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Common use cases in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) deploy massive amounts of sensors and actuators that communicate with each other or to a remote cloud. While they form too large and too volatile networks to run on ultrareliable, time-synchronized low-latency channels, participants still require reliability and latency guaranties. We elaborate this for safety-critical use cases. This paper focuses on the effects of networking protocols for industrial communication services. It analyzes and compares the traditional Message Queuing Telemetry Transport for Sensor Networks (MQTT-SN) with the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) as a current IETF recommendation, and also with emerging Information-centric Networking (ICN) approaches, which are ready for deployment. Our findings indicate a rather diverse picture with a large dependence on deployment: Publish-subscribe protocols are more versatile, whereas ICN protocols are more robust in multihop environments. MQTT-SN competitively claims resources on congested links, while CoAP politely coexists on the price of its performance.

With the rapidly growing number of internet of things (IoT) devices connected to the internet, accessing the available internet services has become more significant to support the operation of these devices. However, according to the limited resources available on IoT devices, accessing these services can be exhaustive, which has encouraged the proposal of new light-weight protocols, e.g. the MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Accordingly, a new system is proposed in this paper to proxy all internet services using their requirements and protocols to the IoT devices using these light-weight protocols. The proposed system has been able to significantly reduce the resources consumption on IoT devices, such as the energy, memory, time and network bandwidth. Accordingly, this system can significantly improve the efficiency of these devices, so that IoT devices can achieve more tasks using the same resources, or the same tasks using less resources.

With the advent of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), it is considered to be one of the latest innovations that offer interesting opportunities for different vertical industries. One of the most relevant IoT technology areas is smart construction. IoT operates in several sectors on a daily basis; implementation includes smart building, smart grids, smart cities, smart houses, physical defense, e-health, asset, and transportation management, but it is not restricted to this. Support from smart IoT buildings is an IoT-level, connected, and cost-effective system. Commercial space has major requirements in terms of comfort, accessibility, security, and energy management. Such requirements can be served organically by IoT-based systems. As the supply of energy has been exhausted and energy demand has risen, there has been a growing focus on energy usage and the maintenance of buildings. With the use of evolving IoT technology, we present a secure and energy-efficient smart building architecture. Every device is known by its unique address, and one of the key web transfer protocols is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It is an application layer protocol that does not use protected channels for data transfer. Automatic key management, confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity are all features of the Datagram Transport Layer Protection (DTLS). To achieve energy efficiency, we propose a smart construction architecture that, through IoT, manages the performance of all technological systems. The results of the simulation show that the energy consumption is lowered by about 30.86% with the use of the CoAP in the smart building, which is less than the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport case (MQTT). This paper also aims to observe how to integrate the DTLS protocol with the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using optimizations from the Certificate Authority (CA) to improve security.

The advancement of wireless sensor networks and the possibility of using Internet protocols in devices with limited resources (such as sensors) have changed the future of the Internet. How to interact and exchange information is one of the challenges in the Internet of Things (IoT). The 6LoWPAN (IP6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network) and CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) standards have been developed for using web protocols in sensor-based LLN (Low-power and Lossy Network). The 6LoWPAN/CoAP protocol stack enables access to the sensor network via web protocols. This facilitates the development of applications on the sensor network and their access to the Internet. Each of the layers of the 6LoWPAN/CoAP protocol stack imposes an overhead on the transmitted messages, and the resulting data overhead intensifies the energy consumption in multi-hop networks. In this paper, a technique is provided to reduce the burden imposed on small and medium-size packets on 6LoWPAN/CoAP multi-hop networks by scheduling and aggregating CoAP packets on sensor nodes. It classifies the CoAP requests/responses over the network (by specifying the maximum allowed delay) and manages the timing and aggregation of received messages on the sensor nodes (based on the maximum allowed delay on each one). The results of the evaluation of the provided technique indicated reducing the power consumption and network traffic for applications such as monitoring in multi-hop networks based on the 6LoWPAN/CoAP protocol stack.

Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices are widely deployed and many of them have limited capabilities. Constrained application protocol (CoAP) is developed to integrate such devices into the Web environment. Specifically, client devices register their interested data with IoT devices, which will keep notifying them of the status of sensing data. However, client devices have different demands in terms of minimum and maximum periods to receive notifications, whereas IoT devices usually offer notifications at regular intervals. Some IoT devices would send many more notifications than necessary, which wastes bandwidth and energy. To conquer this problem, this article proposes a group-based message management (GMM) framework for CoAP proxies to efficiently coordinate the sending of notifications from IoT devices and forward them to client devices. GMM curtails superfluous notifications by three modules. The scheduling module groups client devices based on their demands and finds an optimal observation period for each group. The caching module adjusts the max-age value to allow a proxy reusing its cached notifications to answer requests. The merging module combines the notifications originated from different IoT devices queried by the same client device so as to save bandwidth. The simulation results show that GMM not only reduces unnecessary notifications but also conserves the energy of devices.

