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Automated scoring based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) has been successfully used to score essays and constrained short answer responses. Scoring tests that capture open-ended, short answer responses poses some challenges for machine learning approaches. We used LSA techniques to score short answer responses to the Consequences Test, a measure of creativity and divergent thinking that encourages a wide range of potential responses. Analyses demonstrated that the LSA scores were highly correlated with conventional Consequence Test scores, reaching a correlation of .94 with human raters and were moderately correlated with performance criteria. This approach to scoring short answer constructed responses solves many practical problems including the time for humans to rate open-ended responses and the difficulty in achieving reliable scoring.

The anatomy of the knee is widely variable as are the pathological changes it undergoes in disease processes such as osteoarthritis. It is an inherently unstable joint relying heavily upon the surrounding soft tissues resulting in complex kinematics. The femoral roll-back and screw home mechanisms of knee movement during motion must be replicated within the design of a total knee prosthesis and within the surgery itself by balancing the soft tissues and aligning the knee appropriately in order to improve functional outcomes.

Education is one of the largest applied areas for the construct of emotional intelligence (EI). The emphasis on social-emotional learning (SEL) is rapidly growing at all levels of the education delivery system, from preschool and secondary school curricula to post-secondary, professional, and continuing education programs. The book Emotional Intelligence in Education brings together leading world experts in the fields of EI and SEL to highlight current knowledge, new opportunities, and outstanding challenges associated with scientifically based applications of EI in education. In this introductory chapter to the book, we take stock of almost three decades of EI research, addressing three common concerns: (1) that EI is nothing more than old wine in new bottles, (2) that EI is poorly defined and measured, and (3) that claims about the importance of EI for various life success outcomes are dramatically overblown. We also highlight a number of new and emerging trends that point to the increasing maturity of the EI field as an area of study. Having taken the pulse of the chapters comprising the book, we propose that the field of EI would benefit from paying greater attention to the social context within which EI operates.

We develop node embeddings, a distributed representation of nodes, for large-scale social network applications. We compute embeddings for nodes based on their attributes and links. We show that node embeddings can effectively reflect community structure in networks and thus, be useful for a wide range of community related applications. We consider node embeddings in two different community related mining tasks.First, we propose a generic integration of node embeddings for network processing in community detection algorithms. Our strategy aims to re-adjust input networks by adding and trimming links, using embedding-based node distances. We empirically show that the strategy can remove up to 32.16% links from the DBLP (computer science literature) citation network, yet improve performance for different algorithms by different evaluation metrics for community detections.Second, we show that these embeddings can support many community-based mining tasks in social networks—including analyses of community homogeneity, distance, and detection of community connectors (inter-community outliers, actors who connect communities)—thanks to the convenient yet efficient computation provided by node embeddings for structural comparisons. Our experimental results include many interesting insights about DBLP. For example, prior to 2013 the best way for research in Natural Language & Speech to gain “best-paper” recognition was to emphasize aspects related to Machine Learning & Pattern Recognition.

Young's (1998a) Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is one of the most commonly used measures of problematic Internet use. Although the instrument is being increasingly applied in research with adolescents, its measurement structure has not been systematically evaluated with pre-adult respondents. Because the results of previous factor-analytic studies with adults have been highly inconsistent, the present study applied both the traditional (simple-structure) and novel (bifactor) modeling approaches to derive the most optimal measurement structure of the IAT for adolescents. The results of exploratory and confirmatory analyses in a large Canadian sample of high-school students (N=1948) converged on a bifactor model with a dominant global IA factor and two distinct sub-dimensions, each associated with a unique gender and problem behaviour profile. The discussion focuses on the implications of this bifactor structure for scale scoring and substantive theory on the nature and sources of individual differences in Internet addiction.

This paper describes the results of a mixed methods approach to investigate the impact of peer social situations on teen drivers. Research has demonstrated that peer passengers have a detrimental effect on teen drivers, leading to a substantial increase in crash rates when teens are driving with passengers versus driving alone. Specific aspects of the driver and passenger, such as gender, may lead to increased or decreased crash risks. However, these data are often inconsistent, suggesting that additional variables are involved. We posit that teens lack the necessary experience managing complex social skills to adequately handle a peer passenger while driving. Further, evidence from interviews and surveys of teen drivers suggests that this may help to account for the dramatic increase in crash risk observed when a teen drives with multiple peer passengers.

This paper presents the three-dimensional finite element analysis of squat RC walls using a continuum constitutive model for concrete developed at ANATECH. The concrete model is based on the smeared-cracking concept and an elastic-plastic formulation that permits the simulation of cracking and other particular response characteristics of concrete. The laws governing the normal and tangential stresses on a crack are suitable for the simulation of shear failures and crack closing and reopening under load reversals. Finite element models have been developed to reproduce experiments on squat walls found in the literature. These tests were conducted on walls with rectangular and non-rectangular sections subjected to cyclic lateral loading. The finite element models provide a good representation of the nonlinear response and shear failure of these walls. Results of a blind simulation of a five-story shear wall building tested on a shake-table, in which a diagonal shear failure was well predicted, are also presented.

