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Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista sobre Centro de Treinamento e Certificacao Profissional em Hemodinâmica e Cardiologia Intervencionista – 2020

Background The number of elderly patients submitted to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly prevalent. Historically, this population has a worse prognosis when compared to the younger ones. This study aimed to compare the characteristics and 30-day clinical outcomes of patients aged ≥ 80 years to those Methods Observational, prospective cohort study, extracted from the database of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, between 2009 and 2013. Results A total of 1,970 patients were included, of whom 122 (6.2%) were aged ≥ 80 years. The elderly showed a predominance of the female gender (50% vs. 29%; p Conclusions In this contemporary analysis, patients aged ≥ 80 years undergoing primary PCI had a more severe clinical and angiographic profile, longer door-to-balloon time, lower final Blush 3, with higher rates of hospital complications and 30-day mortality when compared with younger patients.

Background The Orsiro is a hybrid stent which has passive (amorphous silicon carbide) and active (poly-L-lactic acid, PLLA) coatings. The first layer encapsulates the stent struts, promoting lower local inflammation, whereas the second layer releases sirolimus through a biodegradable matrix. This study's aim was to compare the results of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with Orsiro and Xience™ V stents (everolimus-eluting stent) in daily clinical practice. Methods Observational study in which patients were divided into two groups: those who received only one or more Orsiro stents, and those who received only XienceTM V stents. Early and late outcomes were prospectively collected. Results Between September 2012 and March 2014, this study included 92 and 108 patients treated with Orsiro and Xience™ V stents, respectively. Clinical, angiographic, and procedure characteristics were mostly similar between groups. Rates of procedure success (98.9% vs. 95.4%; p = 0.22), in-hospital mortality (1.1% vs. 0%; p = 0.40) and stent thrombosis (0% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.30) did not differ between groups. Time of follow-up was 434 ± 111 and 477 ± 66 days (p = 0.23), respectively, and differences in mortality (0.9% vs. 0%, p = 0.30), stent thrombosis (0% vs. 0.9%; p = 0.30), or need for repeat revascularization of the target lesion (0% vs. 0.9%; p = 0.30) were not observed. Conclusions Orsiro and Xience™ V stents showed similar performance, with low rates of early and late clinical and angiographic events.

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that primary percutaneous coronary interventions carried off-hours are related to a worse prognosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing on- and off-hours primary percutaneous coronary interventions performed at a reference cardiology center.MethodsProspective cohort study, including 1,108 consecutive patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction divided into a group of primary percutaneous coronary intervention performed during regular working hours (on-hours: 8:00am to 8:00pm) and primary percutaneous coronary intervention during non-regular working hours group (off-hours: 8:00pm to 8:00am).ResultsThe sample included 680 patients in the on-hours group and 428 in the off-hours group. Baseline demographic data, risk factors and Killip classification were similar in both groups; however door-to-balloon time was significantly longer in the off-hours group (84 ± 66 minutes vs. 102 ± 98 minutes; p < 0.01). Culprit vessels and pre- and post-procedure TIMI flows were not different between groups. There were no significant differences for in-hospital mortality (7.6% vs. 10.2%; p = 0.16), stent thrombosis (2.8% vs. 2.4%; p = 0.69) or major bleeding (1.9% vs. 2.1%; p = 0.50). One-year mortality was also similar (9.5% vs. 12.6%; p = 0.12). The main predictor of mortality at 1 year was Killip III/IV (OR, 10.02; 95% CI, 5.8-17.1; p < 0.01).ConclusionsPatients with myocardial infarction have similar in-hospital clinical outcomes regardless of the time when primary percutaneous coronary intervention is performed. However, door-to-balloon time is significantly longer in patients treated during off-hours.

Background Stem cell therapy may help restore cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the optimal therapeutic cell type has not been identified. Methods We examined the effects of CD34-/CD45- human unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) in pigs (n = 30) with an AMI created by a 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Pigs were randomly assigned to receive either USSCs (302 ± 23 × 106 cells) or phosphate-buffered saline via 15 NOGA-guided transendocardial injections 10 days after AMI. Cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg orally, twice a day) was started in all pigs 3 days before control or cell treatment. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography before injection and at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Serum titers for pig IgG antibodies against USSCs were also measured at these time points and before AMI. Results Compared with control pigs, USSC-treated pigs showed no significant differences in any of the functional parameters examined. USSC-treated pigs showed variable increases in anti-USSC IgG antibody titers in the blood and chronic inflammatory infiltrates at the cell injection sites. Immunohistochemical studies of the injection sites using human anti-mitochondrial antibodies failed to detect implanted USSCs. Conclusions We conclude that human USSCs did not improve cardiac function in a pig model of AMI. Cell transplantation in a xenogeneic setting may obscure the benefits of stem cell therapy.

