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Purpose This paper aims to discuss what people perceive as risks and resilience factors, and how they build everyday resilience. Design/methodology/approach The study focuses on Kampung (literally “village”) Plampitan, a neighbourhood in the inner-city part of Surabaya. The research used field observation, in-depth interviews and workshops during community meetings to collect data. Findings The results show how people respond to daily risks and find the support necessary to survive. The problems and risks revealed in the study include crime and economic difficulties, such as unemployment and insufficient income. Coping strategies identified are classified into place-based adaption, people-based network and political network. These strategies can serve as a starting point for local communities to assess their resilience and assist them in enhancing “everyday” resilience. Originality/value The paper argues that the concept of resilience must go beyond top-down approaches to disaster risk management and integrate bottom-up understanding from the perspective of local people, especially among marginal and disadvantaged communities. The paper develops the emerging and overlooked concept of “everyday resilience” and suggests that it is essential in surviving both “everyday” or small-scale chronic risks and large-scale disasters.

The manufacturing industries in a number of high-labour-cost economies are undergoing a shift towards increased automation and intelligence typified by the ‘Industry 4.0’ paradigm. Advances from computer science research including digital informatics enables the addition of intelligence and autonomy to the flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems developed by manufacturing systems research. One such advance is the development of Data Distribution Services (DDSs) that enable the robust and timely distribution of high-quality data in a scalable manner. This paper describes how a DDS can be used to integrate systems across a production enterprise, including directly on a shop floor rather than using additional specialised shop floor integration components often required by other communications protocols.

This paper presents the findings of a review of academic literature concerning the degree to which corruption worsens disasters triggered by natural hazards in the built environment. The research employed a 'systematic literature review' methodology to analyse leading academic databases, resulting in a detailed analysis of 59 peer-reviewed, published papers. It found that while much of the literature focuses on earthquakes (relating to building and infrastructure collapse), the quality of governance, and the drivers of corruption, there is presently very limited scholarship on the general scope, reach, and scale with respect to how disasters are worsened by corruption. It is notable that the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 and a number of other high-level reports fail to mention corruption. The paper argues that this serious gap in understanding and expressing how corruption increases vulnerability in the built environment within disaster studies perversely supports the furtherance of corruption in worsening disasters.يعرض هذه المقال نتائج مراجعة الأدبيات الأكاديمية المتعلقة بالدرجة التي يؤدي فيها الفساد إلى تفاقم الكوارث الطبيعية في البيئة المبنية. استخدم البحث منهجية "مراجعة منتظمة للأدبيات" لتحليل قواعد البيانات الأكاديمية الرائدة، مما أدى إلى تحليل مفصل لـ 59 بحثًا منشورًا تمت مراجعتهم من قبل الزملاء. لقد وجد أنه في حين أن الكثير من الأدبيات تركز على الزلازل (المتعلقة بالبناء وانهيار البنية التحتية) ونوعية الحوكمة ودوافع الفساد، هناك حاليًا منحة دراسية محدودة فيما يتعلق بالنطاق العام ومدى وكيفية تفاقم الكوارث بسبب الفساد. الكلمات المفتاحية : البيئة المبنية، الفساد، الشفافية.本文介绍的学术文献综述是关于腐败在多大程度上加剧了建筑环境中自然引发的灾害。该研究采用“系统文献综述”方法来分析主要的学术数据库，从而对59篇经同行评议已发表论文进行了详细分析。研究发现，虽然大部分文献都集中在地震（关于建筑和基础设施倒塌）、治理质量和腐败的驱动因素上，但目前关于腐败如何使灾害恶化的一般范围、影响和规模的学术研究有限. 关键词：建筑环境，腐败，透明度.

