Search

This report analyses how evaluation and learning from public housing renewal is informing policy development and delivery to maximise financial returns and socio-economic outcomes. The research was conducted pre-COVID-19. • Public housing renewal provides an opportunity for policy makers to give direction to urban reconfiguration processes. Since the 2000s public housing renewal has increasingly become part of a policy discourse that places emphasis on 'unlocking' under-utilised sites (i.e. public housing estates) for jobs, investment and urban renewal. In this intersection with urban renewal processes, mixed-tenure public housing renewal, in practice, becomes public housing urban renewal. • This research highlights a consistency of views across stakeholders (often on pragmatic grounds) regarding 'how public housing renewal works'. It is thus possible to conceptualise learning and evaluation in public housing renewal policy-making within an advocacy coalition framework (ACF). • An ACF framework focuses on the alignment of the beliefs, actions and interest of a range of stakeholders with respect to how policies work, or can work. Our use of the ACF is grounded in a consistency of views about 'how public housing renewal works', given the prevailing institutional and financial constraints, and the implication of this for the role of evaluation and learning, rather than any suggestion of a formal or informal actual coalition, or collusion, in agenda setting or public policy objectives. • Interviewees perceived evaluation to be one of several integral parts to the policy formation process. However, evaluations have frequently been summative, rather than formative in nature. In addition, stakeholders also relied on personal and institutional experience to inform policy development and decision-making. These learning dynamics have, over time, reinforced key aspects of the policy core belief within the advocacy coalition. • The policy core belief guiding public housing urban renewal is characterised by a shared belief in the instrumental role of land values and land value change as a means of reconciling multiple asset- and people-based outcomes, while controlling the cost of public policy to public budgets. Mixed tenure, housing density and the strategic leveraging of land are policies that also extract land value for public housing reinvestment and other public policy goals. • The central role of land and land value has raised concerns amongst tenants, groups external to the advocacy coalition, but also some of the interviewees that public housing renewal is increasingly driven by asset-based viability considerations and reduced government exposure to risk. While risk related to physical reconfiguration (public housing stock renewal) in this respect is reduced, other objectives (such as wider social and economic benefits for tenants) increasingly become shaped by - rather than shaping urban reconfiguration processes. • Core members of the public housing renewal advocacy coalition are state governments and private developers. Additional members are (in some cases) community housing providers (CHPs) and local governments. Policy formation within advocacy coalitions is shaped by multiple factors. This includes evaluations, but also reacting to external events and internal stakeholder dynamics. • In the contextual analysis in this research, change in relative income is used as an indicator of social and economic reconfiguration. Apart from Adelaide, census collection districts (CCD) subject to public housing renewal experienced little improvement in relative income status (1996-2016). • Citywide drivers (such as economic restructuring, urban sprawl containment, population growth) and neighbourhood drivers (such as economic obsolescence, relative incomes) are specific drivers of social and economic reconfiguration. These are evident in all three capital cities, leading to the potential to 'unlock' value through mixed tenure and public housing renewal. • Policy options exist that can unlock more inclusive c nceptualisations of value, and shift the reliance on land value in the program logic of public housing renewal. The design of public housing renewal tenders, and strategies for implementation, offer considerable opportunity for policy experimentation;identification and evaluation of assumed causal relationships and benefits. A social infrastructure perspective provides a framework for 'unlocking' additional and renewal project-specific values. A number of tools already exist to estimate the (equivalent) monetary value of wider social and economic benefits. © Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Limited 2021

Addressing the world’s environmental challenges demands the sustainable transformation of existing production and marketing processes. By adopting green marketing as a corporate strategy, businesses can achieve their organisational goals while also driving the sustainable development of host countries. However, given the unique socio-economic and political challenges of less-developed economies, businesses may encounter the risk of enabling unsustainable consumption and promoting greenwashing. To successfully implement a green marketing strategy, this chapter posits that businesses in emerging markets should move beyond attempting to influence people’s attitudes, choices or behaviour to consider the social practices that constitute organisational and socio-economic processes. By conceptualising people as carriers of social practices, this chapter further examines how the interaction of materials, meanings and competences create everyday consumption and routines. From a social practice perspective, the green marketing strategies corporate organisations in emerging markets can adopt to promote people management and sustainable development include influencing social practice performance, promoting the emergence or dissolution of social practices, enabling communities of sustainability practices and addressing the socio-economic consequences of conflicting social practices.