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a communication protocol at application layer in the Internet of things (IoT). It employs NSTART parameter to maintain outstanding parallel connections toward individual destinations for data transfer. In the existing implementation of CoAP, the value for NSTART is defined statically. Where the higher values of this parameter up to a threshold give better throughput in moderate traffic, the lower values for the same control the congestion in overload situations. In overload situations, higher values of NSTART result in increased overhead and thereby perform poorly in terms of throughput. The static nature of the parameter and its relevant performance issues demand to manage NSTART dynamically in CoAP. In this work, we propose an algorithm to adjust the value of NSTART dynamically based on the congestion in the network. The proposed approach is an attempt to make the client free from managing NSTART dynamically. For the proof of concept, we implement and run simulations on Cooja mote at IoT/FIT-Lab testbed and Californium CoAP client. The results show 15% improvement in throughput, 15% reduction in average exchange duration, and 48% reduction in average number of retries (average taken of three scenarios) by proposed approach in comparison with the best case of CoCoA (NSTART = 4).

Nowadays, the significant progress in technological sector’s growth is at its peak high and so the widening of internet to everything that include sensors and specifically the term IOT (Internet of Things). The main objective of this work focuses on tracking a person, baggage, vehicle (or any object etc) on real time basis, fetching all the environmental information surrounding the subject and partially controlling the subject. A database is created along when the human interacts with the subjects that are usually saved with various parameters along with the images. If it’s an electric object then along with its position details and image on a map, a human can remotely interact and control the object. If the case is of any non– electric object only the objects’ image and positional details with image description will be added to the map. It can descry and send fall-detection and environmental variation alerts. The information display, counsel and controlling can be done with the help of a web portal. The dignity of the human or an object with the current environmental circumstances are known with the help of Thing speak and hiox cloud type based – COAP (Constrained Application Protocol) Mode Control Algorithm. The paper covers all existing GPS (Global Positioning System) security sections of CoAP including tracking and safeguard of any person or an object. Transportation of sensitive materials (chemicals, industrial products etc) can be review properly with the device. Fall/smoke/fire detection along with other environmental (climatic) information like temperature, atmospheric pressure, gyroscopic inclination and humidity are monitored and the forewarn are given for the same. The device is customarily portable with a remotely controlling option of connecting it with the relay circuitry-for controlling appliances and objects.

Congestion management in the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most challenging tasks in improving the quality of service (QoS) of a network. This is largely because modern wireless networks can consist of an immense number of connections. Consequently, limited network resources can be consumed simultaneously. This eventually causes congestion that has adverse impacts on both throughput and transmission delay. This is particularly true in a network whose transmissions are regulated by the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), which has been widely adopted in the IoT network. CoAP has a mechanism that allows connection-oriented communication by means of acknowledgment messages (ACKs) and retransmission timeouts (RTOs). However, during congestion, a client node is unable to efficiently specify the RTO, resulting in unnecessary retransmission. This overhead in turn causes even more extensive congestion in the network. Therefore, this research proposes a novel scheme for optimally setting the initial RTO and adjusting the RTO backoff that considers current network utilization. The scheme consists of three main components: 1) a multidimensional congestion estimator that determines congestion conditions in various aspects, 2) precise initial RTO estimation by means of a relative strength indicator and trend analysis, and 3) a flexible and congestion-aware backoff strategy based on an adaptive-boundary backoff factor evaluated by using a fuzzy logic system (FLS). The simulation results presented here reveal that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of the carried load, delay and percentage of retransmission.

Companies today demand even more high quality services and infrastructure in the field of Industrial Internet IOT. There are several problems facing smart urbanization. Of special concern are secured energy demand side management. The IIoT makes ransomware, cyber attacks and other security threats open to industrial systems. IIoT will provide meaningful solutions to these problems through the amalgamation of big data analytics. That first author recommends a safe, reliable Demand Side Management engine for a smart cooperative client using IIoT based Big Data Analysis. A highly distributed framework to the theoretical engine for optimizing DSM across a Home Area Network. A payload authentication framework based on a lightweight handshake mechanism is used to improve the protection of this engine. In order to make users to control different server native resources energy efficiently, our theoretical method uses the portable utilizes of the Constrained Application Protocol. Moreover, data streams with parallel MapReduce processing are managed using big data analysis. In addition, we use Apache Spark with Apache Hadoop to check the theoretical engine to test our input transform match on stable datafile. The test results indicate that the architecture outlined provides useful insights into the intelligent social communities of the IIoT.

Designing a scalable and efficient application layer protocols for the Internet of Things (IoT) environment is an ongoing problem. The constrained application protocol (CoAP) offering RESTful services for IoT devices implements a simple congestion control mechanism. This study proposes and analyses the distance-based congestion control CoAP (DCC-CoAP) for the current state of the network and accordingly calculate the future flow rate to handle congestion. The authors’ main idea is to use the combination of distance between nodes and round trip time (RTT) measurements which limits the losses of CoAP messages, which is an efficient way to predict the network congestion. The user-defined options, i.e. retransmission counter and timestamp of sent and received CON and ACK messages are introduced for mapping CON to ACK and measure RTT. The comparative analysis of the DCC-CoAP with other congestion control mechanism like default CoAP, CoCoA+ is also highlighted in this study. With low additional computations, future RTT can be measured for avoiding congestion, and retransmission timeout varies with distance to avoid transaction losses. An algorithm with varying data rate has been used in homogeneous and mixed traffic to calculate the parameters in terms of packet delivery ratios, delay and retransmission count.

A great number of Internet of things (IoT) applications rely on real-time communication (RTC) mechanisms for transmission of media. Essentially, applications analyze and process media to make decisions that typically affect actuation and control of embedded devices. IoT networks, however, are subjected to constrains that limit the computational and resource complexity of all entities involved. This is particularly critical when considering the traditional RTC protocols like real-time protocol (RTP) that was not designed to perform well in the context of low-power lossy networks (LLNs). This paper focuses on alternatives to media transport in IoT networks. Specially, constrained application protocol (CoAP) and the message queuing telemetry transport sensor network protocol (MQTT-SN) are presented as valid technologies for media propagation in LLNs. The paper models and compares CoAP, RTP, and MQTT-SN to determine the most efficient scenario for audio, speech, and video transmission.

