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Purpose: In recent years, the world has been under threat of novel infectious diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Governmental risk communication plays a key role in overcoming the public health crises caused by the emergence of these infectious diseases The purpose of this study was to identify the focus of Korean public service advertisements (PSAs) in response to the MERS and COVID-19 outbreaks, along with the differences between them Methods: A total of five MERS and 17 COVID-19 TV PSAs were analyzed using Lasswell's Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver, and Effect model and the responses of the Korean government were compared between the MERS and COVID-19 outbreaks Results: During the MERS outbreak, the Korean government failed to gain the public's trust through its PSAs Despite its best efforts, it provided opaque and selective information on the crisis Conversely, in the case of COVID-19, the Korean government has successfully worked to strengthen community awareness by supporting and encouraging the public Conclusion: Despite the Korean government's improved communication in the COVID-19 crisis, there has been an insufficient response to the needs of vulnerable groups that could be placed in at-risk situations as a result of domestic violence or mental health problems during outbreaks of novel infectious diseases that require aggressive management

This study compared first responders’ cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance when a dispatcher provides audio instructions only and when both audio and video instructions are given. In the simulation, an automatic external defibrillator (AED) was delivered via drone in response to a cardiac arrest occurring outside a hospital setting. Participants’ qualitative experiences were also explored.An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was used. AEDs were delivered to college students via drone with one group receiving both audio and video instructions and the other receiving audio-only instruction, and differences in CPR performance and accuracy were compared. After completion, focus group interview data were collected and analyzed. Video-based instruction was found to be more effective in the number of chest compressions (p p p p = 0.05). Participants’ experiences were divided into three categories: “unfamiliar but beneficial experience,” “met helper during a desperate and embarrassing situation,” and “diverse views on drone use.” Our results lay the groundwork for a development plan for providing emergency medical services using drones, as well as the preparation of guidelines for dispatchers on the provision of video instructions.

Background: Despite policies to manage prescription drug spending and ensure accessibility, prescription drug spending has continued to increase in South Korea. Using nationwide claims data, this study analyzed trends in total pharmaceutical expenditures and pharmaceutical expenditures by drug classification.Methods: We conducted a retrospective population-based study using the Korean National Health Insurance claims database from January 2010 through December 2019. Pharmaceuticals were categorized as new drugs, continued drugs, and abandoned drugs. Prescription drug spending was calculated using the components of price and quantity for individual products in successive two-year periods, to obviate the need to consider changes over time.Results: Total pharmaceutical expenditures increased by 54.2% from 2010 to 2019 (from USD 11.3 billion to USD 17.4 billion). The average annual growth rate was 4.9% overall (the 4% rate for continued drugs was decomposed into −3.5% for the price of drugs, 8.0% for the quantity of drugs, and −0.5% for mixed effects, a measure of changes in drug treatment patterns). The trends were generally consistent. Particularly sharp increases in expenditures were found for groups L (antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents), C (cardiovascular system drugs), and A (alimentary tract and metabolism drugs).Conclusions: Since increased prescription drug spending was primarily driven by an increase in the quantity of drugs used, consumer-focused policies to reduce drug use are necessary.

Importance In OECD countries, pharmaceutical spending reached around 800 billion USD in 2013, accounting for about 20% of total spending in the retail sector. Pharmaceutical expenditures are steadily increasing in South Korea, necessitating strategies to promote efficiency. Objective This study investigated factors associated with high-cost users (HCUs), who account for the majority of outpatient prescriptions in the total South Korean population. The top 20 frequently prescribed therapeutic subgroups were also investigated. Design This is an observational study performed using health insurance claims data in 2019. Participants In total, 44,744,632 people (including 6,806,339 aged 65 years or older) who were prescribed outpatient medications were included. Main measures HCUs were defined as those for whom prescription drug costs were in the top 5%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using factors including age, insurance type, number of prescription drugs, outpatient visit days, prescription treatment days, and chronic diseases. Results HCUs accounted for 3.6 million (5% of the total population) and 1.4 million (21.1% of those 65 years or older). Furthermore, 4.1% of HCUs in the total population had few comorbidities. Male sex, older age, insurance (Medical Aid), comorbidities, chronic diseases, number of prescription drugs, outpatient visit days, and prescription days were all associated with an increased probability of being an HCU. The highest spending was found for B01 (antithrombotic agents) with 0.4 billion USD, followed by C10 (lipid-modifying agents) and A10 (drugs used in diabetes). The proportion of spending for HCUs among the general population was highest in L01 (antineoplastic agents), at 98.2%, and L04 (immunosuppressants), at 87.8%, whereas among the elderly, the highest proportions were found for B01 (antithrombotic agents), at 44.5%, and N06 (antidepressants), at 44.3%. Conclusion Age and multiple chronic conditions were strongly associated with HCUs, and it seems necessary to reduce drug prescriptions in patients without complex comorbidities. Several measures should target those without multiple chronic conditions who are nonetheless HCUs.