This Collection offers insights from twenty of Australia’s leader academics and thinkers into the survey results of 15,000 Australian rental households. The Collection draws on data from The Australian Rental Housing Conditions Dataset funded by the Australian Research Council in partnership with six Australian universities as well an additional AHURI funded COVID-19 module.

Social-ecological justice is an emerging field that argues for nature’s agency, social-ecological awareness, recognition of nature’s capabilities, and participation in decision-making processes. A social-ecological justice perspective lifts the analysis out of a distribution of environmental impacts to humans, to a recognition of social-ecological complexities. However, bringing this perspective to urban planning requires a suite of methods and tools in coordination with existing planning methods that do not address issues of social-ecological justice, or, justice for nature. Drawing from existing methods and tools, this paper presents a novel methodology to define, identify, and map social-ecological injustices in urban landscapes. Three dimensions of social-ecological justice (distribution, recognition, and participation) are operationalised into a set of indicators, which are added to create a Social-Ecological Injustices Index that identifies place hotspots. A fourth dimension, capabilities, is discussed, but not operationalised in the paper. The urban region of Melbourne, which has been undergoing intense urbanisation processes, is used as a case study to test the applicability of this index. The geospatial analysis reveals various degrees of social-ecological injustices across the Melbourne Metropolitan region and unveils the location of the most deprived areas. This methodology can be applied as a systematic and effective way for urban planners and decision-makers to identify and target social-ecological injustice hotspots as areas of prioritisation for urban regeneration with nature-based solutions.

By using 360\(^\circ \) renderings, it is possible to create virtual reality experiences without having to render potentially complex 3D geometry with complex shading for every frame. Applying pixel reprojection to the 360\(^\circ \) renderings can enable 3D movement of the user, which introduces motion parallax effects. The proposed pixel reprojection method employs nine camera views that are used to reconstruct an output from an arbitrary camera position within the space between the nine cameras. Each of the nine camera is supplied with a unique 360\(^\circ \) rendering, generated from the position of the camera. Thereafter no 3D geometry is needed. Two variations of the algorithm are proposed. Evaluation of the two variations showed that only considering the four closest cameras resulted in a shorter render time, but also more visible errors in the reprojected image, when compared to considering all nine cameras.

Much of mainstream economic analysis assumes that markets adjust smoothly, through prices, to changes in economic conditions. However, this is not necessarily the case for local housing markets, whose spatial structures may exhibit persistence, so that conditions may not be those most suited to the requirements of modern-day living. Persistence can arise from the existence of transaction costs. The paper tests the proposition that housing markets in Inner London exhibit a degree of path dependence, through the construction of a three-equation model, and examines the impact of variables constructed for the 19th and early 20th centuries on modern house prices. These include 19th-century social structures, slum clearance programmes and the 1908 underground network. Each is found to be significant. The tests require the construction of novel historical datasets, which are also described in the paper.

LC policies can be controversial. The authors’ distinction between market-creating, sustaining and efficiency LC policy provides a broad taxonomy of different articulations of LC policy, but at the implementation level national policies will frequently be a combination of each of these. In this chapter the emergence and articulation of LC policies in each of the case countries is examined. The cases illustrate the evolution of LC policies and learning over time. Several of the policies implemented by emerging economies today draw on policies developed by the North Sea countries in the 1970s and 1980s. However, the cases also illustrate important variations in the initial economic and social conditions that influence subsequent LC policy development.

This chapter engages with a number of macro-economic, micro-economic, geographic, geological and institutional conditions that affect LC policy development in each of the case countries and co-determine the degree to which LC policies enable sectoral and/or economy-wide catching up. Variations in these conditions influence the necessary trade-offs between competing objectives relating, more narrowly, to LC, and wider objectives relating to the balance of payments (BoP), demand-side management and monetary policy. It also structures the trade-offs between state control over downstream development/supply-chain operations and IOCs’ access to rent and operational autonomy. Finally, the chapter analyses the role of LC policy in generating wider social and economic benefits through the respective NIS’s ability and capacity to deliver innovation-driven growth and economic diversification.