INTRODUÇÃO: Embora a abordagem transradial tenha reduzido as complicações vasculares, estudos demonstram que pode estar relacionada a maior exposição radiológica. É objetivo deste estudo comparar os parâmetros de exposição radiológica em procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos pelos acessos radial e femoral. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectiva incluindo pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco diagnóstico ou intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) entre agosto de 2010 e dezembro de 2011. Características clínicas, angiográficas e de exposição à radiação foram registradas em banco de dados específico. Os pacientes foram analisados de acordo com a via de acesso: femoral ou radial. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 1.197 pacientes, 782 submetidos a procedimentos por via femoral e 415, a procedimentos por via radial. Observou-se menor prevalência de pacientes do sexo feminino (36,2% vs. 45,6%; P < 0,01), cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica prévia (4% vs. 12,7%; P < 0,01) e valvulopatia grave (0,3% vs. 1,4%; P = 0,07) no grupo radial. A mediana da dose de radiação recebida pelos pacientes foi maior com a utilização da via radial, tanto para procedimentos diagnósticos (621,6 mGy vs. 445,7 mGy; P < 0,01) como terapêuticos (1.241,6 mGy vs. 990,9 mGy; P < 0,01). Operadores menos experientes no acesso radial expuseram pacientes a maior dose de radiação nas ICPs (1.463 mGy vs. 1.196 mGy; P = 0,02), o que não ocorreu com os mais experientes (1.311 mGy vs. 1.449 mGy; P = 0,84). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos são expostos a níveis maiores de radiação pela via de acesso radial. No entanto, operadores experientes podem neutralizar essa desvantagem em relação à via femoral. BACKGROUND: Although the transradial approach had significantly reduced vascular complications, studies have demonstrated that it may be related to higher radiation exposure. The objective of this study is to compare radiation exposure in invasive cardiologic procedures using the transradial and transfemoral approaches. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between August 2010 and December 2011. Clinical, angiographic and radiation exposure characteristics were recorded in a dedicated database. Patients were analyzed according to the access route: femoral or radial. RESULTS: Of the 1,197 patients included in the study, 782 were submitted to procedures using the femoral access and 415 using the radial access. There was a lower prevalence of females (36.2% vs. 45.6%; P < 0.01), previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery (4% vs. 12.7%; P < 0.01) and severe valvular heart disease (0.3% vs. 1.4%; P = 0.07) in the radial group. The median radiation dose received by the patients was higher with the radial approach, both for diagnostic (621.6 mGy vs 445.7 mGy; P < 0.01) and therapeutic procedures (1,241.6 mGy vs 990.9 mGy; P < 0.01). Less experienced operators in the radial approach exposed patients to higher radiation doses (1,463 mGy vs 1,196 mGy; P = 0.02), which did not occur with the more experienced operators (1,311 mGy vs 1,449 mGy; P = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing invasive cardiologic procedures are exposed to higher radiation levels when the radial access is used. However, experienced operators may neutralize this disadvantage.

background: Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in complex lesions are increasingly common in daily practice. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of complex lesions on radiological exposure during PCI. Methods: Prospective cohort study including patients undergoing PCI between August 2010 and December 2011. Clinical, angiographic and radiation exposure characteristics were recorded in a dedicated database. Patterns of radiation exposure (total dose received, fluoroscopy time and dose-area product) were determined in patients undergoing PCI for non complex (A/B1) and complex (B2/C) lesions. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 18.0 program. Independent radiation exposure predictors were determined by multiple logistic regression. Results: We analyzed 413 PCIs, 83 lesions in group A/B1 and 330 in group B2/C. There were no clinically significant differences between groups. The median radiation dose received by patients was significantly higher in group B2/C (1,103.9 mGy vs 866.6 mGy; P < 0.01). The dose-area product (43,484 mGy.cm² vs 58,327 mGy.cm²; P < 0.001) and fluoroscopy time (9 ± 6 minutes vs 12.1 ± 9.5 minutes; P = 0.001) were also significantly higher in group B2/C. Predictors of increased radiation exposure were weight [odds ratio (OR) 1.02 for each increase of 1 kg, confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.036; P = 0.004], type B2/C lesion (OR 1.9, CI 1.002-4.96; P = 0.002). Conclusions: Patients undergoing PCI in complex lesions are significantly more exposed to radiation. Weight and lesion type (B2/C) are predictors of increased radiation exposure.

INTRODUÇÃO: A tromboaspiração é recomendada como método adjunto à intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primária, mas o insucesso em recuperar trombos é relativamente frequente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as taxas de insucesso de tromboaspiração e identificar seus preditores, em uma série contemporânea de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo que incluiu pacientes consecutivos atendidos com infarto agudo do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST e submetidos à ICP primária com tromboaspiração no período de dezembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2011. Os procedimentos de tromboaspiração foram realizados por decisão do operador, e o sucesso foi definido como aspiração efetiva de trombo pelo cateter dedicado, com recuperação do fluxo coronário (fluxo TIMI > 0). RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 1.055 ICPs primárias, sendo que a tromboaspiração foi utilizada em 37% dos casos, com taxa de sucesso de 70%. Foram identificados 254 pacientes com sucesso e 107 com insucesso da tromboaspiração. Insucesso de tromboaspiração foi associado a: idade, hipertensão, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, ICP prévia, escore de risco TIMI, Killip IV, contagem de leucócitos, fibrinogênio sérico, diâmetro de referência do vaso-alvo e TIMI 3 pré-procedimento. Pacientes com insucesso da tromboaspiração apresentaram tendência a maior mortalidade (11,6% vs. 5,9%; P = 0,09). CONCLUSÕES: Insucesso de tromboaspiração durante ICP primária ocorreu em 30% dos casos e esteve associado a tendência de maior mortalidade. A identificação de preditores clínicos, laboratoriais e angiográficos pode auxiliar no aprimoramento desses dispositivos e em sua técnica, além da escolha de pacientes mais adequados para seu emprego.