Part 4: Assembly Cells and Systems; International audience; Aerospace production systems face increasing requirements for flexibility and reconfiguration, along with considerations of cost, utilisation, and efficiency. This drives a need for systems with a small number of automation platforms (e.g. industrial robots) that can make use of a larger number of end effectors that are potentially flexible or multifunctional. This leads to the challenge of ensuring that the configuration and location of each end effector is tracked by the system at all times, even in the face of manual adjustments, to ensure that the correct processes are applied to the product at the right time. We present a solution based on a Data Distribution Service that provides the system with full awareness of the context of its automation platforms and end effectors. The solution is grounded with an example use case from WingLIFT, a research programme led by a large aerospace manufacturer. The WingLIFT project in which this solution was developed builds on the adaptive systems approach from the Evolvable Assembly Systems project, with focus on extending and increasing the aerospace industrial applicability of plug and produce techniques. The design of this software solution is described from multiple perspectives, and accompanied by details of a physical demonstration cell that is in the process of being commissioned.

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 shifts the focus from managing disasters to reducing risks. Such a shift requires a better understanding of risk in all its dimensions of environment, hazards, exposure, and vulnerability; a disaster risk governance that ensures disaster risk is factored into planning and development at all levels across all sectors, as well as into disaster pre-paredness, rehabilitation, recovery, and reconstruction; and cost–benefit analyses to support the prioritization of investments in disaster risk reduction (DRR) for long-term resilience.

The frequency and intensity of both human-made and natural disasters are predicted to increase, and hospitals play a critically important role in reducing injury and mortality rates. However, there is increasing evidence that many hospitals are vulnerable to disasters, and more effective strategies are needed to enable the safe evacuation of patients to alternative healthcare centres. Transport planning is central to this process, but there has been no systematic and critical review of the research on this critically important challenge. This means there is no collective synthesis of this literature for hospital managers, policymakers, and researchers to refer to in addressing these important vulnerabilities. This paper reports the findings of a critical literature review to contribute practical insights for health facilities planning and management decision-making in a context where both the likelihood and consequences of natural disasters are increasing in many countries.

Measurement Assisted Assembly is a key concept for the modernisation of aerospace assembly processes, i.e. improving their efficiency while reducing the manufacturing costs. This concept suggests a paradigm shift in the assembly of high-complexity products as it encompasses the development and the use of robotics solutions smartly integrated with innovative measurement technologies. Expected outcomes are, among others, a better positioning accuracy of the components and a significant reduction of the rectification and rework requirements that are usually common with traditional assembly processes, especially but not limited to aerospace manufacturing. To achieve these objectives, a high precision metrology system that automatically inspects and corrects the pose of the robotic manipulators during the assembly operations is of great importance. In this paper, a high-accuracy real-life application of the concept of Measurement Assisted Assembly is presented as a part of the Future Automated Aircraft Assembly Demonstrator developed by the University of Nottingham. Experimentations have shown that, using the production environment described hereafter, a positioning accuracy better than +- 0.1 mm can be achieved for large airframe components.

This paper examines area-based approaches (ABAs) in urban post-disaster contexts. After introducing the main features of ABAs, the paper discusses current practice in humanitarian response, and the need within urban areas to draw lessons from urban development approaches, from which ABAs have emerged. The paper then presents lessons from research concerning the application of ABAs in relation to phases of the project management cycle: assessment and design, implementation, and monitoring, evaluation and learning. The paper ends with a brief discussion. Overall, it argues that for ABAs to be effective, they need to draw on longstanding lessons from urban development, plan for a longer timeframe for their actions than is otherwise often the case in recovery operations, and consider the need to scale up actions for wider city application.

This paper presents a vision for a transformable manufacturing system based on reconfigurable and adaptive intelligent technologies, anchored in the description of a real automation cell demonstrating the assembly of various aircraft structures. This production environment developed by the University of Nottingham is a new reconfigurable production environment for the complete manufacturing of high-accuracy high-complexity low-volume aerospace products. This agile reconfigurable cell can accommodate multiple product variants and families which ensures that the capital invested in fixturing is not tied to one application. By compressing the assembly of an aircraft wing structure into a single automated cell, the Future Automated Aircraft Assembly Demonstrator features a flexible, holistic, and context-aware solution that includes automated positioning, drilling, and fastening processes. The assembly cell is based on industrial robots for the handling of aircraft components while an intelligent metrology and control system monitors the cell and ensures that the operations carried out are safe and adhere to the tight tolerances required. These modules are integrated into a single, standardised interface requiring only one operator to control the cell. Performance analyses have shown that, using the reconfigurable production environment described hereafter, an assembly part location accuracy better than ±0.1 mm can be achieved.