Phenomics is an emerging transdiscipline dedicated to the systematic study of phenotypes on a genome-wide scale. New methods for high-throughput genotyping have changed the priority for biomedical research to phenotyping, but the human phenome is vast and its dimensionality remains unknown. Phenomics research strategies capable of linking genetic variation to public health concerns need to prioritize development of mechanistic frameworks that relate neural systems functioning to human behavior. New approaches to phenotype definition will benefit from crossing neuropsychiatric syndromal boundaries, and defining phenotypic features across multiple levels of expression from proteome to syndrome. The demand for high throughput phenotyping may stimulate a migration from conventional laboratory to web-based assessment of behavior, and this offers the promise of dynamic phenotyping-the iterative refinement of phenotype assays based on prior genotype-phenotype associations. Phenotypes that can be studied across species may provide greatest traction, particularly given rapid development in transgenic modeling. Phenomics research demands vertically integrated research teams, novel analytic strategies and informatics infrastructure to help manage complexity. The Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics at UCLA has been supported by the National Institutes of Health Roadmap Initiative to illustrate these principles, and is developing applications that may help investigators assemble, visualize, and ultimately test multi-level phenomics hypotheses. As the transdiscipline of phenomics matures, and work is extended to large-scale international collaborations, there is promise that systematic new knowledge bases will help fulfill the promise of personalized medicine and the rational diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes.

A large international energy company is planning to use beef cattle manure from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to supply part of the energy required to operate a 435 million L/ year ethanol facility at Hereford, Texas. If this proves successful, similar facilities may follow. A major concern, however, is the large amount of ash that will result from burning the feedlot manure. The manure will be burned in a fluidized bed combustion system, similar to those used for coal and lignite, and will produce 28 Mg of ash for every 100 Mg of manure (dry basis). In order to assess the viability of land application of this ash, the impacts of manure ash application to soil characteristics and plant growth were determined. Results from the soil incubation, sulfuric acid, and greenhouse studies indicate that while some of the ash phosphorus (P) is plant available, the P content of the ash is so low that extremely large amounts would have to be added to soil to supply meaningful amounts of P.

Examined the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and several addiction-related behaviors (gambling, internet use, and video game playing) in two community-based samples of adolescents: 13–15 year olds ( N = 209) and 16–18 year olds ( N = 458). EI was measured using the youth version of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i:YV; Bar-On & Parker, 2000), while the addiction-related behaviors were assessed using the Internet Addiction Questionnaire (IADQ; Young, 1998), the Problem Video Game Playing Scale (PVGS; Salguero & Moran, 2002), and the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA; Winters, Stinchfield, & Fulkerson, 1993). EI was found to be a moderate to strong predictor of addiction-related behaviors in both groups (parameter estimates were −.76 for the younger adolescents and −.56 for the older adolescents).

The human genome project has stimulated development of impressive repositories of biological knowledge at the genomic level and new knowledge bases are rapidly being developed in a ‘bottom-up’ fashion. In contrast, higher-level phenomics knowledge bases are underdeveloped, particularly with respect to the complex neuropsychiatric syndrome, symptom, cognitive, and neural systems phenotypes widely acknowledged as critical to advance molecular psychiatry research. This gap limits informatics strategies that could improve both the mining and representation of relevant knowledge, and help prioritize phenotypes for new research. Most existing structured knowledge bases also engage a limited set of contributors, and thus fail to leverage recent developments in social collaborative knowledge-building. We developed a collaborative annotation database to enable representation and sharing of empirical information about phenotypes important to neuropsychiatric research (www.Phenowiki.org). As a proof of concept, we focused on findings relevant to ‘cognitive control’, a neurocognitive construct considered important to multiple neuropsychiatric syndromes. Currently this knowledge base tabulates empirical findings about heritabilities and measurement properties of specific cognitive task and rating scale indicators (n = 449 observations). It is hoped that this new open resource can serve as a starting point that enables broadly collaborative knowledge-building, and help investigators select and prioritize endophenotypes for translational research.

We introduce a distributed representation of nodes, node embeddings, in social network analysis. We compute embeddings for nodes based on their attributes and links. These embeddings can support many social network applications --- including analyses of community homogeneity, distance, and detection of community connectors (inter-community outliers, people who connect communities) --- thanks to the convenient yet efficient computation provided by node embeddings for structural comparisons. Our experimental results include many interesting insights about the computer science literature network (DBLP). For example, in DBLP prior to 2013 the best way for research in Natural Language & Speech to gain impact toward "best-paper" recognition was to emphasize aspects related to Machine Learning & Pattern Recognition.

The interaction of 15 variables representing physical characteristics, previous altitude exposure, and ascent data was analyzed to determine their contribution to acute mountain sickness (AMS).Questionnaires were obtained from 359 volunteers upon reaching the summit of Mt Whitney (4419 m). Heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation were measured with a pulse oximeter, and AMS was identified by Lake Louise Self-Assessment scoring. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify significant protective and risk factors for AMS.Thirty-three percent of the sample met the criteria for AMS. The odds of experiencing AMS were greater for those who reported a previous altitude illness (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, P.01) or who were taking analgesics during the ascent (adjusted OR = 2.09, P.01). Odds for AMS decreased with increasing age (adjusted OR = 0.82, P.0001), a greater number of climbs above 3000 m in the past month (adjusted OR = 0.92, P.05), and use of acetazolamide during the ascent (adjusted OR = 0.33, P.05).The significant determinants of AMS on the summit of Mt Whitney were age, a history of altitude illness, number of climbs above 3000 m in the past month, and use of acetazolamide and analgesics during ascent.

In the Milner continuously variable transmission altering the axial separation between two moveable halves of the outer race set allows the radial position of the planet balls to vary, along with the contact positions on the inner and outer races and, hence, the transmission ratio changes. An inelastic analytical model implemented in SIMULINK is presented which allows the component positions, speeds, forces, and torques to be calculated. Use of a free body approach for individual components allows both individual and coupled component motions to be studied. Examples of the steady-state results and experimental verification are presented. Use of the model for dynamic investigations and to improve future versions of the transmission is discussed.