Background Although the transradial approach has reduced vascular complications, radial artery occlusion is still considered one of its limitations. The aim of this study was to evaluate radial artery patency after transradial cardiac catheterization. Methods Prospective cohort study of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization using the transradial approach. Procedures were performed with 5 F and 6 F catheters with the administration of 5,000 IU of heparin and 200 μg of nitroglycerin through the radial sheath. Radial artery blood flow was assessed by Doppler before, immediately after bandage removal and 7 days after the procedure. Results The study included 120 patients of which 42.5% were males, with 59.1 ± 10.6 years of age, 25.8% were diabetic, weighing 77.4 ± 14.2 kg and height of 166 ± 8.1 cm. The number of catheters used was 2.3 ± 0.5 per patient, 55.8% using 6 F sheaths. The duration of the procedure was 14.8 ± 5.2 minutes, the puncture time was 129.7 ± 124.1 seconds, and the fluoroscopy time was 4 ± 2.3 minutes. Radial spasm and crossover to the femoral technique occurred in 20.8% and 1.7% of the procedures, respectively. Significant hematoma was observed in 2.4% of the patients. At 1 week of follow-up, arterial occlusion was observed in 1.7%, and reduced blood flow in 26.7% of the patients. Conclusions Radial artery occlusion following diagnostic procedure using the transradial approach is rare and should not be considered as an important technique limitation.

Background: Invasive cardiac procedures expose patients and physicians to ionising radiation. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of body weight on radiation exposure during cardiac procedures. Methods: A prospective cohort study of patients undergoing cardiac catheterisation or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between August of 2010 and December of 2011. Clinical, angiographic, and radiation exposure characteristics were recorded in a dedicated database. Radiation exposure patterns were established in three groups: A (≤ 79 kg), B (80–99 kg), and C (≥ 100 kg). Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 18.0, and the results were presented as the mean, standard deviation, percentage, percentile, and interquartile interval. The independent predictors of increased radiation exposure were identified using a multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The sample included a total of 671 patients, 363 in group A, 252 in group B, and 56 in group C. The mean dose of radiation exposure was 484.29 mGy, 735.69 mGy, and 900.36 mGy for groups A, B, and C, respectively (P < 0.001). The median dose area product was 29.327 mGy.cm², 43.319 mGy.cm², and 57.987 mGy.cm² for groups A, B, and C, respectively (P < 0.001). The predictors of increased radiation exposure were weight (odds ratio [OR] 1.03, confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.05, P = 0.003), confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.05, P = 0.003], elective PCI (OR 11.9, CI 4.26–33.24, P < 0.001), and ad hoc PCI (OR 15.46, CI 5.44–43.87, P

INTRODUÇÃO: A valvotomia mitral percutânea com único balão é a técnica mais utilizada para tratamento de pacientes com estenose mitral sintomática. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do novo balão único de dilatação "tipo Inoue" em pacientes com estenose mitral sintomática submetidos a valvotomia mitral percutânea com único balão. MÉTODO: Participaram do estudo pacientes com estenose mitral sintomática submetidos a valvotomia mitral percutânea com único balão entre março de 2008 e setembro de 2009, comparando o grupo tratado com balão "tipo Inoue" ao grupo tratado com balão clássico de Inoue. Ecocardiograma antes e após a valvotomia mitral percutânea com único balão e seguimento clínico tardio foram realizados. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de comparação: grupo A, novo balão (n = 16); e grupo B, balão de Inoue (n = 10). Ambos os grupos apresentavam características clínicas semelhantes. A área mitral aumentou de 1,03 ± 0,24 cm² para 1,75 ± 0,22 cm² no grupo A, e de 1,08 ± 0,25 cm² para 1,88 ± 0,41 cm² no grupo B (P = 0,33). Não ocorreram casos de perfuração cardíaca, tamponamento ou insuficiência mitral grave requerendo cirurgia. Duas pacientes apresentaram hematoma > 10 cm no grupo A (12,5% no grupo A vs. 0 no grupo B; P = 0,27). A sobrevivência livre de eventos foi de 100% no grupo A e de 90% no grupo B (P = 0,21). CONCLUSÕES: A valvotomia mitral percutânea por balão mostrou-se segura e eficaz. Neste estudo, o novo balão de dilatação demonstrou resultados superponíveis aos do balão clássico de Inoue. BACKGROUND: Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PMC) with a single balloon is the most used technique to treat symptomatic mitral stenosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new single balloon (Inoue-type) in patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis undergoing percutaneous mitral commissurotomy with a single balloon. METHOD: Patients undergoing PMC with a single balloon from March/2008 to September/2009 were included, comparing the group treated with the Inoue-type balloon to the group treated with Inoue's classic balloon. Pre and post procedure echocardiogram and late follow up were carried out. RESULTS: Patients were divided into two groups for comparison: A, Inoue-type balloon (n = 16) and B, original Inoue balloon (n = 10). Both groups presented similar clinical characteristics. Mitral valve area increased from 1.03 ± 0.24 cm² to 1.75 ± 0.22 cm² in group A and 1.08 ± 0.25 cm² to 1.88 ± 0.41 cm² in B (P = 0.33). There were no cases of cardiac perforation, cardiac tamponate and severe mitral insufficiency requiring surgery. Two group A patients presented hematoma > 10 cm (12.5% in group A vs. 0 in group B; P = 0.27). Event free survival was 100% in group A and 90% in group B (P = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy is safe and effective. The new Inoue-type balloon showed comparable results with Inoue's classic balloon.