When producing complex and highly customisable products in low volumes (or in ‘batch sizes of one’), automation of production systems is critical for competitiveness and profitability in high labour-cost economies. To facilitate batch-size-of-one production, ‘topology generation’, ‘realisability’, and ‘control’ algorithms have been developed as part of the Evolvable Assembly Systems (EAS) project. The topology generation algorithm computes all the possible sequences of parallel activities that assembly resources can perform on parts and is run offline whenever the layout of the production facility changes, whereas realisability checking and controller generation are performed at run-time to check whether a production facility with a given set of assembly resources can assemble a desired product, and how the product should be assembled, e.g., which resources to use, and when. Generated controllers are output in Business to Manufacturing Markup Language (B2MML). Taken together, the algorithms thus represent a step toward a complete path from the formal specification of an assembly system and the products to be assembled, to the automated synthesis of executable process plans. This paper presents each algorithm in sufficient detail to allow their reimplementation by other researchers. Topology generation is the most expensive step in the approach. A preliminary experimental evaluation of the scalability of topology generation is presented, which suggests that, for small to medium sized production facilities, the time required for recomputing the topology is sufficiently small not to preclude frequent factory transformations, e.g., the addition of new resources.

© 2019 SAE International. All Rights Reserved. Evolvable Assembly Systems is a five year UK research council funded project into flexible and reconfigurable manufacturing systems. The principal goal of the research programme has been to define and validate the vision and support architecture, theoretical models, methods and algorithms for Evolvable Assembly Systems as a new platform for open, adaptable, context-aware and cost effective production. The project is now coming to a close; the concepts developed during the project have been implemented on a variety of demonstrators across a number of manufacturing domains including automotive and aerospace assembly. This paper will show the progression of demonstrators and applications as they increase in complexity, specifically focussing on the Future Automated Aerospace Assembly Phase 1 technology demonstrator (FA3D). The FA3D Phase 1 demonstrated automated assembly of aerospace products using precision robotic processes in conjunction with low-cost reconfigurable fixturing supported by large volume metrology. This was underpinned by novel agent-based control for transformable batch-size-of-one production. The paper will conclude by introducing Phase 2 of the Future Automated Aerospace Assembly Demonstrator - currently in development - that will translate the Evolvable Assembly Systems research to a higher technology readiness level and address the challenges of scalable and transformable manufacturing systems.

Modern manufacturing companies are under economic pressure to respond more rapidly to a changing production environment, including short product life cycles, individually customisable products, and the introduction of new disruptive manufacturing processes. This paper details a new manufacturing philosophy and software architecture for Evolvable Assembly Systems, based on the principles of decentralization, context-awareness and intelligent resources, that is implemented using intelligent agent technology and a data distribution service. We also detail the Smart Manufacturing and Reconfigurable Technology demonstrator - an instantiation of the Evolvable Assembly Systems architecture - that implements a proof-of-concept abstract custom pharmaceuticals production line.

This paper addresses the issue of organised adaptation in flexible manufacturing systems using multi-agent systems and electronic institutions. We analyse two representative case studies, the first a reconfigurable manufacturing system for intelligent ‘plug and produce’, and the second an evolvable assembly system that changes over time as context and requirements change. We observe that the management of adaptation is typically the responsibility of intelligent agents operating in a multi-agent system, but that dealing with openness, selfdetermination or fulfilment and violation of contracts requires conventional, mutually-agreed and mutable rules. We therefore propose to use the computational framework of self-organising electronic institutions as one way to represent solutions to these problems. However, issues of scale, complexity and uncertainty also need to be addressed, and we discuss how the framework can be developed to address these research challenges. We conclude with some comments on the potential transformative impact of self-organising multi-agent systems on reconfigurable manufacturing and evolvable assembly systems.