Based on a survey which showed that seven of eight conventional trickling filter (CTF) plants exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary treatment regulatory requirements, a new design procedure is proposed. It recognizes that bioflocculation within CTFs is poor and that most of the effluent violations seen in the survey could be related directly or indirectly to the level of effluent suspended solids. In past practice, process design focus has been on soluble or settled effluent biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD5 ) rather than the effluent suspended solids. The principal focus in CTF process design should be on predicting effluent suspended solids (SS) after secondary clarification, rather than effluent carbonaceous BOD5 . If the total organic loading (TOL) is set in the proper range, the effluent carbonaceous BOD5 is primarily determined by the effluent SS. A new design procedure has been developed that identifies the highest TOL that can be sustained without posing a constraint on efflue...

In this paper we detail a review of the current state of published work regarding the modeling of rolling traction drive Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs). An overview of CVTs operating by traction through small contact areas is performed, the layouts and kinematics of leading examples are reviewed, including the factors affecting design optimization. Properties of the traction contacts are considered in detail, with particular attention to elastohydrodynamic lubrication and asperity contact. Factors affecting the traction coefficient are reviewed and fundamental empirical predictions are contrasted with modern modeling computations. Finally measurements of the rheology of traction fluids are considered, leading to a definition of ideal properties and the development of proprietary fluids.

Lingering construct of lactic acidosis We would like to thank Dr. Kemp ([6][1]) and Boning et al. ([4][2]) for their letters to the editor and Dr. Lindinger et al. ([8][3]) for their editorial contributions to the topic of the biochemistry of metabolic acidosis in contracting skeletal muscle.

The aim of this review is to provide greater insight and understanding regarding the scientific nature of cycling. Research findings are presented in a practical manner for their direct application to cycling. The two parts of this review provide information that is useful to athletes, coaches and exercise scientists in the prescription of training regimens, adoption of exercise protocols and creation of research designs. Here for the first time, we present rationale to dispute prevailing myths linked to erroneous concepts and terminology surrounding the sport of cycling. In some studies, a review of the cycling literature revealed incomplete characterisation of athletic performance, lack of appropriate controls and small subject numbers, thereby complicating the understanding of the cycling research. Moreover, a mixture of cycling testing equipment coupled with a multitude of exercise protocols stresses the reliability and validity of the findings. Our scrutiny of the literature revealed key cycling performance-determining variables and their training-induced metabolic responses. The review of training strategies provides guidelines that will assist in the design of aerobic and anaerobic training protocols. Paradoxically, while maximal oxygen uptake (V-O(2max)) is generally not considered a valid indicator of cycling performance when it is coupled with other markers of exercise performance (e.g. blood lactate, power output, metabolic thresholds and efficiency/economy), it is found to gain predictive credibility. The positive facets of lactate metabolism dispel the 'lactic acid myth'. Lactate is shown to lower hydrogen ion concentrations rather than raise them, thereby retarding acidosis. Every aspect of lactate production is shown to be advantageous to cycling performance. To minimise the effects of muscle fatigue, the efficacy of employing a combination of different high cycling cadences is evident. The subconscious fatigue avoidance mechanism 'teleoanticipation' system serves to set the tolerable upper limits of competitive effort in order to assure the athlete completion of the physical challenge. Physiological markers found to be predictive of cycling performance include: (i) power output at the lactate threshold (LT2); (ii) peak power output (W(peak)) indicating a power/weight ratio ofor =5.5 W/kg; (iii) the percentage of type I fibres in the vastus lateralis; (iv) maximal lactate steady-state, representing the highest exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration remains stable; (v) W(peak) at LT2; and (vi) W(peak) during a maximal cycling test. Furthermore, the unique breathing pattern, characterised by a lack of tachypnoeic shift, found in professional cyclists may enhance the efficiency and metabolic cost of breathing. The training impulse is useful to characterise exercise intensity and load during training and competition. It serves to enable the cyclist or coach to evaluate the effects of training strategies and may well serve to predict the cyclist's performance. Findings indicate that peripheral adaptations in working muscles play a more important role for enhanced submaximal cycling capacity than central adaptations. Clearly, relatively brief but intense sprint training can enhance both glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activity, maximum short-term power output and V-O(2max). To that end, it is suggested to replace approximately 15% of normal training with one of the interval exercise protocols. Tapering, through reduction in duration of training sessions or the frequency of sessions per week while maintaining intensity, is extremely effective for improvement of cycling time-trial performance. Overuse and over-training disabilities common to the competitive cyclist, if untreated, can lead to delayed recovery.

The power transmission efficiency of continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) based on the pushing metal belt is acknowledged to be lower than that of discrete ratio alternatives. This tends to negate the potential fuel economy benefits that are obtained by improved engine/load matching with a CVT. This series of three papers details an investigation into the loss mechanisms that occur within the belt drive as a first step to obtaining improvements in efficiency. This second part follows on from an initial paper in which an analysis was performed of the losses that occur due to relative motion between the bands and segments of the belt. Additional experimental work has been performed indicating that a significant deflection occurs in the pulleys of the variator. Further torque-loss models are proposed in addition to that discussed in Part 1, representing a smaller but still significant torque loss associated with the belt. The work takes into account new findings in other research and changes in the design of the metal V-belt. The third paper in this series develops a number of models to predict belt-slip losses in the variator system, based on force distribution models developed in Part 1.