INTRODUÇÃO: As complicações vasculares (CV) são uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes submetidos a intervenções coronárias percutâneas (ICPs), porém estudos anteriores não refletem a prática atual. Objetivos: Avaliar a incidência de CV e seus preditores, em uma população de pacientes tratada com ICP contemporaneamente. MÉTODO: Estudo observacional de corte transversal, com implantes de stents coronários, de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2007. As características clínicas e angiográficas e a evolução intra-hospitalar foram avaliadas e registradas em banco de dados informatizado. Foram excluídos aqueles com óbito hospitalar ou cirurgia cardíaca de urgência. CV foram definidas como sangramento maior, cirurgia vascular ou hematoma > 10 cm. Os dados foram analisados com SPSS 11.0, e as características dos pacientes com e sem CV foram comparadas com teste t de Student e teste do qui-quadrado. Os preditores independentes de CV foram identificados por análise de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: Total de 4.595 pacientes com 5.485 stents implantados, com média de idade de 60,64 ± 10,65 anos e 32% de mulheres. As ICPs foram realizadas pela via femoral em 95% dos casos e pela via radial em 5%, e em 85% dos procedimentos foram utilizados introdutores 6F (em 15% foram usados introdutores 7F). Foram registradas CV em 162 (3,3%) pacientes. Por análise multivariada, o único preditor de CV foi o uso de introdutores 7F (razão de chance = 3,05, intervalo de confiança = 1,2-7,8; p = 0,02). Pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow-goodness-of-fit, o modelo utilizado demonstrou boa calibração para a amostra analisada (quiquadrado = 6,9; p = 0,55). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de CV maiores foi baixa, tendo como único preditor o calibre do introdutor arterial utilizado. BACKGROUND: Vascular complications (VC) following per-cutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. However, available data do not reflect current interventional cardiology practice. OBJECTIVE: To determinate the incidence of VC and its predictors in a population treated with PCI in contemporary practice. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with coronary stent implantation conducted from January/2000 to De-cember/2007. Clinical and angiographic characteristics, as well as in-hospital evolution, were evaluated and recorded in a database. Exclusion criteria included in-hospital death and urgent heart surgery. VC were defined as major bleeding, vascular surgery or hematoma > 10 cm. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.0 and the characteristics of patients with and without VC were compared using the Student's t test and chi-square test. Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis was performed to determinate the independent predictors of VC. RESULTS: A total of 4,595 patients with 5,485 stents were included in this analysis. Mean age was 60.64 ± 10.65 years and 32% of the patients were female. The transfemoral approach was used in 95% of the PCIs and the transradial approach in 5%. Six French and 7 French introducers were used in 85% and 15% of the PCIs, respectively. A total of 162 (3.3%) patients experienced VC. The multivariate analysis determined that the only predictor for VC was the use of 7 French introducers (odds ratio = 3.05, 95% confidence interval = 1.2-7.8; p = 0.02). By the Hosmer-Lemeshow-goodness-of-fit test, the model used demonstrated good calibration for sample analyzed (chi-square = 6.9; p = 0.55). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of VC was low and its only predictor was the diameter of the arterial introducer.

Congenital ventricular diverticula are rare. Clinically, they may be asymptomatic or cause systemic embolization, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, ventricular rupture, ventricular arrhythmia, or sudden death. We report the case of a 56-year-old woman with sustained ventricular tachycardia, who, during investigation, was diagnosed with a diverticulum in the inferobasal portion of the left ventricle. The clinical characteristics and treatment of this rare disease are discussed.

