration of Independence), and in its final paragraph Britain should “endeavour to accommodate her future views and designs to the real mediocrity of her circumstances”. The Wealth of Nations was “aimed to influence British MPs [Members of Parliament] to support a peaceful resolution to the American colonies’ War of Independence”, A. Smith “urged legislators to awaken from the “golden dream” of empire and avoid “a long, expensive and ruinous war”“, and “rejection of the protectionist Corn Laws in favour of opening up to the world economy marked the start of an era of globalization which contributed to Britain’s prosperity”, as Yueh (2019, p. 16f) puts it. Over the years, industrialization brought about by the Industrial Revolution has been challenged by deindustrialization, globalization by deglobalization. So with the “Brexit issue” at stake, what has been the “Brexitologic of Competitiveness”? In an earlier relevant series of analyses published by Čiderová et al. between 2012-2014 our focus was on the Global Competitiveness Index (alias the GCI by the World Economic Forum) in a spectrum of territorial and temporal perspectives related to the European Union. Now, in this follow-up comparative study zooming out to globalization and zooming in to competitiveness, our focus is streamlined to the “openended Brexit issue” on the background of updates of the GCI (alias GCI 4.0) and the KOF Globalisation Index (the latter by ETH Zürich).

The conventional view of structural transformation is informed by three stylized facts of economic development: (i) all economies exhibit declining employment in agriculture, (ii) all economies exhibit a hump-shaped share of employment in industry, and (iii) all economies exhibit an increasing share of employment in services. In this paper, I show that this presumed path of structural transformation may no longer be the route to economic development in low-income economies. Classifying economies as either structurally developed, structurally developing, or structurally underdeveloped, I observe a different path of structural transformation in structurally underdeveloped economies in which workers are moving directly from agriculture to nonbusiness services, which as a sector does not have the same productivity gains as manufacturing. I also show that the mainstream approach is unable to explain the patterns of structural transformation observed in low-income developing economies. This suggests the need to rethink the theoretical premises behind much of the mainstream approach to structural transformation and to identify alternate causal mechanisms to explain the different types of structural transformation underway in the developing world.

O processo de desindustrialização no Brasil tem sido amplamente discutido na literatura econômica. Contudo, seria o caso de considerarmos toda a indústria como perdedora desse processo de desenvolvimento? E quais seriam os fatores associados às transformações estruturais da indústria brasileira? Este artigo analisa os setores perdedores e ganhadores do processo de desenvolvimento brasileiro entre 1998 e 2014, período marcado por profundas transformações econômicas. O trabalho utiliza uma abordagem bastante desagregada, incluindo dados de 200 classes da indústria de transformação e uma nova estratégia de agrupamento dos setores mais e menos dinâmicos. Os resultados destacam: setores especialmente favorecidos, como o processamento de commodities agrícolas e os setores de bens de consumo (como a fabricação de computadores, aparelhos telefônicos, aparelhos de ar-condicionado, automóveis, aparelhos de televisão, entre outros); e setores especialmente fragilizados, como os segmentos têxteis e da indústria química.

The effect of premature deindustrialization on the distribution of gains from growth has thus far been understudied. Using census data from eleven countries spanning five decades and shift...

A new generation of liberals emerged in the 1970s, a decade of stagflation, deindustrialization, global capital flight, and public sector fiscal crises. Prevailing interpretations of New Democrats like Bill Clinton and Michael Dukakis explain their emphasis on entrepreneurialism and post-industrial sectors as the byproduct of cynical electoral strategies of “triangulation,” that is, primarily as a reaction to the rise of Reagan Republicanism. This article instead positions their political economy as part of a much longer history of liberals’ efforts to restructure the economy in order to stimulate new jobs and tax revenues that might also generate public revenue and support a progressive policy agenda. With roots in local, state, and regional industrial policies inspired by the New Deal, “supply-side liberalism” reemerged with force in the 1970s and 1980s, revealing heretofore unappreciated continuities that contextualize and clarify the origins of New Democrats’ promotion of a set of seemingly “neoliberal” economic policies.

Existing research has found that American politicians benefit from trying to attract investment and creates jobs. In this paper, we build on this work by describing the drivers of Americans' attitudes toward inward foreign investment (FDI). We posit that foreign and Chinese investment are different than domestic investment in the public imagination and that nationalism and proximity to deindustrialization interact to shape public opinion about them. We propose and test two theories of this interaction using a survey experiment that randomizes whether a respondent is responding to a statement about “business investment,” “foreign business investment,” or “Chinese business investment”. We find that (1) Americans are skeptical of business investments by Chinese, and, to lesser degree, “foreign” firms; (2) the gap in enthusiasm for generic business investment and foreign/Chinese business investment rises with local trade-related job losses; and (3) the distinction between nationalists' and non-nationalists' attitudes toward FDI declines in local job losses.

In this paper it is hypothesized that premature deindustrialization is related to the intersectoral terms of trade between agriculture and manufacturing. Using a dualistic model it is shown that factors which raise the price of agricultural goods relative to manufactured goods slow the rate of structural change from agriculture to manufacturing. Data from a number of Southeast Asian countries is used to create a panel data set to test the hypothesis. Indeed a rise in the relative price of agricultural goods does indeed slow structural change and that on important factor raising this relative price ratio has been the elimination of policies which indirectly tax agriculture. The policy implication is that in order to avoid this unexpected consequence of policy reform government policy must be aimed at dramatically increasing productivity growth in agriculture.