The power transmission efficiency of continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) based on the pushing metal belt is acknowledged to be lower than that of discrete ratio alternatives. This tends to negate the potential fuel economy benefits that are obtained by improved engine/load matching with a CVT. This series of three papers details an investigation into the loss mechanisms that occur within the belt drive as a first step to obtaining improvements in efficiency. This third paper follows on from two previous papers in which an analysis was performed modelling the torque losses that occur due to relative motion between the bands and segments of the belt, and between the pulleys and the belt due to pulley deflection effects. It describes additional experimental work, measuring the belt-slip speed tangentially about both of the pulleys in the variator. Additional loss models are proposed beyond those discussed in Parts 1 and 2 to describe the belt-slip phenomena, based on existing theory proposed by others. The analysis produced in this paper is validated against a range of experimental data and additionally through its close interaction with the torque-loss and torque-force distribution models proposed in Parts 1 and 2. The work takes into account new findings in other research and changes in the design of the current metal V-belt.

The power transmission efficiency of continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) based on the pushing metal belt is acknowledged to be lower than that of discrete ratio alternatives. This tends to negate the potential fuel economy benefits that are obtained by improved engine/load matching with a CVT. This series of three papers details an investigation into the loss mechanisms that occur within the belt drive as a first step to obtaining improvements in efficiency. Experimental work has been undertaken to investigate the no-load and low-load torque losses associated with a pushing metal V-belt CVT. This first paper describes a new analysis of the principal torque losses occurring in the metal belt CVT due to relative motion occurring between the belt segments and bands. The work takes into account new findings in other research and changes in the design of the metal V-belt. The torque loss model proposed in this paper is supported by experimental data from several different test procedures. A number of additional torque loss mechanisms, due to pulley deflections, are described in Part 2 of the series. The findings from this current paper support an analysis of belt-slip losses, which is described in detail in Part 3.

The transport properties of a natural fracture crossing a limestone block of 36 cm × 26 cm × 60 cm is studied using positron emission projection imaging. This non-invasive technique allows to measure the spatial distribution of the activity of a radioactive solution (here irradiated-copper-EDTA solution) within the fracture. The fracture aperture is measured from the spatial distribution of the activity as the fracture is completely filled with the tracer. The experiment consists in injecting the tracer at a constant flow rate in the plane of the fracture filled with an identical non-radioactive solution. Every 10 min, a two-dimensional grey scale image of the concentration field is recorded. The heterogeneity of the tracer distribution increases with time in relation with the spatial heterogeneity of the aperture field, and favours only slightly the region of larger aperture. The correlation length of the aperture distribution is larger than the correlation length of the concentration distribution of the tracer within the sample. Consequently, the concentration distribution cannot be modelled using a classical advection–dispersion equation; the mixing process has not reached a stationary Fickian dispersion regime in the finite size domain of the experiment. Nevertheless, the transversally averaged concentration profiles $$\overline c \left( x \right)$$ evaluated along the flow direction x rescale adequately with an advective variable $${x \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {x {\overline U t}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\overline U t}} $$ , where $${\overline U }$$ is the mean velocity and t the time. This result is explained in the context of the geometrical dispersion regime where the mixing dispersion zone grows proportionally with time. Different approaches are proposed to characterise this anomalous dispersion regime.

Dental professionals are uniquely poised to contribute to the battle against tobacco use. When tobacco users receive a consistent anti-tobacco message from a variety of health care providers, the likelihood of success in the battle to quit is increased. Most people receive many warnings in the media about the negative health effects of tobacco, especially those regarding cancer and heart disease. Smokers and smokeless tobacco users may not be as knowledgeable about the negative oral manifestations of tobacco use, and dental hygienists can be instrumental in educating their patients on these effects. Including questions about tobacco use in the health history is a vital first step to identifying patients who may benefit from tobacco intervention counselling in the dental office. Once identified, the hygienist can proceed to discover the patient's motivation to quit, and assist in providing information that may be of help to the patient in ceasing tobacco dependency. Helping and encouraging patients in their battle against tobacco use is an important way that dental hygienists can contribute to their patients' improved health.

The purpose of the D-CIXS (Demonstration of a Compact Imaging X-ray Spectrometer) instrument on the ESA SMART-1 mission is to provide high quality spectroscopic mapping of the Moon by imaging fluorescence X-rays emitted from the lunar surface. In order to obtain adequate statistics for what can be very weak sources, it is essential to have a large effective area, while maintaining a low mass. The solution is to make a thin, low profile detector, essentially a modern version of “X-ray detecting paper”. D-CIXS will achieve a spatial resolution on the ground of 42km from a spacecraft at 300 km altitude, with a spectral resolution of 200 eV or better. The instrument is based around the use of advanced dual microstructure collimator and Swept Charge Device X-ray detector technologies. Swept Charge Device X-ray detectors, a novel architecture based on proven CCD technology, have the virtue of providing superior X-ray detection and spectroscopic measurement capabilities, while also operating at room temperature. Thus we avoid the need for the large passive cooling radiator that was previously required to cool large X-ray focal plane CCDs. The advanced low profile microstructure collimation and filter design builds on expertise developed in solid state and microwave technology to enable us to dramatically reduce the instrument mass. The total mass of D-CIXS, including an X-ray solar monitor is ∼4.6 kg. D-CIXS will provide the first global map of the Moon in X-rays. During normal solar conditions, it will be able to detect absolute elemental abundances of Fe, Mg, Al and Si on the lunar surface, using the on-board solar monitor to obtain a continuous measurement of the input solar spectrum. During solar flare events, it will also be possible to detect other elements such as Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, K, P and Na. The global mapping of Mg, Al and Si, and in particular deriving Mg#, the magnesium number (MgO/[MgO+FeO]), represents the prime goal of the D-CIXS experiment.