INTRODUÇÃO: Procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos expõem pacientes e médicos aos riscos da radiação ionizante. É objetivo deste estudo determinar o impacto do peso do paciente na exposição radiológica durante procedimentos cardiológicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo incluindo pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco ou intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) entre agosto de 2010 e dezembro de 2011. Características clínicas, angiográficas e de exposição à radiação foram registradas em banco de dados específico. Os padrões de exposição à radiação foram determinados em três grupos: A (< 79 kg), B (80-99 kg) e C (> 100 kg). Os dados foram analisados em programa SPSS 18.0, sendo os resultados apresentados em média, desvio padrão, porcentual, percentil e intervalo interquartil. Preditores independentes de exposição à radiação aumentada foram identificados por análise de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: A amostra incluiu 671 pacientes, sendo 363 no grupo A, 252 no B e 56 no C. A dose média de radiação recebida pelos pacientes foi de 484,29 mGy, 735,69 mGy e 900,36 mGy para os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente (P < 0,001). A mediana do produto dose área foi de 29.327 mGy.cm², 43.319 mGy.cm² e 57.987 mGy.cm² para os grupos A, B e C, respectivamente (P < 0,001). Os preditores de exposição radiológica aumentada foram peso [razão de chance (RC) 1,03, intervalo de confiança (IC) 1,01-1,05; P = 0,003], ICP eletiva (RC 11,9, IC 4,26-33,24; P < 0,001) e ICP ad hoc (RC 15,46, IC 5,44-43,87; P < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O peso exerce impacto significativo na exposição radiológica em procedimentos cardiológicos invasivos. Pacientes com peso elevado são significativamente mais expostos à radiação ionizante. BACKGROUND: Invasive cardiac procedures expose patients and physicians to the risks of ionizing radiation. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of body weight on radiation exposure during cardiac procedures. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including patients undergoing cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between August 2010 and December 2011. Clinical, angiographic and radiation exposure characteristics were recorded in a dedicated database. Patterns of radiation exposure were established in three groups: A (< 79 kg), B (80-99 kg) and C (> 100 kg). Data were analyzed by SPSS version 18.0 and results were shown as mean, standard deviation, percentage, percentile and interquartile interval. Independent predictors of increased radiation exposure were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Sample included 671 patients, of which 363 in group A, 252 in group B and 56 in group C. Mean dose of radiation exposure was 484.29 mGy, 735.69 mGy and 900.36 mGy for groups A, B and C, respectively (P < 0.001). The median dose area product was 29.327 mGy.cm², 43.319 mGy.cm² and 57.987 mGy.cm² for groups A, B and C, respectively (P < 0.001). Predictors of increased radiation exposure were weight [odds ratio (OR) 1.03, confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.05; P = 0.003], elective PCI (OR 11.9, CI 4.26-33.24; P < 0.001) and ad hoc PCI (OR 15.46, CI 5.44-43.87; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patient weight has a significant impact on radiation exposure during invasive cardiac procedures. Overweight patients are significantly more exposed to higher doses of ionizing radiation.

INTRODUÇÃO: A curva de aprendizado é uma das limitações da técnica radial. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência desse aprendizado nos resultados de procedimentos realizados pelo acesso radial. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, com pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco e alocados no grupo A (intervenções realizadas por operadores com > 500 procedimentos por via radial) e no grupo B (intervenções realizadas por operadores com < 500 procedimentos por via radial). O pulso radial foi avaliado com Doppler antes, imediatamente após e aos sete dias da intervenção. RESULTADOS: O estudo incluiu 58 pacientes no grupo A e 62 no grupo B. A maioria era do sexo feminino (57,5%), com média de idade de 59 ± 10,3 anos, e 25% eram diabéticos. A doença arterial coronária foi diagnosticada em igual proporção entre os grupos (43,9% vs. 42,4%; P > 0,99), mas a doença valvar apresentou maior prevalência no grupo A (24,1% vs. 3,2%; P = 0,001). A taxa de crossover para a técnica femoral foi semelhante (1,7% vs. 1,6%; P > 0,99). Os operadores com maior experiência realizaram os procedimentos com menor tempo de punção e de fluoroscopia e com menor tempo total de exame (13,2 ± 5,2 minutos vs. 16,3 ± 4,8 minutos; P = 0,001). Não ocorreram complicações maiores. Não foram observadas diferenças em relação à presença de hematomas tipo I (12% vs. 3,2%), tipo II (1,7% vs. 1,7%) e tipo III (0 vs. 1,7%). Na avaliação pelo Doppler, o fluxo do pulso e a oclusão da artéria radial foram semelhantes entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES: A curva de aprendizado exerce papel importante em alguns dos desfechos relacionados aos procedimentos pela via de acesso radial. Operadores experientes realizam exames com menor tempo total, de fluoroscopia e de punção. BACKGROUND: The learning curve is one of the limitations of the transradial technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the learning curve in the outcomes of procedures using the radial approach. METHODS: Prospective cohort study in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization allocated to Group A (interventions performed by operators with > 500 procedures by radial approach) and Group B (interventions performed by operators with < 500 procedures by radial approach). Radial pulse was evaluated by Doppler before, immediately after and seven days after the intervention. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were included in Group A and 62 in Group B. Most of them were female (57.5%), with mean age of 59 ± 10.3 years and 25% were diabetic. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed in equal proportion between groups (43.9% vs. 42.4%; P > 0.99), but valve disease was more prevalent in Group A (24.1% vs. 3.2%; P = 0.001). The crossover rate for the femoral technique was similar (1.7% vs. 1.6%; P > 0.99). The more experienced operators performed the procedures with shorter puncture, fluoroscopy and total procedure time (13.2 ± 5.2 minutes vs. 16.3 ± 4.8 minutes; P = 0.001). There were no major complications. No differences were observed for the presence of type I (12% vs. 3.2%), type II (1.7% vs. 1.7%) and type III (0 vs. 1.7%) hematoma. On Doppler evaluation, pulse flow and radial artery occlusion were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The learning curve plays an important role in some of the outcomes related to procedures using the radial approach. Experienced operators perform procedures with shorter puncture, fluoroscopy and total procedure time.