Ubiquitous learning environments move learners out of a classroom and into the real world where learners engage in experiential and tangible learning involving instrumented physical things. Learners use peer-to-peer networks connecting learners, teachers, and a host of learning “things,” such as instrumented pieces of art, flower pots, and even buildings. A key component of such systems is wireless-enabled edge devices augmented with various types of sensors to represent the state of physical things and their context. This article presents a novel generic architecture for context-aware ubiquitous learning systems based on the Internet of Things (IoT) computing paradigm. A commonly used IoT edge device was used to implement four variants of the proposed architecture. The variants were based on advanced message queuing protocol, constrained application protocol (CoAP), message queue telemetry transport, and extensible messaging and presence protocol. All variants provided more than adequate performance for implementing ubiquitous learning scenarios. As expected, CoAP was generally more resource-efficient. However, practical differences in performance were so small that the choice of which architectural variant to use may depend on nonfunctional requirements such as reliability, security, maximum payload size, and ease of implementation.

Access management poses a significant challenge within the Internet of Things (IoT) given the constrained capabilities in terms of computing, memory, storage, bandwidth and energy available for most of the low-cost devices and things embedded in the physical world. In this scenario, Edge Computing can be considered a powerful opportunity to solve authorization issues, deploying edge devices near IoT constrained things capable of performing as logical intermediaries or brokers between them and cloud resources, services or applications. This work proposes an edge-centric delegation of authorization for constrained devices (without cryptographic capabilities) based on well-known and extensively used specifications and protocols such as OAuth 2.0 and CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol). The proposed solution is based on three different roles allowing constrained devices automated enrolment, authorized access to resources deployed in the cloud and roaming. Furthermore, the proposed solution is validated and assessed using a real smart farming case study.

In this study, the authors have modelled the performance of a scalable proxy virtualisation framework to support an appropriate level of quality of service (QoS) for delay sensitive applications in cloud-based large-scale sensor networks. The proposed model leverages the functionalities of a constrained application protocol (CoAP) to expose a standard interface for transparently decoupling of the applications from servers and ensuring the implementation of the custom QoS metrics through virtualisation techniques. The model, combined with the prediction-based dynamic resource allocation approach, enables the computation of the number of requests that can be supported for a given service rate and required QoS. It also features the evaluation of different performance metrics, particularly, the probability distribution of the response time and the ability to identify the optimal balance between the resource cost and the service performance. The numerical results obtained from the proposed analytical model can be used to help design and optimise industrial cloud-based sensing systems.

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is one of the lightest IoT connectivity protocol. It has been developed for IoT devices that has constrained resources such as memory, processing power, battery etc. CoAP protocol is built on REST architecture. It provides connecting internet of IoT devices with UDP protocol. CoAP is a Client-Server request/response messaging protocol. CoAP provides two modes of operations: (i) non-confirmable, (ii) confirmable. In addition, it provides four methods to communicate for different application requirements. And it has two ways to response a request. This paper deals with CoAP IoT messaging protocol and presents its performance evaluation. In addition, performance evaluation of CoAP has been realized according to delay, throughput and energy consumption parameters.

The Internet of Things (IoT) and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) are fast growing areas. Therefore, several protocols are specifically designed for these domains. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is one of the more common ones. This lightweight protocol typically communicates over UDP, but can also use TCP and other carrier protocols, and is particularly suitable for embedded systems. In this work, we investigate CoAP with respect to covert communication and explore a new network hiding technique that is based on Artificial Resets. In addition, we investigate another covert channel by using the pattern PT15 Artificial Reconnections. We also propose and discuss detection methods for both covert channels.

The high level of security requirements and low capabilities of constrained devices that are connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) constitute a new challenge in terms of proposing an authentication solution that deals with the problem of energy constraints. The Host Identity Protocol Diet EXchange (HIP DEX) is primarily designed to be suitable for constrained devices and designed to be resistant to Denial of Service (DoS) and man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. In this paper, we propose an efficient saving energy solution to secure end-to-end (E2E) communications based on the compression of the IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) header for HIP DEX packets. We implement our solution in an IoT based-WSN over Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) in the application layer and Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) in the routing layer. We also propose a novel distribution model that minimizes the number of signaling messages. Both proposed compression and distribution models for HIP DEX combined with an original implementation of an opportunistic association establishment of the handshake, constitute an efficient security solution for IoT. We called our solution Lightweight Compressed HIP DEX in the IoT (LC-DEX).

This paper proposes a new lightweight handshake protocol implemented on top of the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) that can be used in device discovery and ensuring the IoT network security by autonomously managing devices of any computational complexity using whitelisting and blacklisting. A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is utilized for the session key generation in the proposed handshake protocol. The CoAP server performs real-time device discovery using the proposed handshake protocol, and anomaly detection using machinelearning algorithms to ensure the security of the IoT network. To the best of our knowledge, the presented PUF-based handshake protocol is the first to performs blacklisting and whitelisting. Whitelisted IoT devices not displaying anomalous behavior can join and remain in the IoT network. IoT devices that display anomalous behavior are autonomously blacklisted by the CoAP server and are either disallowed from joining the IoT network or are removed from the IoT network. Simulation results show that amongst the five machine learning algorithms studied, the stacking classifier displays the highest overall anomaly detection accuracy of 99.98%. Based on the results of the network simulation performed, the CoAP server is capable of blacklisting malicious IoT devices within the network with perfect accuracy.