Background/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and related risk factors ofproblem drinking in the Korean elderly population.Method/Statistical Analysis: Participants (n=817) aged 65 years or older were selected from the KoreaNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [KNHANES] of 2018. Sociodemographic characteristicsand AUDIT-C score were obtained from the KNHANES dataset. AUDIT-C scores were categorized into twogroups, including low risk, high-risk alcohol drinking according to WHO guidelines. Data analysis wasperformed using SPSS WIN 25.0 program.Findings: In this study, the prevalence of high-risk alcohol drinking was 31.9%, respectively. Adjustedmean AUDIT score was higher in men, younger elderly individuals, as well as those with lower educationlevels and those that smoked. Results revealed that demographic variables, including sex, age, educationlevel, and smoking, were important factors affected high-risk drinking. In particular, since family numberand smoking were the most significant risk factor, the odds ratio for high-risk drinking among participantsthat smoked was 2.49 [(95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31-4.71)].Improvements/Applications: This study suggests that men, younger age, low educational level, andsmoking are the risk factors for a high-risk alcohol drinking

Background/Objectives: This study investigated nurse-related keywords which were presented together with nurse on phrase, clauses or sentence of documents or conversations in the Korea online newspaper articles. Methods/Statistical analysis: Text mining, which is a common method of analysis for large datasets, was used to analyze the changes in nurses’ image before and after COVID-19. A total of the linking words with nurse were calculated by the number of presentation on online newspaper article in Naver before and after COVID-19. In order to identify the meaning of the words, clustering of the collected linking words by categories was analysed and the characteristics of each cluster were classified. Over 5,000 articles were identified as targets for a keyword analysis. Findings: The most frequently presenting words were hospital, medical and patient. Before COVID-19, the words related to ‘workplace bullying’ were highly presented and after COVID-19, the words related to ‘care’ were highly presented. Improvements/Applications: With analyzing the trends of changes and characteristics of words by COVID-19 and clusters, we attempted to investigate the image of nurse that the public think and feel about nurse.

Background. The complications after stroke inhibit functional recovery and worsen the prognosis of patients. The implementation of a critical pathway (CP) can facilitate functional recovery after stroke by enabling comprehensive and systematic structured rehabilitation. Objective. To evaluate the effects of the implementation of CP in stroke patients for 10 years. Methods. The data were collected from 960 patients who were diagnosed with a stroke at the university hospital emergency room, who were transferred to the rehabilitation center after the acute phase, and who were discharged after undergoing comprehensive rehabilitation. Based on data collected over a period of 10 years, changes in demographic and stroke characteristics, preexisting medical conditions, poststroke complications, and functional states, as well as length of stay (LOS), were evaluated before and after CP implementation. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) were used to evaluate functional states. Results. There were no significant differences in demographic and stroke characteristics before and after CP implementation. For those with preexisting medical conditions, there was no significant difference between before and after CP implementation. The majority of the complications were significantly decreased after the implementation of CP. Except for hemorrhagic stroke patients, the Brunnstrom stage in the ischemic and total stroke patients after CP implementation was significantly increased in the upper and lower extremities. The total hospitalization LOS and rehabilitation center hospitalization times were significantly reduced in ischemic and total stroke patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the functional gain of K-MBI and the efficiency of rehabilitation between before and after CP implementation. Conclusion. The implementation of CP allows for better application of evidence- and guideline-based key interventions and helps to provide early, comprehensive, organized, and more specialized care to stroke patients. Despite limited evidence, CP is still recommended as a means of promoting best practices in hospital care for stroke patients.