Transdisciplinary research is a rapidly expanding part of science and engineering, demanding new methods for connecting results across fields. In biomedicine for example, modeling complex biological systems requires linking knowledge across multiple levels of science, from genes to disease. The move to multilevel research requires new strategies; in this paper we present path knowledge discovery, a novel methodology for linking published research findings. Path knowledge discovery consists of two integral tasks: 1) association path mining among concepts in a multipart lexicon that crosses disciplines, and 2) fine-granularity knowledge-based content retrieval along the path(s) to permit deeper analysis. Implementing this methodology has required development of innovative measures of association strength for pairwise associations, as well as the strength for sequences of associations, in addition to powerful lexicon-based association expansion to increase the scope of matching. In our discussions, we describe the validation of the methodology using a published heritability study from cognition research, and we obtain comparable results. We show how path knowledge discovery can greatly reduce a domain expert's time (by several orders of magnitude) when searching and gathering knowledge from the published literature, and can facilitate derivation of interpretable results.

Transdisciplinary research is a rapidly expanding part of science and engineering, demanding newmethods for connecting results across fields. In biomedicine for example, modeling complex biological systems requires linking knowledge acrossmulti-level of science, fromgenes to disease. Themove to multilevel research requires new strategies; in this discussion we present path knowledge discovery, a novel methodology for linking published research findings.

The heat transfer behaviour of the runout table operation has been modelled in the first stage of an investigation to quantify parameters affecting the final product quality of hot strip coil. The study has been carried out using the commercial software package ABAQUS/Standard, along with the available user routine capabilities. With the complex nature of heat removal during the process, emphasis is placed on the accurate description of the boundary conditions so as to achieve satisfactory temperature predictions. A preprocessor was developed to formulate actual plant data within the user routines, allowing the simulation of the accelerated cooling process according to particular cooling strategies as defined by the online control system. The model independently considers the geometrical position of the top and bottom laminar sprays and the calculation of the strip surface heat transfer coefficients at each time increment is achieved using boundary layer theory and an experimentally proven numeri...

Dick published a classic paper in the mid-1970s illuminating popular final settling tank beliefs as folklore with little factual or logical support. Unfortunately, some of that folklore persists in an evolved form and new folklore developed along with technology development. Secondary clarifier folklore examined in this paper include: (1) scraper mechanisms outperform suction pickup mechanisms; (2) surface overflow rate accurately dimensions secondary clarifiers; (3) secondary clarifiers should not be used for sludge storage under any operating conditions; (4) solids flux theory and state point analysis does not predict secondary clarifier failure; (5) dye studies always indicate secondary clarifier deficiencies; (6) rectangular clarifiers outperform circular clarifiers; (7) flocculator center wells encourage density currents; and (8) the sludge volume index must be high to produce low effluent suspended solids.

The trickling filter solids contact (TF/SC) process is now over 20 years old, having been first demonstrated successfully in 1979 at Corvallis, Oreg. Design and operating concepts have evolved significantly since the first generation of plants. The purpose of this paper is to document the changes that have occurred since prior reviews. Data from four large plants (Santa Cruz, Littleton/Englewood, Central Valley, and Annacis Island) are used for illustration. The basis of the original peer reviewed U.S. EPA definition of the TF/SC process is reviewed. Pilot-scale and plant-scale research coupled with advanced analysis tools had allowed the overall horizons of the TF/SC process to be expanded, such that higher loadings have been obtained. For instance, use of modern plastic media has allowed the criterion that the majority of the biochemical oxygen demand be removed on the trickling filter while sustaining high total organic loadings. Owing to the features of the flocculator-clarifier and the superior thick...

Superior mesenteric artery blood flow (SMABF) increases significantly during and after the hypoglycaemia reaction in healthy humans. To investigate the mechanisms controlling this phenomenon, SMABF and plasma catecholamines were measured in healthy human volunteers. In 10 controls, hypoglycaemia was induced by insulin infusion (2.5 m-units·min-1·kg-1). In six subjects, β-blockade by propranolol infusion (0.7 µg·min-1·kg-1) preceded insulin infusion and was continued throughout the study. Following the hypoglycaemia reaction, the glucose nadir was similar in both groups. In controls, increases in SMABF [42.4±6.1% (mean±S.E.M.); P < 0.001], cardiac output (34.3±2.3%; P < 0.001) and pulse rate (from 63.9±2.7 to 82.5±3.1 beats/min; P < 0.001) occurred. Superior mesenteric artery resistance fell by 32.4±3.3% (P < 0.001). Under β-blockade, decreases in SMABF (34.8±2.9%; P < 0.001) and pulse rate (from 59.5±0.2 to 51.8±2.2 beats/min; P < 0.001) occurred. Superior mesenteric artery resistance increased (peak +30.8±12.3%; not significant). Subjects showed greater increases in adrenaline (P < 0.006) and noradrenaline (P < 0.022) concentrations than controls. Mesenteric hyperaemia associated with hypoglycaemia in man appears to be mediated by a β-adrenergic mechanism that is activated by increased circulating levels of adrenaline.

In this paper, we give a case history illustrating the real-world application of a useful technique for data mining of text databases. The technique, which we call Term Domain Distribution Analysis (TDDA), consists of keeping track of term frequencies for specific finite domains and announcing significant differences from standard frequency distributions over these domains as a hypothesis. TDDA is part of a larger framework, the Digital Filter Model, for data mining of text documents. In the case study presented, the domain of terms was the pair {right, left}, over which we expected a uniform distribution. In analyzing term frequencies in a thoracic lung cancer database, the TDDA technique led to the surprising discovery that primary thoracic lung cancer tumors appear in the right lung more often than the left lung, with a ratio of 3:2. Treating the text discovery as a hypothesis, we verified this relationship against the medical literature in which primary lung tumor sites were reported, using a standard χ2 statistic. We subsequently developed a working theoretical model of lung cancer that may explain the discovery. This discovery and our model may change how oncologists view the mechanisms of primary lung tumor location.