A comunicação interatrial (CIA) é uma das malformações congênitas mais frequentes, representando aproximadamente 5% a 10% de todos os defeitos cardíacos congênitos. O tipo mais comum é a CIA ostium secundum (CIA OS), que representa cerca de 75% dessas malformações. Quando descoberta tardiamente ou na ausência de tratamento, além da alteração no exame clínico, pode existir insuficiência cardíaca, arritmias cardíacas, insuficiência mitral, sobrecarga ventricular direita e hipertensão pulmonar. Em casos avançados com hipertensão pulmonar grave e reversão do shunt interatrial (direita para esquerda) instala-se a cianose, o que indica doença cardiopulmonar grave e mortalidade aumentada. Nas últimas décadas, com o aprimoramento das técnicas e dos dispositivos percutâneos, as possibilidades de tratamento dos defeitos congênitos por via percutânea têm crescido vertiginosamente. Vários estudos já demonstraram os excelentes resultados imediatos e a longo prazo da atriosseptoplastia percutânea. Além de proporcionar maior conforto ao paciente, menores taxas de complicações, menor tempo de recuperação intra e extra-hospitalar e eficácia similar à da atriosseptoplastia cirúrgica, em países desenvolvidos, é comprovadamente a opção mais econômica. Não há dúvidas de que, em futuro próximo, a relação custoefetividade desse procedimento será observada também em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, em que o custo da prótese, ainda hoje, é o principal obstáculo para a padronização desse procedimento, e em que os valores pagos pelos procedimentos cirúrgicos continuam muito defasados. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most frequent congenital malformations, representing 5% to 10% of all congenital heart defects. The most common type is the ostium secundum ASD (OS ASD), and represents 75% of these malformations. When diagnosed late or left untreated, in addition to abnormalities in the clinical examination, there may be heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, mitral insufficiency, right ventricular overload and pulmonary hypertension. In advanced cases with severe pulmonary hypertension and interatrial shunt reversal (right to left), there is cyanosis, which indicates severe cardiopulmonary disease and increased mortality. In the last decades, with the improvement of percutaneous techniques and devices, the possibility of percutaneous treatment of congenital defects has increased dramatically. Several studies have shown excellent early and long-term results of percutaneous atrial septoplasty. In addition to providing greater comfort for patients, lower complication rates, less in-hospital and extra-hospital recovery time and efficacy similar to that of surgical atrial septoplasty in developed countries, it is definitely the most economic option. There is no doubt that in the near future, the cost-effectiveness ratio of this procedure will also be observed in developing countries such as Brazil, where the cost of the prosthesis is, to this day, the major obstacle for the standardization of this procedure and the amounts paid for surgical procedures are outdated.

Objective: We compared local vessel healing and inflammatory responses associated with nonoverlapping sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) and paclitaxel-eluting stents (PES). Background: Sirolimus and paclitaxel may have different effects on vascular healing. In the present study, we analyzed the local histologic effects of drug-eluting stents (DES). Methods: We placed 43 stents (22 PES and 21 SES) in 16 Yucatan minipigs. Stents were randomly assigned and placed in the left anterior descending, circumflex, or right coronary arteries (one stent per artery), covering a region previously injured by balloon angioplasty. Results: Histopathologic analysis showed that the distribution of injury scores was similar between the two stent groups, reflecting the homogeneity of coronary injury secondary to balloon overstretch. Electron microscopy showed complete endothelialization in most cases. Incomplete endothelialization was present in 12.5% of PES and almost 20% of SES at 30 days. In the PES group, moderate to severe inflammation was found in eight arteries, whereas only one vessel had moderate inflammation in the SES group. Severe inflammation was observed significantly more often in the PES than in the sirolimus group (P = 0.006). With the PES group, stent struts overlying side branches had a significantly higher frequency of poor endothelialization scores than did stent struts that did not overlay side branches (P = 0.006). Conclusions: In this preclinical study in a pig model of in-stent restenosis, implantation of nonoverlapping DES was associated with local inflammatory reactions and decreased endothelial repair. Impaired endothelialization was visualized in the struts overlying side branches. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