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence of postoperative sore throat (POST) in Korean patients undergoing general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation and to assess potential risk factors.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled patients who underwent all types of elective surgical procedures with endotracheal intubation and general anaesthesia. The patients were categorized into group S (those with a POST) or group N (those without a POST). The demographic, clinical and anaesthetic characteristics of each group were compared.ResultsThis study enrolled 207 patients and the overall incidence of POST was 57.5% ( n = 119). Univariate analysis revealed that significantly more patients in group S had a cough at emergence and hoarseness in the postanaesthetic care unit compared with group N. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that an intracuff pressure ≥17 cmH2O was associated with POST. Multivariate analysis identified an intracuff pressure ≥17 cmH2O and cough at emergence as risk factors for POST. At emergence, as the intracuff pressure over ≥17 cmH2O increased, the incidence of hoarseness increased.ConclusionsAn intracuff pressure ≥17 cmH2O and a cough at emergence were risk factors for POST in Korean patients. Intracuff monitoring during anaesthesia and a smooth emergence are needed to prevent POST.

Children of alcoholics (COAs) are those who have grown up with parental alcoholism. The purpose of this study was to understand the lives of Korean COAs within a Korean cultural context, influenced by Confucianism. Prior literature has extensively reported about the adverse life experiences of COAs related to their alcohol dependent parents. Indeed, most of these studies assume the U.S.- or Western-centric perspective. However, in order to provide culture-specific care, health professionals who provide care for diverse ethnic families have to understand the cultural influences on the families which have an ill family member. Data were collected from 20 Korean adult children through semi-structured interviews. All interviews were audio-recorded and fully transcribed. Thematic analysis was used for the data analysis. The lives of Korean COAs were described with four themes, namely: "Losing family," "Life with holding a bomb," "My life ruined," and "Being bound."In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrated how cultural components could shape individual's life experiences in a family having an alcohol dependent family member. This study would be helpful for health professionals to deeply understand the alcoholic family members within a specific cultural background as well as to build a cultural-specific care-plans for them.

The purpose of this study was to identify convergence factors related to glycemic control in workers with diabetes mellitus. A secondary data analysis was conducted using the data of "The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2013." The survey included 44,085 adults aged over 19 under 65 years with diabetes mellitus and 764 samples with worker were used for this study. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 18.0 program and descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression analyses were performed. The general characteristics variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the poor glycemic control group was gender. The Health behavior-related and disease-related variables shown statistically significant difference between the good and the poor glycemic control group were diabetes mellitus duration, diabetes mellitus treatment, hypertension diagnosis, smoking, moderate physical activity, walking exercise practice. Factors related to glycemic control were gender, diabetes mellitus treatment, walking exercise practice. These findings suggest that researchers need more active treatment and walking exercise as important factors affecting glycemic control of Korean worker with diabetes mellitus and intervention focusing on the issues needs to be developed in workplace environment.

This study is a descriptive research conducted to provide basic resources for the production course and programs by identifying knowledge and attitudes toward dementia of nursing students and social welfare students. The participants were 451 students of nursing science and social welfare in four-year university at J-do. Data were collected from October 1, 2012 to October 20, 2012, by using structured questionnaires and analyzed by using SPSS 20.0 program. The participants showed relatively high level of knowledge. Nursing students(, range 0~20) showed higher level of knowledge than social welfare students(, range 0~20)(p

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing the level of nursing needs of a long-term care service user at home and the care giving burden of a primary caregiver. For this study, data were collected from 152 primary caregivers in J City with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression technique. Among the nursing needs of long-term care giving service users, the level of psychological and social requests was the highest. This study found that two characteristics variables(long-term care insurance benefit level and long-term care giving grade) had difference was statistically significant in physical nursing needs and psychological nursing needs. Out of care giving burden of primary caregivers, physical care giving burden was found to be the highest. Out of factors influencing care giving burden, daily care giving hours was the factor which had strongest influence. Basic living recipients and female primary caregivers showed higher care giving burden. The more care givers there were, the less care giving burden became.