A common practice in the Internet of Things (IoT) is to integrate the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), a lightweight application layer protocol based on UDP (User Datagram Protocol), in its architecture. While UDP does not have any provision to control congestion at the transport layer, CoAP and its other variants, such as CoCoA and CoCoA+, get around this issue by employing their own congestion control mechanism, a send-rate-based congestion control technique, at the application layer. These techniques estimate the send-rate through Round Trip Time (RTT), however, fail to map acknowledgments and re-transmitted messages, leading to inaccurate RTT in case of bursty traffic and thus performs poorly. To tackle this problem, the article proposes novel a technique to regulate the send-rate considering the current and previous congestion ratio, congestion factor, and throughput. The proposed method aims to regulate the send-rate according to congestion level in the network. The performance measurements of the proposed approach show significant increments in goodput and fairness as compared to the techniques used in CoCoA+ and CoAP in burst traffic scenarios.

In response to the challenges faced by edge computing in terms of storage and security, we design a lightweight and secure edge computing architecture based on blockchain. First, we conducted in-depth research on lightweight communication protocols, and propose a lightweight communication model by combining Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). Second, in order to ensure the security and traceability of the data on edge computing node, we propose a novel data storage mechanism based on blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). Finally, we design an improved scheme of the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm to improve the throughput of the system. The results show that the proposed edge computing architecture has the characteristics of strong robustness and low system overhead, which provides new ideas for promoting blockchain-based edge computing to become a key technology for upgrading Internet of Things (IoT) services.

With the increase of Internet connected IoT devices, remote monitoring and data sharing have become a new trend of IoT healthcare systems. The top three concerns in an IoT system are scalability, secure communication and privacy preservation. SSL/TLS based direct connection to the IoT devices has critical scalability issue and non-encrypted data sharing has high privacy leaking risk. In this paper, we propose a secure remote monitoring and cipher data sharing for IoT healthcare system with the consideration of privacy preservation. In the proposed system, the data transmission between the IoT related devices uses the conventional communication protocols as usual such as Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) while the remote monitoring and data sharing use Domain Name System (DNS) protocol and Docker container technology. The SIG(0) authentication scheme of DNS protocol is used for the remote monitoring as well as data sharing and only cipher data is transferred via the Docker container in the Internet with clear authentication. A prototype system has been implemented in a local experimental network and the evaluation results confirmed successful secure remote monitoring and cipher data sharing for IoT healthcare system.

The Internet Engineering Task Force recommends the use of a group of well-defined protocols to support Internet of ThingsLow-Power Low-Rate Networks (LLNs). These mechanisms range from physical and media access layer technologies like IEEE 802.15.4 and Bluetooth Low Energy to session and application layer protocols like the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Specifically, CoAP provides, by means of two different modes of operation, great flexibility to deal with the power requirements of wireless LLNs. One mode supports fire-and-forget packet transmission while the other, through retransmissions, guarantees delivery. The trade-off between these mechanisms is the exchange of high packet loss by high latency and increased power consumption. In this paper we introduce an algorithm that dynamically predicts these parameters, by means of supervised learning, based on network conditions that result from Maximum Likelihood Estimation. This prediction, in turns, can be used for on-the-fly CoAP mode selection that accomplishes quality goals.

As the complexity of Internet of Things (IoT) systems increases, a large variety of tools and technologies for IoT management are making their way into both research setups and the market. IoT management solutions must consider the resource restrictions of embedded devices, as well as their heterogeneity and network dynamics. With these in mind, the Internet Engineering Task Force developed several standards targeting the integration and interoperation of heterogeneous devices, such as the Representational State Transfer Configuration Protocol (RESTCONF) or the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) Management Interface. Concurrently, the Open Mobile Alliance developed the Lightweight Machine-to-Machine protocol, for IoT device management. This paper provides a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of IoT management technologies, frameworks and protocols. Also, it proposes a taxonomy for IoT devices management. In addition to presenting the various solutions, the paper provides comparative views, standardization timeline, and market analysis. The presented analysis ranges from traditional network management protocols, such as Simple Network Management Protocol, to the newest IoT management and configuration protocols, such as CoAP Management Interface and Lightweight Machine-to-Machine protocols. Moreover, this survey identifies remaining challenges and solutions offered by recent management protocols, not covered by previous surveys.

As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices proliferates, the magnitude and velocity of data continues to increase rapidly. IoT systems rely primarily on using messaging protocols for exchanging IoT data and there exists several protocols or frameworks that support distinct types of messaging patterns. Given that IoT devices typically have limited computational resources and processing power, choosing a lightweight, reliable, scalable, interoperable, extensible and secure messaging protocol becomes a very challenging task. As a result, it is not uncommon that IoT systems may employ multiple messaging protocols for supporting device heterogeneity and different message exchange patterns. In addition, basic similarities among existing several messaging protocols or frameworks that exist today for exchanging IoT data within IoT systems suggest the potential of interoperability. Given that IoT systems help facilitate the interconnectivity among distributed, heterogeneous entities, interoperability among existing messaging protocols will play an increasingly important role in simplifying the development and deployment of IoT systems. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of the existing messaging protocols that can be used in deploying IoT systems. Throughout this paper, we highlight the protocols' distinctive approaches and applicability of using them across various IoT environments. In addition, we highlight challenges, strengths and weaknesses of these messaging protocols in the context of IoT.