INTRODUÇÃO: Dados observacionais da década de 90 sugerem que pacientes com mais de 70 anos de idade evoluem com maior risco de eventos quando submetidos a intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP). OBJETIVO: Avaliar os desfechos hospitalares em pacientes com idade superior a 70 anos submetidos a ICP na era contemporânea. MÉTODO: Entre janeiro de 2005 e junho de 2007, pacientes submetidos a ICP foram incluídos consecutivamente em um registro. Informações referentes a fatores de risco, indicação do exame, detalhes técnicos da ICP e desfechos intra-hospitalares foram prospectivamente coletadas. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: idade < ou > 70 anos. Para comparação, foram utilizados os testes t de Student e qui-quadrado, para variáveis contínuas e categóricas, respectivamente. Valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados diferença estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos na análise 296 pacientes (186 com < 70 anos e 110 com > 70 anos). Não foi observada diferença em relação às características clínico-angiográficas entre os grupos e o sucesso angiográfico foi semelhante (96,6% vs. 97,1%; p = 0,91). Ocorreu tendência a maior mortalidade (1,81% vs. 0,53%; p = 0,06) e a maior incidência de acidente vascular encefálico (1,81% vs. 0%; p = 0,06) no grupo mais idoso. A incidência de cirurgia de urgência e de complicações vasculares não diferiu entre os grupos. Ocorreu maior incidência de nefropatia induzida pelo contraste no grupo > 70 anos (2,7% vs. 0%; p = 0,02). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com idade > 70 anos apresentaram incidência aumentada de nefropatia induzida pelo contraste e tendência a maior mortalidade e a maior ocorrência de acidente vascular encefálico. INTRODUCTION: Observational data from the 90's demonstrates that elderly population has an increased risk when treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate in-hospital outcomes in patients aged > 70 years old who underwent PCI in the current era. METHODS: In a single center, from January/2005 to June/2007, a total of 296 patients who underwent PCI were included in this analysis. The presence of risk factors, angiographic characteristics and in-hospital outcomes were recorded and compared among patients < 70-yo (n = 186) and > 70-yo (n = 110) in a dedicated database. For comparison purposes, unpaired t test and chi-square were used for continuous and dichotomous variables respectively. An alpha < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: There was no difference between groups < 70-yo and > 70-yo regarding clinical presentation and the presence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Also, there was a homogenous distribution of treated vessels, angiographic pattern, coronary calcification and success rate (96.6% in > 70-yo group x 97.1% < 70-yo, p = 0.91). Regarding complications, there was an increased rate of contrast induced nephropathy in the older group (2.7% x 0%, p = 0.02) that required dialysis. Additionally, we observed a trend in higher mortality (1.81% x 0.53%, p = 0.06) and neurological compromise (1.81% x 0%, p = 0.06) in the elderly population. Vascular complication rates and urgent surgical revascularization were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Patients older and younger than 70-yo present similar clinical profile, angiographic characteristics and success rate. However, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy requiring dialysis, mortality and neurological compromise are higher in the older group.

AIMS: To analyze the efficacy and follow-up results of percutaneous closure of Atrial septal defect (ASD) with the Amplatzer septal occluder in children aged