Slow mineralization of organic matter in sewage sludge-treated soil could release metals into more labile forms, which would then be more available for plant ahsorption. We examined the effect of soil organic matter decomposition on the phytoavailability of Cd in soils which, prior to this experiment, received 0 ( control ), 22.5, 45, 90, 180 Mg ha -1 yr -1 of sewage sludge for 6 yr. At the commencement of the experiment, one-half of the experimental plots continued to receive sewage sludge application at the prescribed rates. Sewage sludge application in the other half of the plots was terminated. All treated soils were cropped to Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris) twice each year for 10 yr and the soil was sampled after each crop harvest. When sewage sludge applications were terminated, the soluble Cd concentrations of the sludge-treated soil were higher than those in the control soils and did not decline significantly over the next 10 yr. With continuous sludge applications the soluble Cd concentration of sludge-treated soils increased with each incremental addition of sludge for the same 10 yr. In soils receiving continuous sewage sludge inputs, the organic C content continued to rise with sludge inputs. After the termination of sludge application, organic C content of the sludge-treated soils decreased by approximately 40% over the 10-yr study. There was no indication that the soluble Cd concentration or the phytoavailability of Cd in the sludge-treated soils increased as the organic C in these soils declined over the 10 yr following termination of sewage sludge application.

The impacts of changing support systems for lift irrigation in Bangladesh from the public to the private sector are examined. Data are presented from an extensive study undertaken by IIMI and the Bangladesh Agricultural University. The results of the study clearly demonstrate that farmers, small dealers and input sellers all feel that transfer to the private sector has improved the quality of support services. As a result of the privatization of support services, more fuel is available, it is closer to the farms and there is less adulteration. A similar case holds for agricultural chemicals. In addition to improving the situation for small farmers, privatization has created thousands of jobs for small traders and repair shops. Data are presented that documented the improvements in services and the expansion of small traders. The one issue that still must be solved is the future of deep tubewells, as the article documents that they are not economically vaiable without Government subsidies.

Motivated by implementing collective communication operations on workstation clusters, a problem of scheduling a dance party is formulated. The problem is solved by two algorithms based on searching and divide-and-conquer that generate suboptimal schedules and an algorithm based on graph factorization that generates optimal schedules. It is shown how to use dance schedules to implement collective communication operations such as all—gather. Experiment data on a single ethernet segment of SUN SPARC-10 workstations and on a switch connected network, the IBM SP2, show that the all—gather implementation that simply uses the optimal schedule performs better for long messages than the implementations of system MPL from IBM and public-domain systems LAM and MPICH/p4.

This paper presents a new attenuation measurement technique suitable for rotating planar detector positron tomographs. Transmission measurements are made using two unshielded positron-emitting line sources, one attached to the front face of each detector. Many of the scattered and accidental coincidences are rejected by including only those coincidences that form a vector passing within a predetermined distance of either line source. Some scattered and accidental coincidences are still included, which reduces the measured linear attenuation: in principle their contribution can be accurately estimated and subtracted, but in practice, when limited statistics are available (as is the case with the multi-wire Birmingham positron camera), this background subtraction unacceptably increases the noise. Instead an attenuation image having the correct features can be reconstructed from the measured projections. For objects containing only a few discrete linear attenuation coefficients, segmentation of this attenuation image reduces noise and allows the correct linear attenuation coefficients to be restored by renormalization. Reprojection through the segmented image may then provide quantitatively correct attenuation correction factors of sufficient statistical quality to correct for attenuation in PET emission images.

Previous studies of type I autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been based on selected populations attending specialist liver units. We describe 41 patients with type I AIH from a stable population in South Wales sequentially diagnosed over an 11-year period. All were Caucasian; 32 women, nine men; median follow-up 4 years. All cases conformed with International AIH Group criteria. Median age at diagnosis was 62 years. At presentation, only five patients were under 40 years old, 23 were over 60. This was very different from the classical age distribution. The commonest presentation was acute icteric hepatitis (29/41); median duration of illness 3 months. Co-existing acute arthralgia was common (10/41), as were other autoimmune diseases. Liver biopsy revealed piecemeal necrosis or interface hepatitis in 30; others showed non-diagnostic acute hepatitis. Fourteen also had cirrhosis. Median AsT fell from 508 (73-2385) to 32 (13-607) U/I after immunosuppression, representing complete remission in 28, partial remission in eight, and two treatment failures. Three patients were not treated, because of either quiescent disease or spontaneous remission. To date, there have been eight deaths (median age 64, range 37-86); five due to liver failure, one to variceal haemorrhage, one to acute myocardial infarction and one to upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage caused by acute idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Contrary to previous descriptions, type 1 AIH is a disease of later life in this stable, unselected population; peak incidence was in the seventh decade, and few cases occurred before the fifth decade. Presentation was usually as painless acute icteric hepatitis. Immunosuppression was effective and safe in most cases; 5-year survival rates were 61% (> 60 years at diagnosis), 66% (< 60) and 64% (overall).