While known to be important and essential for improved effectiveness and efficiency, cross-sector coordination and collaboration among different actors engaged in postdisaster recovery is fraught with complications. Among the challenges are (a) who leads, and how; (b) the capacity and roles of the host government; (c) governance structures within organizations (which may differ a great deal); (d) assumptions of power; (e) the trade-off between valuing relationships and “getting the job done”; and (f) the varying constraints (and opportunities) of accountability. Recognizing the need to improve joint actions for a better response, the Humanitarian Reform Agenda (HRA), begun in 2005, led to the remolding of collective models of disaster response and the adoption of the global cluster system, which is essentially organized around the delivery of goods and services (sectors) by traditional aid actors such as the United Nations (UN), nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. While the cluster system has largely been acknowledged as an improvement in collaboration among actors, a perennial challenge of cross-sector coordination remains. One of the opportunities for improvement lies in better and more predictable leadership, one of the key areas identified by the HRA. Another opportunity lies in changing the focus from a supply-driven approach of prioritizing what aid providers deliver to a demand-driven understanding, such as that offered by area-based approaches, wherein sectors are more closely aligned. A common form of collaboration within aid is partnership between various actors (e.g., the United Nations or NGOs). Partnerships assume more than a constructing relationship: Effective partnerships emphasize the need for transparency and equity, along with being results-oriented and competent. Recognizing this, the Grand Bargain, resulting from the World Humanitarian Summit, noted that aid providers should engage with local and national responders in a spirit of partnership and aim to reinforce rather than replace local and national capacities. Partnerships, however, fall short all too often, especially when one partner has power over the other, which is often the case. The report Time to Let Go, by the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), notes, for instance, that “the relationships between donor and implementer, aid provider and recipient, remain controlling and asymmetrical, and partnerships and interactions remain transactional and competitive, rather than reciprocal and collective.” The challenge remains to achieve the task at hand, while at the same time engaging in effective collaborative mechanisms that value the nature of the relationship. If this is not achieved, effective postdisaster recovery can be jeopardized.

The automation and flexibility of production systems is a key step towards improved profitability and competitiveness in high labour cost areas, when producing high-complexity, low-volume products. In the Evolvable Assembly Systems (EAS) project, the 'manufacturability' (or 'realisability') and 'control' algorithms were introduced to accommodate the batch-size-of-one production of highly customisable products. These algorithms enable checking whether a production line can manufacture a given product with its available set of resources, and how the product should be manufactured, e.g. which resources to use, and when. To this end, the authors formally define production recipes, which represent products, and manufacturing resources which make up a manufacturing facility. This paper re-defines these notions in the ISO-standard EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form) notation, and adapts the the manufacturability and control algorithms to accommodate the new definitions. The new algorithms and data structures reflect more closely the ones that are used in an implemented software tool. This paper also reports a method by which recipes and resources could be used to generate manufacturing process controllers in the Business to Manufacturing Markup Language (B2MML) standard. In doing so, this paper takes a step toward a complete path from the formal specification of a manufacturing facility and the products to be manufactured, to the automatic generation of executable process plans.

Individuals and organizations responding to humanitarian crises recognize the need to improve urban emergency response and preparedness – including the need to devise better methods for assessing vulnerability within urban populations. This systematic review represents the first ever attempt to systematically search, sort and synthesize the existing evidence in order to consolidate findings on the tools, methods and metrics used to identify and prioritize vulnerable people, households and communities, including those displaced within and to urban areas. It is accompanied by a stand-alone executive summary and evidence brief. It forms part of a series of humanitarian evidence syntheses and systematic reviews commissioned by the Humanitarian Evidence Programme .