This chapter turns to an issue that remains at the forefront of policy today—housing supply—but set in a long-run framework. Public sector involvement in the provision of housing expanded after the Great War, but the proportion of GDP devoted to housing has exhibited little evidence of an upward trend since then. High levels of building have rarely consistently taken place, except following times of national emergency or when the wider economy was in recession. Controversially, this raises the question of whether the building industry would respond fully to the commonly-acknowledged current major housing shortages, even if planning controls were to be relaxed. This national level analysis is complemented by local London analysis and considers the relationship between building and rail and underground developments in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Rail construction had a major impact on population outflows from cities towards the suburbs.

This chapter is concerned with nineteenth and twentieth century Glasgow, a city that had worse health outcomes than even the poorest parts of London and large parts of the Empire. It demonstrates the key characteristics of the medieval-based property law system in operation in Scotland and also discusses the collapse of the City of Glasgow bank in 1878 and its impact; subsequently, no other major bank failures occurred in the UK until the Northern Rock during the Global Financial Crisis. This introduces the issue of housing volatility and cycles. In addition, this chapter considers the development of social housing in twentieth century Glasgow. Finally, the chapter discusses the extent to which distinct submarkets have persisted across Glasgow, by modelling the relationship between modern local house prices and rental values in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

This chapter discusses the controversial topic of international migration. The themes are: first, the reasons why migrant groups choose certain locations in which to live; second, the extent to which migrant groups are concentrated; third, the extent to which groupings persist and the factors that bring about change. The chapter provides insights into the relative roles of conventional economic variables—employment opportunities or housing costs—and networks, which are particularly important for new arrivals. This is aided by the availability of country-of-birth data in the UK population censuses from 1861 to the current day. The location and persistence of local migrants matter because of their potential effects on domestic population displacements and on housing costs, which the international literature suggests are significant.

This chapter concentrates on tenure and, particularly, on the changing long-run trends in home ownership and the associated measures of house prices and affordability in the UK. Although affordability had been an issue for working-class households from the nineteenth century and before, two issues receive particular attention since they represent two of the most important structural changes of the twentieth century. These are the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act and the deregulation of mortgage markets that occurred primarily in the 1980s. The mortgage market changes of the 1980s represented a major structural change with far-reaching consequences that are still being experienced today. Liberalisation led to an explosion of credit, such that the ratio of mortgage debt to household income is, today, approximately four times higher than in the 1970s. The chapter also reconsiders the causes of the long-run rise in real house prices in the UK and decomposes the trend into demand and supply-side causes.

Following a decade of transition in the Former Soviet Union (FSU), governance of the oil and gas sectors has evolved to economic nationalism. In the newly independent states this has manifested itself through greater (direct) state ownership or participation in oil and gas production, at the expense of both domestic (in the case of Russia) and international oil companies, as well as legislative developments that increase the flow of oil and gas value to the state. Here we analyse some of the dynamics giving rise to economic nationalism within a model of a state capacity and the ability to implement policy and extract value. Our analysis is based on the institutional and economic functioning of the oil and gas sector. We analyse a vector of institutions and examine Production Sharing Agreements and National Oil Companies.

Retrenchment of the public sector as a direct provider of rented accommodation has been accompanied by a growing reliance on housing associations as alternative providers of below‐market rented accommodation in the UK. The most successful vehicle to date (in terms of transferred ownership of units) for growing the not‐for‐profit sector has been so‐called “large‐scale voluntary transfer” of dwellings formerly owned by local authorities. Since the turn of the century this has been accompanied by the rapid expansion of “arms‐length management organizations” in England. Notably though, for a process concerned with the transfer of legal entitlements to property, the literature on stock transfer and social housing reform is marked by a curious absence of any discussion of a property rights dimension of this process and, particularly, how degree and form of ownership is capitalized through the prevailing (and changing) governance structures. The point of departure for this article is an examination of how stock ...

The advent of the ‘buy to let’ (BTL) phenomenon in the UK, apart from producing a new wave of individualized rental market investment, has been widely judged to be a speculative and destabilizing force in the housing market. This paper provides a detailed empirical investigation of new residential investment in one city (Glasgow) where BTL has made a relatively large impact. In seeking to overcome data problems, the study employed qualitative (expert interviews and a landlord survey) and quantitative methods (census, the Register of Sasines, standardized house price information and modelling thereof) in order to assess the nature and scale of BTL, the motivations of investors and its impact on the private housing market. The evidence suggests that while Glasgow is in many respects different to rental markets elsewhere in the UK and although the investment has thus far largely occurred in a benign environment, the context for future investment, on balance, looks sustainable (i.e. favourable change...