Objectives To investigate what factors influence the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody following genital tract infection. Methods One hundred and sixty-four women with a previous history of C trachomatis infection contributed to an earlier report on the performance of chlamydia antibody ELISA assays. We undertook further analysis to explore how chlamydia antibody assay sensitivity changes with time since infection. Results Chlamydia antibody was detected in more women soon after the last detection of chlamydia at the lower genital tract than at later times. This holds true for all tests, but the Anilabsystems IgG EIA, Medac pELISA plus ELISA and the Savyon SeroCT-IgG ELISA were less sensitive than the pgp3 ELISA and the Anilabsystems microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay at all time points except during current infection. Fall in seropositivity in women generally occurred in the early weeks and months following the last episode of chlamydia infection. There was no clear pattern of further reduction in seropositivity after 6 months. Multiple previous episodes were associated with increased seropositivity in the pgp3 assay (two or more vs one, OR 19, p

Draughtsmen depicting objects often do so by means of outlines derived in a systematic manner from the objects' surfaces. These outlines represent those points on a solid's surface where the surface appears to change rapidly; a line joining these points of maximum change is here termed a typical contour. Previous research (Dziurawiec & Deregowski, 1992) has shown that children's distorted drawings of animal models may be explained by the child's tendency to depict typical contours for different regions of an object, e.g. head, trunk, tail, and bring these together in a single drawing. The present paper extends this research to the role of typical contours in the discrimination and recognition of unfamiliar solids. In Expt 1 results collected from 108 nursery school children indicate that learning to discriminate between unfamiliar models is significantly improved when the models' typical contours are presented in the participants' fronto-parallel plane. In Expt 2 data collected from a further 107 nursery school children established that when all views of an unfamiliar object are available, nursery school children readily abstract the typical contours and use them as an aid to subsequent recognition. The utility of the typical contours approach, previously demonstrated for object depiction, is confirmed for object recognition.

The following recommendations are made: 1 Existing centres undertaking angioplasty should increase their activity, and the target figure of 400 PTCA procedures per million of the United Kingdom population should be achieved by the end of 1996-97, or immediately thereafter. 2 Angioplasty centres should be appropriately equipped to undertake PTCA safely and effectively and provide a reliable emergency service. They should have a minimum of two trained PTCA operators jointly undertaking a minimum of 200 procedures per year at that centre, and have regular meetings to share experience. 3 Angioplasty operators should ensure that where the need arises patients undergoing PTCA can receive immediate attention from a trained operator at any time until discharge from hospital. 4 Trained operators should undertake at least 1-2 PTCA procedures per week (> 60 procedures per year) to maintain competence, and those undertaking so few procedures should increase their activity over the next three years to more than 100 a year. 5 Trainers should have performed at least 500 procedures before formally training others and should undertake a minimum of 125 procedures a year to maintain accreditation as a trainer. 6 Surgical cover for PTCA procedures should be mandatory and on site cover remains the strongly preferred option. Where surgical cover is provided off site, this should be at a centre less than 30 minutes away by road. Whether provided on or off-site it should be possible to establish cardiopulmonary bypass within 90 minutes of the decision being made to refer the patient for surgery. 7 All operators and interventional centres should audit their activity and results, review these data locally with colleagues, and provide regular audit returns to the national database run by BCIS. This will allow future recommendations concerning standards to take more account of risk stratification and actual outcomes, and not place such emphasis merely on volumes of activity. 8 These recommendations should be reviewed in three years.

Over the past two decades a number of methods have been proposed for constructing stronger classifiers as an ensemble of simpler individual classifiers. These simpler classifiers are often limited to a single family, and candidates among these are further limited to only elite classifiers, i.e., classifiers having highest performance. Many prior research papers suggest that using the top 10%–20% of elite classifiers in an ensemble should yield stronger classifiers. In this paper, we have explored the top 10% of elite classifiers as well as the bottom 90% of non-elite classifiers, proposed algorithms that can effectively use them to construct much stronger classifiers, and showed that using the bottom 90% can yield comparable and sometimes better performance than using the top 10%. Our algorithm is based on heuristic search algorithms for developing ensembles of diverse classifiers that optimize complementarity among them, and the experiments are made with 9 publicly available datasets using 22 different kinds of classifiers.

Recent years have witnessed a great deal of attention in tracking news memes over the web, modeling shifts in the ebb and flow of their popularity. One of the most important features of news memes is that they seldom occur repeatedly; instead, they tend to shift to different but similar memes. In this work, we consider patterns in research memes, which differ significantly from news memes and have received very little attention. One significant difference between research memes and news memes lies in that research memes have cyclic development, motivating the need for models of cycles of research memes. Furthermore, these cycles may reveal important patterns of evolving research, shedding lights on how research progresses. In this paper, we formulate the modeling of the cycles of research memes, and propose solutions to the problem of identifying cycles and discovering patterns among these cycles. Experiments on two different domain applications indicate that our model does find meaningful patterns and our algorithms for pattern discovery are efficient for large scale data analysis. © 2011 IEEE.

The Broadband Radiometer (BBR) is an instrument being developed for the ESA EarthCARE satellite. The BBR instrument is led by SEA in the UK with RAL responsible for the BBR optics unit (OU) while EADS Astrium is the EarthCARE prime contractor. The BBR detectors consist of three dedicated assemblies under the responsibility of INO. The detectors development started in 2008 and led to the design and implementation of a new gold black deposition facility at INO, in parallel with the preliminary and detailed design phases of the detector assemblies. As of today, two breadboard models and one engineering model have been delivered to RAL. The engineering qualification model manufacturing activities are on-going. This paper first provides an overview of the detectors assembly and principles of operation, with emphasis given to processes developed for the assembly and integration of the detectors. Detector-level qualification planning is finally discussed.