Introduction Urbanization has challenged many humanitarian practices given the complexity of cities. Urban humanitarian crises have similarly made identifying vulnerable populations difficult. As humanitarians respond to cities with chronic deficiencies in basic needs stressed by a crisis, identifying and prioritizing the most in need populations with finite resources is critical. Methods The full systematic review applied standard systematic review methodology that was described in detail, peer-reviewed, and published before the research was conducted.Results: While the science of humanitarian practice is still developing, a systematic review of targeting vulnerable populations in urban humanitarian crises shed some light on the evidence base to guide policy and practice. This systematic review, referenced and available online, led to further findings that did not meet the pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria for evidence set out in the full review but that the authors, in their expert opinion, believe provide valuable insight nonetheless given their recurrence. Discussion These additional findings that did not meet criteria for evidence and formal inclusion in the full manuscript, but deemed valuable by the subject expert authors, are discussed in this commentary.

This paper examines 10 challenges for making automation a team player (Klein et al., 2004) in the context of Evolvable Assembly Systems (EAS) with the aim of delivering requirements for effective hybrid human-automation decision making. Specific decision making use cases for a demonstrator system were analysed to capture opportunities and requirements for effective human-agent cooperative decision making. These requirements covered agent design, human-machine interface design, context aware computing requirements and human competency. As such, the paper provides concrete examples of how general principles for hybrid decision making can be applied to EAS, and presents a pilot of a method for future requirements elicitation.

In this paper we present the Smart Manufacturing And Reconfigurable Technologies (SMART) demonstrator, an example of an integrated environment for the Evolvable Assembly Systems project, which demonstrates the application of adaptive agent control to transform a static legacy manufacturing system into a reconfigurable manufacturing system capable of addressing the 'batch-size-of-one' problem.

To say that the provision of shelter after disaster by humanitarian aid actors is costly, complicated and fraught with problems would probably be one of the greatest understatements in humanitarian...

This short piece argues that a series of progressive developments in our understanding of aid after disasters, and how we should seek to deliver and manage it, calls for a review of accountability systems in the sector.

Unifying the symbolic and geometric representations and algorithms used in AI and robotics is an important challenge for both fields. We take a small step in this direction by presenting an interface between geometric reasoning and a popular class of agent systems, in a way that uses some of the agent’s available constructs and semantics. We then describe how certain kinds of information can be extracted from the geometric model of the world and used in agent reasoning. We motivate our concepts and algorithms within the context of a real-world production system.

Recent natural disasters show that it is almost always the poorest who are worst affected. The rapidly urbanizing cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America present unprecedented concentrations of poverty, and in so doing mark new levels of vulnerability. Increasing urbanization brings new challenges to reducing the threat of disaster. Yet disasters are often ignored until they strike, when the damage has been done and relief is the only response. The situation is compounded by the separation of urban programming from disaster management. In a future context of increased urban growth, however, marked by an inevitable increase in urban disasters, new approaches that ‘mainstream’ disaster mitigation into urban development interventions at all levels are needed. Livelihood methodologies being practised by an increasing number of developmental organizations take account of the threat of disaster as intrinsic to developmental strategies. Livelihoods offer one approach that unifies understandings of both disaster management with development planning. Such an approach has major policy implications for decision makers aiming to make cities truly sustainable.

This paper presents a description of the Caqueta district in Lima and describes the methodology and research methods used. It presents the key findings of the project and concludes with a brief discussion of mitigation as a tool for urban development. The paper seeks to reinforce the key point of the project: that adherence to “top down” interventions can ignore community level initiatives and the positive inputs of other actors; also that risk reduction can be used as a tool in uniting key actors to focus on protecting livelihoods, as well as lives, in the promotion of sustainable urban development. This paper results from a recently completed project entitled “Reducing Risk In Vulnerable Communities, Lima, Peru. Phase One: Caqueta Pilot Project”. The principle aim of the project was to identify and subsequently develop, with the participation of key “stakeholders”, sustainable risk reduction measures for Caqueta, a particularly low-income area of Lima, Peru, vulnerable to landslides, earthquakes and fire.