Internet of Things(IoT) emerges as a revolutionary technology since the last double decade. Internet of things has changed many aspects of the human. IoT has changed leaving styles and health care with the help of smart health care technologies like wearable devices. IoT has changed the power distribution mechanism in the smart grid environment where surplus renewable energy generated at the house or energy farm can also be distributed using a multi-dimensional grid and smart meters. One of the most beneficial aspects of IoT has emerged in the field of agriculture, wherewith the help of moisture and fertility sensor, the farmer can identify the need for fertilizer, quality of pesticides, quality of land, land moisture, and so on. Farmers can control the water distribution from home using smart sprinkling as well as pesticides sprinkling using IoT based drones. IoT makes use of light-weight communication with the motive of the reduction of extra overhead generated in regular internet communication. For to simplify and make faster communication IoT uses protocols like MQTT (Message queuing telemetry transport), COAP (Constrained Application Protocol), XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol), REST (Representational State Transfer) and so on. The most famous protocol in the IoT communication at the application layer is the MQTT protocol, which makes use of TCP as an underlying transport layer protocol for the transmission. TCP based interface makes it more reliable protocol as well as a small header of MQTT protocol makes it suitable for IoT Eco-system, In this chapter, We have discussed the IoT, industry 4.0, impact of IoT on industry 4.0, MQTT Protocol, MQTT security aspects, Survey on various protocols used for to make MQTT Communication in a secured manner. We have surveyed many recent advances that happened for the MQTT Security and list out significant challenges in the IoT based industry faces when it comes to securing devices from physical as well as logical attacks. MQTT based device authentication, access control of resources, and security of communicated data over the insecure channel are some of the significant challenges that are discussed in depth. Overall this chapter will contribute in-depth security survey of IoT based industry 4.0.

The complex and ever-changing Internet of Things (IoT) domain could benefit from standardization and a higher degree of autonomy between different layers: standard approaches defining the relationship between security communication software functionalities, hardware, and applications will allow a more efficient, flexible, and secure communication. To this end, techniques in which the security of IoT devices is decoupled from the applications they run can provide significant benefits and enable the development of new standardization strategies. This article presents a study of the benefits provided by IoTsafe, a security decoupling approach when used in combination with the constrained application protocol (CoAP). Whereas previous work relied on HTTP/HTTP2 protocols, the present article is focused on the analysis of the feasibility of IoTsafe in more constrained devices in channels with high interference levels. The benefits of this technique are illustrated by means of a battery of tests to evaluate the impact of this scheme. The results show no performance penalty (taking CoAP with security as a baseline) in lossless channels, even when an overhead increment of 38% is borne. Furthermore, in lossier channels, a transfer time reduction of 36% is achieved, a figure that increases significantly if traffic compression is enabled.

This article concerns presentation and comparison of the performance of a set of the Internet Of Things protocols in the application layer and others that are used to link objects such as: Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Constrained Application Protocol (COAP), Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (EMPP), RESTFUL Services, Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Websockets. This comparison will be carried out in terms of security, transport, architecture and quality of service (QoS). This work will enable us to specify the strong and weak points of each protocol.

In this paper, we propose a new congestion control algorithm called CoCoA++ to address the issue of network congestion in Internet of Things (IoT). Unlike the existing congestion control mechanisms that operate on instantaneous Round Trip Time (RTT) measurements in IoT, we use delay gradients to get a better measure of network congestion, and implement a probabilistic backoff to deal with congestion. We integrate the delay gradients and the probability backoff factor with Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). The proposed algorithm is implemented and evaluated using the Cooja network simulator provided by Contiki OS. Subsequently, it is deployed and evaluated in a real testbed by using the FIT/IoT-LAB. We observe that delay gradients give a more accurate measure of congestion and the Retransmission Time Out (RTO) is reduced significantly, thereby leading to less delays and high packet sending rates. CoCoA++ being a minor improvement over the existing algorithm is easy to deploy.

Having a seamless connection between independently developed platforms has recently become an important issue. In addition, research is underway on autoconfiguration to minimize human interference while configuring devices for users to utilize Internet of Things (IoT) applications. OneM2M is a standardization group established to develop a standard Internet service platform. In the oneM2M environment, data exchange between each component is performed through HTTP, constrained application protocol (CoAP), and message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT). MQTT enables efficient data transmission in low-power and unreliable networks. However, MQTT is not suitable for service discovery for autoconfiguration given that it does not support multicasting and resource directories for managing IoT resources. In this paper, we present an architecture to provide an autoconfiguration mechanism by using the MQTT publish/subscribe messaging pattern. To realize fully autonomous systems, the proposed system autonomously interacts with devices by recognizing the context using semantic Web technology. We verify the feasibility of the proposed system through its implementation in the real environment. It is confirmed that the proposed approach is able to automatically configure MQTT-based devices and provide context-aware services using a standard interface.