This study intends to screen high-risk group for delirium in the intensive care unit by building optimal prediction models through multidimensional analysis of the factors causing delirium in intensive care unit patients, thereby providing the theoretical foundation for the development of protocols for delirium prevention and management in such patients. The data were collected by looking through the electronic medical records by 3,781 patients who were admitted to the medical/ surgical intensive care units. The research tools used were the questionnaire prepared by the researcher based on literature review, the results of previous studies, and the delirium screening tool developed by Schuumans et al. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS. In addition, the prediction model was built using the SPSS program to conduct decision-tree analysis technique and obtain the optimal models that predict delirium based on the explanatory variables related to delirium. The prediction model for delirium occurrence in intensive care unit patients appeared in seven paths. As a result of evaluating the model built in this study, the misclassification rate was 0.145, sensitivity was 0.857, specificity was 0.854, and positive predictive value was 0.780. Therefore, as the delirium occurrence prediction model proposed in this study provides the theoretical framework to prevent delirium by screening the high-risk group in the intensive care unit, it is expected that it can be beneficially used in clinical nursing practice. In addition, such model will contribute to improving quality of care, preventing and managing the delirium of intensive care unit patients, and reducing their medical care costs. Furthermore, continued studies for the development of effective protocols for delirium prevention and management, as well as for the development of standardized delirium assessment tools, are needed based on the results of this study.

In this study, we conducted a survey to examine the relationship among SNS addiction tendencies, self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, and internet game addiction in middle school students. The data were collected via structural questionnaires completed by 590 middle students located in Seoul who agreed to participate in this study. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between SNS addiction tendencies and self-esteem, and there were positive correlations among SNS addiction tendencies, interpersonal relationships, and internet gaming addiction. Also, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between interpersonal relationships and self-esteem and a negative correlation between internet gaming addiction and interpersonal relationships. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to determine the influence of internet game addiction and to identify its correlations with SNS addiction tendencies, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships. Hierarchical Step 1, which controlled for general characteristics, showed that gender (p

The aims of this study were to verify SNS addiction tendencies, self-esteem, and interpersonal relationships and to construct a hypothetical structural model which explains internet game addiction in male middle school students and to test the fitness with collected data. The data were collected via structural questionnaires completed by 213 male students attending a middle school located in Seoul who agreed to participate in this study. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between SNS addiction tendencies and self-esteem, and there were positive correlations among SNS addiction tendencies, interpersonal relationships, and internet gaming addiction. Also, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between interpersonal relationships and self-esteem and a negative correlation between internet gaming addiction and interpersonal relationships. AMOS 20.0 analysis was used to determine the influence of internet game addiction and to identify its correlation with SNS addiction tendencies. The overall fitness indices hypothetical model was good: (X2= 78.981, p

Background/Objectives: To validate the Korea version of the emotional labor scale, an instrument widely used to understand how professionals working with people face emotional labor in hospitality organizations. Methods/Statistical analysis: The objective of this research was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 3 types ELS in Korea. An observational, cross-sectional and multicenter survey was used. Health care providers (n=205) completed the selfreported ELS. Data was gathered at 3 hospitals during Oct. 2013 after obtaining an informed consent. Results: Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)&Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were estimated in order to test the factors structure of the scale. The internal consistency coefficients from the three studies, ranging from .69 to .94, evidence the reliability of the 3 types ELS. Among them, ELS by Brotheridge and Lee4 revised 2011, the most appropriate in the results of EFA. The results of the CFA confirm a factor structure of the scale with two subscales. Conclusion/Application: Evidence was also provided for convergent and discriminant validity. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential applications of the scale.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify validity the Korean version of resilience scale and identify performance status and resilience in patients with colorectal cancer. Methods: A sample of 110 patients with colorectal cancer was recruited from a hospital in Seoul. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, factor analysis, MAP test and Parallel test and multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded two factors. The resilience for colorectal cancer patients showed a significant difference according to marital status and performance status. The two variables were the significant factors influencing resilience, which they explained 26.5% of the variance. Conclusion: The results of the study show the importance of performance status in explaining the resilience in patients with colorectal cancer. Therefore, This study suggests that intervention programs to increase the performance status among patients could improve the resilience of cancer patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was conducted to identify the impact of Symptom Severity and Symptom Interference on Sleep Disturbance among cancer patients. Methods: This study was conducted from October 8th to October 25th, 2012. One hundred eight cancer patients were recruited from S city in Korea. The instruments used in this study were the Symptom Severity, Symptom Interference and the Sleep Disturbance scales for patients with cancer. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. Results: The Sleep Disturbance for cancer patients showed a significant relationship with Symptom Interference and cancer stage. The significant factors influencing Sleep Disturbance were Symptom Severity and Symptom Interference. They explained 40.5% of the variance in stage IV. Conclusion: Patients with cancer experienced Symptom Severity and Symptom Interference which led to a negative effect on Sleep Disturbance. The results suggest that intervention programs to reduce Symptom Severity, Symptom Interference could improve Sleep Disturbance for cancer patients.