The macro-level properties of a system may emerge from the micro-level behaviour of individuals in the system. There have been numerous suggestions for the addition of meso-level structures as a way to guide this emergence towards desirable outcomes or away from undesirable ones. However, it can be observed that the interaction of the micro and meso levels may cause unexpected properties to arise at all levels of the system. This paper investigates the interleaving of a self-adaptive micro level with a self-organising meso level to explain the macro-level system properties that may occur. A simulation-based test bench is used to perform experiments examining various compositions of adaptive mechanisms at the micro and meso levels of a multi-agent system. The results of these experiments are then analysed using a proposed formalism for multi-level adaptive systems to explain the observed interactions.

1. Introduction. Beyond shelter after disaster: practice, process and possibilities Part one: practice 2. What have we learned from 40 years' experience of Disaster Shelter? 3. Harnessing time: Reflections on constraints to development 4. Post-disaster reconstruction: A current analysis of Gujarat's response after the 2001 earthquake Part two: process 5. Resilient dwellings or resilient people? Towards people-centred reconstruction 6. Community-led resettlement: from a flood- affected slum to a new society in Pune, India 7. Lost in translation? The challenges of an equitable post-disaster reconstruction process: lessons from Chile Part three: possibilities 8. Is there a human right to shelter after disaster? 9. Can humanitarian responses in urban areas reinforce underlying causes of vulnerability? Tweaking a livelihoods analysis of inequality and infrastructure in splintering cities 10. From research to practice (and vice versa) for post-disaster settlement and shelter 11. Disability and public shelter in emergencies

The Game of Nomic was developed to investigate the idea that any modifiable rule-based system could result in situations where the ruleset is paradoxical, contradictory or incomplete. This has interesting and important implications for designers of open, self-organising, rule-based systems, if our concern is to ensure that the system should operate within a 'corridor' of behavior, or should avoid certain non-normative states. To investigate this issue, this paper presents the preliminary design, implementation and operation of a self-organising multi-agent system in which the agents play the Game of Nomic. While not yet in a position to test Suber's hypothesis fully, we can see how different agent strategies can reason, reflect, and make decisions that benefit their internal objectives relative to the game itself, by using an awareness of themselves, other players, the ruleset and the projected outcome of proposed rule modifications.

Despite all the technological advances in the automotive industry and the high instrumentation of road infrastructures, driving a vehicle is still a stressful and polluting operation. In order to achieve a more sustainable use of vehicles, in this paper we propose a three-layered (micro-meso-macro) framework that provides intelligence at different levels of detail of the driving experience. At the micro level, intelligence is provided to the individual vehicle, at the meso level, intelligence is concerned with local clusters of vehicles and group decision making, and at the macro level, intelligence is provided so that system-wide goals are achieved. We illustrate each of these levels with a particular implementation, although alternative implementations may be used as well. Namely, we use an affective anticipatory architecture for the micro level, a consensus algorithm at the meso level, and a resource allocation mechanism together with electronic institutions for the macro level. We believe that the combination of intelligences at each of the levels may lead to a more efficient and sustainable use of the vehicles and the infrastructure.

“Don't tell me about the labour pains, show me the baby” - a phrase which can be attributed to a lot of the speculation about the future role of technology in the exhibition market. As with all advances in technology, there are still many bridges to cross and issues that have a fundamental impact on the speed at which change can occur. At the end of the day only the market allows profitable change to happen. The market will be looking for ‘better quality and more value‘. For success, these criteria will need to be met. The paper takes a look at a range of issues that must be taken into consideration and the likely impact on cinema today and into the future.

EDITOR,--Last May the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' national trainees committee published a report of a survey of training carried out between October 1944 and January 1995.1 Replies were received from 70% of trainees in the specialty, and the report can …