The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is a mechanism that enables the efficient transmission of information in the context of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) characteristic of the Internet of Things (IoT). CoAP is specifically intended to work well with low complexity sensors that have limited access to computational resources. And because it lacks the overhead of other more sophisticated transport protocols, it is suitable for high packet loss wireless networks. Relying on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), CoAP introduces, among other things, confirmable and non-confirmable message types, depending on the nature of the source data. This paper presents a novel analytical model that can relate the application to network packet loss and be used to estimate the effect of lossy wireless channels in CoAP scenarios. Moreover, the model is ultimately validated by an experimental framework in which theoretical and experimental results are compared. Keywords: CoAP, UDP, WSN, IoT, Wireless

The advancements in the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) accelerated the development of new communication technologies. Machine to machine communication in IoT is accomplished with application protocols such as the Constrained Application Protocol and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The openness of these protocols leads to various types of attacks including DoS Attack. MQTT is widely used in secure IoT applications like health monitoring. One of the prominent attacks in IoT is the denial of service (DoS) attack. This enforces the need for an efficient intrusion detection system method in MQTT-based application. In this paper, we address the vulnerabilities in MQTT, through which intruders can control the low-configuration devices in the network. This paper proposes a lightweight fuzzy logic-based intrusion detection scheme called Secure-MQTT, for detecting malicious activity during the communication between IoT devices. The proposed method uses a fuzzy logic-based system to detect the malicious behavior of the node with the help of a fuzzy rule interpolation mechanism. Secure-MQTT avoids the use of a dense rule base by exploiting the fuzzy rule interpolation that generates rules dynamically. The proposed method provides an effective mechanism to protect the low configuration devices from the DoS attack. The simulation results show that the proposed method detects the attacks more accurately when compared to the existing methods.

This paper presents a constrained application protocol enabled multithreaded Internet of Things (IoT) gateway that allows reliable and quick access to big data from IoT domains. We consider a proxy caching policy to accelerate the content delivery rate of sensor data while reducing the energy consumption of corresponding nodes. We propose a selective caching policy in which resource validation requests are sent based on user requests, besides updates from IoT nodes. We also describe an analytical model to evaluate the performance of multithreaded IoT gateway under various traffic conditions to meet the quality of service constraints. The proposed model is evaluated over single hop IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks/IEEE 802.15.4 cluster. The performance evaluation clearly shows the effectiveness of our model in providing fast response and reduced energy consumption of the resources.

Standard protocols for wireless Internet of Things (IoT) communication must be energy-efficient in order to prolong the lifetimes of IoT devices. Two energy-saving strategies for wireless communication are prevalent within the IoT domain: 1) sleepy devices and 2) radio duty cycling. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation as to what types of application scenarios benefit the most from either type of energy-saving strategy. We select the lightweight machine to machine (LwM2M) protocol for this purpose because it operates atop the standard constrained application protocol, and has support for sleepy devices through its Queue Mode. We implement the Queue Mode at both the server side and client side, and design enhancements of Queue Mode to further improve the performance. In our experimental evaluation, we compare the performance and characteristics of Queue Mode with that of running LwM2M in a network stack with the standard time-slotted channel hopping as the duty cycling medium access control protocol. By analyzing the results with the support of an empirical model, we find that each energy-saving strategy has different advantages and disadvantages depending on the scenario and traffic pattern. Hence, we also produce guidelines that can help developers to select the appropriate energy-saving strategy based on the application scenario.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision that broadens the scope of the Internet by incorporating physical objects to identify themselves to the participating entities. This innovative concept enables a physical object to represent itself in the digital world. There have been a lot of speculations and future forecasts about these physical objects connected with the Internet, however, most of them lack secure features and are vulnerable to a wide range of attacks. Miniature sensor nodes, embedded in these physical objects, limit the support for computationally complex and resource-consuming secured algorithms. In this paper, we propose a lightweight mutual authentication scheme for the real-world physical objects of an IoT environment. It is a payload-based encryption scheme which uses a simple four-way handshake mechanism to verify the identities of the participating objects. The real-world objects communicate with each other using the client–server interaction model. Our proposed scheme uses the lightweight features of Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) to enable the clients to observe resources residing on the server, in an energy-efficient manner. We use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), with a key length of 128 bits, to establish a secured session for resource observation. We evaluate our scheme for a real-world scenario using NetDuino Plus 2 boards. Our scheme is computationally efficient, incurs less connection overhead and at the same time, provides a robust defence against various attacks such as, resource exhaustion, Denial-of-Service, replay and physical tampering.

The promise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the many visions of unprecedented and transforming IoT applications are challenged by the realities of a highly fragmented ecosystem of devices, standards and industries. Systems research in IoT is shifting priorities to explore explicit “thing architectures” that promote and enable the friction-free interactions of things despite such fragmentations. In this paper, we focus on overcoming light-weight communication protocol fragmentation. We introduce the Atlas IoT communication framework which enables interactions among things that speak similar or different communication protocols. The framework tools up Atlas things with protocol translator “attachments” that could be either hosted on board the Atlas thing platform, or in the cloud. The translator enables the seamless communication between heterogeneous things through a set of well-defined interfaces. The proposed framework supports seamless communication among the widely adopted Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Representational State Transfer (REST) over Hypertext Transfer protocol HTTP, and the Message Queue Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT). Our framework is carefully designed to facilitate interoperability among heterogeneously communicating things without taxing the performance of things that are homogenously communicating. The framework itself utilizes the topic concept and uses a meta-topic hierarchy to map out and guide the translations. We present the details of the Atlas IoT communication framework and give a detailed benchmarking study to measure the energy consumption and code footprint characteristics of the different aspects of the framework on real hardware platforms. In addition to basic characterizations, we compare our framework to the Eclipse Ponte framework and show how our framework is advantageous in energy consumption and how it is unique in that it does not tangibly penalize the homogeneous communication case.