Medium-voltage (MV) sensors for the Smart Grid are an evolving tool for the electric utility distribution engineer. Historically, to remotely monitor the power system flow on a distribution system, the most common option available was traditional current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) combined with transducers. The most common means of communication was a leased telephone circuit. Around 1990, as the visions of fully automated distribution systems began to surface, a need was recognized for a device that could detect the magnitudes of the distribution system's primary voltages and line currents — devices that would be less expensive and less cumbersome to install and operate than the traditional CT and PT. Thus was born the MV sensor. As with many other emerging technologies, the evolution of these MV sensors — from the concept of a cycloalaphatic or epoxy post-type insulator with embedded discrete components to the more recent concept of a polymer with optics — has been filled with trials and tribulations. This paper covers some of the basic design concepts, technical capabilities, applications, reports of independent lab tests, and “lessons learned” with these sensor types, which are destined to become part of the initial building blocks for the Smart Grid.

Perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions can target lipophilic therapeutic agents to solid tumors and simultaneously provide for monitoring nanocarrier biodistribution via ultrasonography and/or 19F MRI. In the first generation of block copolymer stabilized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions, perfluoropentane (PFP) was used as the droplet forming compound. Although manifesting excellent therapeutic and ultrasound imaging properties, PFP nanoemulsions were unstable at storage, difficult to handle, and underwent droplet‐to‐bubble transition upon injection that was hard to control. To solve the above problems, perfluoro‐15‐crown‐5‐ether (PFCE) was used as a core forming compound in the second generation of block copolymer stabilized perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. In the present paper, acoustic, imaging, and therapeutic properties of unloaded and paclitaxel (PTX) loaded PFCE nanoemulsions are reported. The size of paclitaxel‐loaded PFCE nanodroplets (300 nm to 500 nm depending on emulsification conditions) favors their passi...

The trickling filter/solids contact process has been shown to be an excellent means of upgrading biological filter plants in North America, and about 100 plants have been built since 1979 in both cold and warm climates, and on both large and small works. A variety of effluent requirements has been satisfied consistently, including monthly average BOD and SS concentrations of 10 mg/l and 10 mg/l respectively. Key design features are described, including the use of an aerated solids contact tank to flocculate dispersed solids. Also, a flocculator-clarifier with special design features allows the use of high overflow rates and smaller sedimentation tanks.

Modern computational neuroscience employs diverse software tools and multidisciplinary expertise to analyze heterogeneous brain data. The classical problems of gathering meaningful data, fitting specific models, and discovering appropriate analysis and visualization tools give way to a new class of computational challenges--management of large and incongruous data, integration and interoperability of computational resources, and data provenance. We designed, implemented and validated a new paradigm for addressing these challenges in the neuroimaging field. Our solution is based on the LONI Pipeline environment [3], [4], a graphical workflow environment for constructing and executing complex data processing protocols. We developed study-design, database and visual language programming functionalities within the LONI Pipeline that enable the construction of complete, elaborate and robust graphical workflows for analyzing neuroimaging and other data. These workflows facilitate open sharing and communication of data and metadata, concrete processing protocols, result validation, and study replication among different investigators and research groups. The LONI Pipeline features include distributed grid-enabled infrastructure, virtualized execution environment, efficient integration, data provenance, validation and distribution of new computational tools, automated data format conversion, and an intuitive graphical user interface. We demonstrate the new LONI Pipeline features using large scale neuroimaging studies based on data from the International Consortium for Brain Mapping [5] and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [6]. User guides, forums, instructions and downloads of the LONI Pipeline environment are available at http://pipeline.loni.ucla.edu.

The flow behaviour of powders during die filling was investigated using the positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) technique, from which quantitative information on the flow of individual particles was obtained. Two grades of spherical microcrystalline cellulose powders with different particle sizes were used as the model powder systems. It is shown that the trajectories of tracked particles at different initial positions are consistent with the overall flow patterns observed using a high-speed video system and linear kinematics (i.e. displacement and velocity) of the tracked particles in the moving direction of the feed shoe correspond very well with the specified shoe motion. Furthermore, a close examination of the vertical velocity component (i.e. in the gravitational direction) of the tracked particles that were deposited into the die reveals that for the system with large particles, the particles flow into the die at a higher falling velocity, compared to the system with small particles. This is primarily due to the effect of the presence of air in the die, which can significantly inhibit the flow of small particles, while its effect on the flow of large particles is small.

This paper describes Narrowing Grammar , a new kind of grammar that combines concepts from logic programming, rewriting, lazy evaluation, and logic grammar formalisms such as Definite Clause Grammar (DCG). A Narrowing Grammar is a finite set of rewrite rules. The semantics of Narrowing Grammar is defined by a specialized kind of outermost rewriting strategy called NU-narrowing . Narrowing Grammar is directly executable, like many logic grammars. In fact, Narrowing Grammar rules can be compiled to Prolog and executed by existing Prolog interpreters as generators or acceptors. Unlike many logic grammars, Narrowing Grammar also permits higher-order specification and modular composition, and it provides lazy evaluation by virtue of its rewriting strategy. Lazy evaluation is important in certain languageacceptance situations, such as in coroutined matching of multiple patterns against a stream. We compare Narrowing Grammar with several established logic grammars: Definite Clause Grammar, Metamorphosis Grammar, Extraposition Grammar and Gapping Grammar, showing how these logic grammars can be transformed to Narrowing Grammar. We also investigate the versatility of Narrowing Grammar in language analysis by applying it to several natural-language examples.

The state of development of process modeling is assessed from the practitioner's point of view. The history of model development and application within a consulting firm is described. The utility of currently available models is portrayed for the commonly used biological treatment processes. The perspective given is one of assessing model usefulness in its most practical context, that of its utility in a design practice. Areas are identified where additional research and model development are needed.