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a widely performed technique for coronary revascularization. Men and women seem to have different in-hospital outcomes, although results remain unclear. We assessed the gender impact on in-hospital outcomes in men and women undergoing PCI.In a single center, from 1998 to 2002, a total of 413 patients who underwent PCI were included in this analysis. From a dedicated database, the presence of risk factors, angiographic characteristics, left ventricular function and in-hospital outcomes were recorded and compared between men (n=244) and women (n=169). For comparison, unpaired t test and chi-square were used for continuous and dichotomous variables respectively. An alpha0.05 was considered significant.Women were older (65.3+/-10.39 x 60+/-10.68 years, p=0.001), presented better ejection fraction (67.01+/-12.28% x 64.26+/-14.31%, p=0.028) and higher prevalence of stable angina (63.90% x 45.90%, p0.001) than men. There were no differences related to family history for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidemia; but there was an observed reduction in tobacco use (17.71% x 32.31%, p0.001) by women. Similar rates of in-hospital successful procedures (94.3% x 94.90%, p=0.93) and death (0.41%x1.18%, p=0.40) were observed in men and women, respectively. Neither vascular complications nor stroke occurred. There was a higher incidence of urgent surgical myocardial revascularization (1.77%x0%, p=0.036) and a trend in the combined outcome of death/surgical myocardial revascularization (2.69% x 0.41%, p=0.06) in the women's group.Women present a higher incidence of urgent surgical myocardial revascularization following percutaneous coronary intervention when compared to men.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade da prótese de Amplatzer® para tratamento de comunicação interatrial tipo ostium secundum (CIA OS). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte histórica entre novembro de 1998 e setembro de 2005, em que foram realizados 101 procedimentos para oclusão percutânea de CIA OS em nossa instituição. Os procedimentos foram efetuados no laboratório de hemodinâmica, sob anestesia geral e com monitorização por ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE). Os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente e com ecocardiografia em 30 dias, seis meses e depois anualmente. O resultados são apresentados em média, desvio padrão e porcentual, e a sobrevida livre de eventos foi estimada pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. RESULTADOS: Dos 101 pacientes, 60 (59,4%) eram mulheres. As médias para idade, peso, altura, índice de massa corporal e superfície corporal foram, respectivamente, de 24,3 + 18,31 anos, 51,88 + 23,76 kg, 140,59 + 39,3 cm, 23,18 + 18,9 kg/m², e 1,24 + 0,21 m². A prevalência de aneurisma do septo interatrial foi de 4,95%, e 98 casos eram de defeito único. O diâmetro das CIAs foi de 21,47 + 6,96 mm pela angiografia e de 21,22 + 7,93 mm pela ETE. As próteses implantadas mediam 23,92 + 7,25 mm, variando de 9 mm a 40 mm. O tempo de procedimento foi de 90,47 + 26,67 minutos e a média de internação hospitalar, de 2,51 + 0,62 dias. Os seguimentos clínico e ecocardiográfico ocorreram com 12,81 + 8,41 meses e todas as próteses estavam bem ancoradas e sem shunt residual. O sucesso do procedimento foi de 93% (94/101). Em cinco casos não se conseguiu liberação adequada do dispositivo e dois pacientes apresentaram CIA residual. Não foram registradas complicações maiores. CONCLUSÃO: A prótese de Amplatzer® mostrou-se efetiva para o tratamento percutâneo de CIA OS. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Amplatzer™ septal occluder in the treatment of ostium secundum atrial septal defects (OS ASDs). METHODS: Retrospective cohort study conducted between November 1998 and September 2005 involving 101 OS ASD transcatheter occlusion procedures in our institution. All procedures were conducted in the hemodynamic laboratory under general anesthesia with transoesophageal echocardiographic monitoring (TEE). Clinical and echocardiography assessments of the patients were conducted at 30 days, six months and on an annual basis. The results are presented as averages, standard deviations and percentages. Event-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier curve. RESULTS: From the 101 patients, 60 (59.4%) were females. Mean age, weight, height, body mass index and body surface area were, respectively: 24.3 ± 18.31 years, 51.88 ± 23.76kg, 140.59 ± 39.3cm, 23.18 ± 18.9kg/m² and 1.24 ± 0.21m². The prevalence of interatrial septum aneurysms was 4.95%, and 98 cases had an isolated defect. ASD diameters were 21.47 ± 6.96mm using an angiography and 21.22 ± 7.93 mm using a TEE. The average size of the implanted devices was 23.92 ± 7.25mm, ranging from 9mm to 40mm. The procedure time was 90.47 ± 26.67 minutes and the average hospital stay was 2.51 ± 0.62 days. Clinical and echocardiography follow-up was conducted at 12.81 ± 8.41 months and all devices were securely anchored without any residual shunts. The procedure success rate was 93% (94/101). In five cases adequate deployment of the device was not possible and 2 patients presented residual ASD. No major complications occurred. CONCLUSION: The Amplatzer™ septal occluder is an effective OS ASD transcatheter treatment device.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is life-threatening disease, and sometimes clinical symptoms may be unspecific. We report a case of a previously healthy 70-year-old woman who presented syncope, chest pain, left bundle branch block on ECG and cardiogenic shock requiring vasopressor. Patient underwent cardiac catheterization for suspected acute coronary syndrome, however exam revealed normal arteries. Right side cardiac catheterization demonstrated elevate pulmonary artery pressure (50/37 mmHg) and angiography showed massive bilateral PE. An unsuccessful mechanically fragmentation was attempted, and patient died 6 hours later.

Background Historically, patients with prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have a worse prognosis than patients without prior CABG. However, more contemporary analyses have contested these findings. This study's aim was to evaluate the 30-day clinical outcomes in patients with and without prior CABG submitted to primary PCI. Methods Prospective cohort study, extracted from the database of Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, containing 1,854 patients undergoing primary PCI. Results Patients with prior CABG (3.8%) showed, in general, a more severe clinical profile. The time of symptom onset until arrival at the hospital was shorter in this group (2.50 hours [1.46 to 3.66] vs. 3.99 hours [1.99 to 6.50]; p 0.001), while the door-to-balloon time was similar (1.33 hour [0.85 to 2.07] vs. 1.16 hour [0.88 to 1.58]; p = 0.12). Femoral access was more often used in the group with prior CABG (91.5% vs. 62.5%; p 0.001). Manual thrombus aspiration was less often performed in this group (16.9% vs. 31.1%; p = 0.007), but there was no difference regarding the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (28.2% vs. 32.4%, p = 0.28). Angiographic success was lower in the group with prior CABG (80.3% vs. 93.3%; p = 0.009). At 30 days, patients with prior CABG had similar rates of major adverse cardiac events (14.1% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.28), and mortality, although numerically higher, was not statistically significant (13.2% vs. 7.0%, p = 0.07). Conclusions In this contemporary analysis, patients with prior CABG undergoing primary PCI had a more severe clinical profile and lower angiographic success, but showed no differences regarding 30-day clinical outcomes.