One of the noticeable characteristics of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices is that they are resource-constrained, which makes them incompatible with the standard Internet protocols, e.g., HTTP. Nevertheless, IoT offers the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) as an alternative protocol for IoT devices where it is considered to be lightweight in regard to power consumption, network traffic, and so on. The main challenges associated with CoAP, however, still remain unsolved where most of the state-of-the-art approaches group servers manually and return the exact matches only. To address these issues, we propose a novel Semantically Enhanced CoAP Gateway (SECoG) for complex service mashups. SECoG enables users to create a simple or complex CoAP service mashup via a single HTTP request. Furthermore, a prototype implementation of SECoG was deployed on a real-world testbed to evaluate the proposed approach in terms of the reliability, execution time, network traffic, and accuracy.

Internet of Things (IoT) refers to uniquely identifiable entities. Its vision is the world of connected objects. Due to its connected nature the data produced by IoT is being used for different purposes. Since IoT generates huge amount of data, we need some scalable storage to store and compute the data sensed from the sensors. To overcome this issue, we need the integration of cloud and IoT, so that the data might be stored and computed in a scalable environment. Harmonization of IoT in Cloud might be a novel solution in this regard. IoT devices will interact with each other using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). In this paper, we have implemented harmonizing IoT in Cloud. We have used CoAP to get things connected to each other through the Internet. For the implementation we have used two sensors, fire detector and the sensor attached with the door which is responsible for opening it. Thus our implementation will be storing and retrieving the sensed data from the cloud. We have also compared our implementation with different parameters. The comparison shows that our implementation significantly improves the performance compared to the existing system.

IEEE 802.15.4 is one of the preferred mechanisms to provide modulation and media access control in wireless Internet of Things networks. With the goal of preserving battery life, IEEE 802.15.4 is characterized by low power consumption that results in low signal-to-noise ratios responsible of low transmission rates and high bit error rates. In these low rate lossy networks, and from the application layer perspective, the constrained application protocol provides lightweight session management and control with two modes of operation: 1) a reliable mode where retransmissions guarantee packet delivery at a cost of increased latency, power consumption, and throughput and 2) an unreliable mode that provides packet loss-prone delivery of packets with lower battery use. In this paper, we present a dynamic mode selection mechanism that extends battery life while minimizing latency as well as transmission rates and improving overall quality of service.

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed and promoted several standards intended to facilitate Internet of things communication among constrained devices in low-power low-rate networks (LLNs). Specifically, IETF introduces a series of protocols that deal with different layers of the stack ranging from IPv6 adaptation to routing in LLN. Among them, the constrained application protocol (CoAP) is a session protocol that is used to carry sensor and actuator traffic. Since CoAP transport relies on the user datagram protocol , and in order to provide reliability, it introduces a mode operation known as confirmable where messages are considered delivered once they have been acknowledged. One drawback of this approach, however, is the latency that results from the retransmission of packets in lossy networks. In this study, the authors present, model, compare and evaluate a forward error correction mechanism that enables CoAP to improve its reliability while reducing latency.

A novel prototype NB-IoT-based quasi-smart water management platform for irrigation is proposed. The prototype has been deployed in a vineyard in Peta village, Greece, as part of the AREThOU5A project. An IoT framework for regularly and accurately tracking the status of soil hydration and reporting it to a centralized entity for further processing since water needs are directly related to soil moisture is proposed. The framework is based on specialized IoT hardware that includes low-cost microcontrollers with integrated sensor interfaces and telecommunication modems, open-source applications, open and standardized data transfer protocols, with low capital and operating costs. In the vineyard, an IoT end-node have been placed. Each node: i) collects soil moisture and temperature samples at a depth of 20 cm, ii) is battery-powered and has a battery life of several months on a single charge, and iii) connects to the system back-end via NB-IoT. The sensor measurements from the IoT nodes are forwarded to a cloud-based infrastructure using the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)/IPv6 protocol using a public mobile network. Data is maintained on a cloud backend and can be accessed in real-time via dashboards from any Internet-connected individual. In terms of hardware integration, operating solutions, networking and connectivity support, the proposed platform offers numerous novel features.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is considered as the backbone of Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Authentication is the most important phase that guarantees secure access to such networks but it is more critical than that in traditional Internet because the communications are established between constrained devices that could not compute heavy cryptographic primitives. In this paper, we are studying with real experimentation the efficiency of HIP Diet EXchange header (HIP DEX) protocol over IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) in IoT. The adopted application layer protocol is Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and as a routing protocol, the Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL). The evaluation concerns the total End-to-End transmission delays during the authentication process between the communicating peers regarding the processing, propagation, and queuing times' overheads results. Most importantly, we propose an efficient handshake packets' compression header, and we detailed a comparison of the above evaluation's criteria before and after the proposed compression. Obtained results are very encouraging and reinforce the efficiency of HIP DEX in IoT networks during the handshake process of constrained nodes.

The application layer protocol plays a significant part in IoT framework as it enables the communication between things, devices or objects with the application interfaces. These protocols are expected to guarantee security, speed, low latency, less power consumption, reliability and efficient transfer of information between the devices. There are several application layer protocols available like Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Websocket, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), Representational State Transfer (RESTFUL Services) and Data Distribution Services (DDS) that are employed in practice. The suitable protocol is selected based on the nature and requirements of the IoT system. However there are no standard guidelines in deciding a particular protocol for the IoT application. There is always uncertainty in deciding the application protocol suitable for the IoT requirements. Thereby, it is inevitable to know the strengths and weakness of the widely accepted protocols to determine the best-fit scenarios. Amongst these CoAP and MQTT are the most diffused protocols in the IoT landscape. This paper surveys five established protocols – CoAP, MQTT, Websocket, XMPP and AMQP. It discusses the origin of these protocols, the general characteristics, advantages and limitations. Furthermore, the paper does an in-depth comparative analysis of the protocols against the suitability of application areas. Additionally, the paper also explains the standard implementation architecture of the protocols. Thus the detailed evaluation will result in helping to choose the best suited protocol for any given IoT system.

Resource discovery is a significant feature in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment as the number of resources increases. As several resources are added every day, the complexity of managing these resources increases. Resource discovery has a key role in finding all active resources in a certain area to allow users to become aware of the surrounding resources and access available resources. This paper proposes a resource discovery approach based on an updated Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and neural network. The proposed approach presents a discovery of active and faulty resources. It gives the opportunity to find faulty resources and apply fault-tolerant methods. For smart areas, it is significant to track all resources and ensure they are not faulty. This process is performed using a neural network for fault classification, and the neural network runs computations in the cloud. The proposed method also provides the location of resources, either active or faulty, based on the coordinates of each resource. Furthermore, users are divided into four groups according to the permission of each group for getting a list of resources, getting metadata, and accessing resources. The proposed method is tested as a CoAP client (user) deployed on a mobile phone and CoAP server is deployed on Rasberry Pi using resources of Wemo switch, Printer, and TI SensorTag. The experimental results show the proposed method has a discovery success rate of more than 98%. The results show the proposed method has comparable results in terms of latency, energy consumption, and traffic load.

With the rapid advancement of Smart Grid services as well as the technology of Internet of Things (IoT), current electric communication network faces the challenges of supporting the emerging service communication requirements, i.e., wide coverage and efficient management, of distributed power, micro-grid, interactive utility usage. This paper investigates into the communication and management techniques for electric IoT applications, including comparation of various terminal access technologies as well as several telecommunication technologies and analysis of the working mechanism of typical IoT communication protocols such as MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) and CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol). Then, the different electric IoT communication requirements are mapped with various access communication technologies as well as corresponding protocols to achieve the full coverage and interconnected data transmission. Furthermore, an integrated design of communication management architecture, pertinent protocol parsing and conversion techniques are proposed to enable real-time monitor and management of vast number of communication modules of electric IoT terminals.

Internet of Things is a connection of associated objects wherein theseobjects can gather information and interchange them utilizing sensors. IoT allowsconnecting objects and property as one unit, enables us to control everything we want,and tells us of the state of things, whether it is replacing or no. In the coming times,the world is adapting to apply the Internet of things in several major fields, among themost important domains that can integrate into it are industries, companies, healthcare, and communications. The inserted sensors of associated gadgets play out asignificant job and it has restricted energy abilities, many techniques studied theproblem of restricted energy. This works center around Application Layer methodsand explicitly on one of the main conventions, the Constrained Application Protocol(CoAP). We examine the most reasonable energy-effective procedures to actualizethe CoAP, and finally, we compare these techniques on different levels.

The usage of Internet of Things has increased in the recent years allowing a new way of connecting devices together. Many transactions happen over the IoT calling for protocols to ensure the efficiency and management of the communication traffic. This paper examines 2 particular protocols, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Constrained application protocol (CoAP). The main differences between MQTT and CoAP that MQTT runs over TCP and CoAP runs over UDP. MQTT uses three level of QoS to ensure the message delivery while CoAP uses 4 types of transmission attempts which are confirmable, non-confirmable, acknowledgment, and rest. Through a set of experiments, we show that MQTT is more accurate when ensuring packet delivery. However, CoAP is better when it comes to performance when sending a limited number of messages.

Many modern IoT applications rely on the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) because of its efficiency and seamless integrability in the existing Internet infrastructure. One of the strategies that CoAP leverages to achieve these characteristics is the usage of proxies. Unfortunately, in order for a proxy to operate, it needs to terminate the (D)TLS channels between clients and servers. Therefore, end-to-end confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of the exchanged data cannot be achieved. In order to overcome this problem, an alternative to (D)TLS was recently proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This alternative consists of two novel protocols: 1) Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE) providing authenticated encryption for the payload data and 2) Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman Over COSE (EDHOC) providing the symmetric session keys required for OSCORE. In this paper, we present the design of four firmware libraries for these protocols especially targeted for constrained microcontrollers and their detailed evaluation. More precisely, we present the design of uOSCORE and uEDHOC libraries for regular microcontrollers and uOSCORE-TEE and uEDHOC-TEE libraries for microcontrollers with a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), such as microcontrollers featuring ARM TrustZone-M. Our firmware design for the later class of devices concerns the fact that attackers may exploit common software vulnerabilities, e.g., buffer overflows in the protocol logic, OS or application to compromise the protocol security. uOSCORE-TEE and uEDHOC-TEE achieve separation of the cryptographic operations and keys from the remainder of the firmware, which could be vulnerable. We present an evaluation of our implementations in terms of RAM/FLASH requirements, execution speed and energy on a broad range of microcontrollers., A short version of this paper will appear on CODASPY 2021