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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider how the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) may support or diminish the creation of social value.Design/methodology/approachThe approach applies Lumpkin and Dess’s multidimensional conceptualization of EO to the growing body of literature on social entrepreneurship.FindingsPropositions on the effects of autonomy, competitive aggressiveness, innovativeness, proactiveness and risk-taking on social value creation are developed.Research limitations/implicationsThe propositions offered in the paper suggest avenues for future empirical studies that seek to examine the impact of EO on social, rather than financial, performance.Originality/valueA significant body of research has examined the relationship between EO and financial performance, but potential implications for social value creation remain unclear. This paper seeks to address this gap in understanding of EO and social entrepreneurship and argues that two components of EO may adversely impact the creation of social value.

PurposeThe paper aims to fill this gap by positing a framework that considers the service automation decision as a matter of knowledge management: a choice between human resident and codified knowledge assets.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a conceptual paper, grounded in the knowledge-based view.FindingsThe paper uses the information processing theory, which argues that the level of uncertainty in a process should dictate the type of knowledge deployed, as the contingency for the automation choice, and customer interaction uncertainty as the driver of that contingency. From these ideas, propositions are generated relating customer interaction uncertainty and service automation. Further implications for artificial intelligence (AI) are also explored.Originality/valueThe framework illuminates and informs the strategic choices regarding service automation, including the use of AI in professional services, a timely and highly important topic. It offers a valuable model for practitioners and contributes to the academic literature by pointing the way for future directions for scholarly research.

Social entrepreneurs are driven to solve a particular social problem. Yet, they operate in a broad universe of stakeholders that expect the organization to at least not worsen a range of social ill...

This article explores the implications of top management team (TMT) diversity and identity in fostering an organizational environment that promotes social value creation. Upper echelon theory is in...

This paper develops and clarifies social intrapreneurship theory by examining the “how” of effective intrapreneurial championing. More specifically, the authors consider the following research question: How does the manner in which middle managers frame sustainable practices influence successful championing outcomes? The authors integrate the natural-resource-based view of the firm with research on middle management championing behaviors and issue-contingent models of ethical decision making to propose a model of sustainability championing for social intrapreneurs. To that end, propositions are developed concerning the relationship between the types of sustainable practice championed, how the argument for a given practice is framed, and successful championing outcomes. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature on social intrapreneurship, providing insight into how intrapreneurial championing can be more effective and building a foundation for future research.

A number of organizational scholars have suggested that to compete in a “post-industrial” world firms must adopt specific structures and approaches to managing. In this article, we explore the why of post-industrial forms, as opposed to the what. Often work in this literature speaks as though in the future only a post-industrial form will allow firms to compete successfully. We argue instead that adoption of a post-industrial form is a contingency: some firms have to operate in this fashion, some firms may want to, and some firms never will adopt a post-industrial form. Based on Thompson’s (Organizations in action, Transaction, New Brunswick, 1967) conception of production processes, we suggest factors that, if present, require firms to be post-industrial as well as strategies that make them want to adopt this relatively new form.

To date, numerous public- and private-sector efforts, commitments, and initiatives to reduce commodity-driven deforestation have emerged. In and of themselves, these elements&mdash, namely REDD+ programs, jurisdictional approaches (JAs), and private sector commitments&mdash, are necessary, but they are not sufficient to reduce deforestation. When operating together, however, these efforts have the potential to significantly reduce commodity-driven deforestation. This research aimed to determine whether and where REDD+ programs, JAs, and private sector commitments overlap in what are termed &ldquo, trifecta jurisdictions&rdquo, Considering that each element possesses features that can enhance and complement those of the others, the authors hypothesized that&mdash, but did not ascertain whether&mdash, trifecta jurisdictions present the greatest potential to reduce commodity-driven deforestation. A total of 13 trifecta jurisdictions and six bifecta jurisdictions&mdash, where two of the three elements are present&mdash, were identified by: compiling a dataset of REDD+ programs, JAs, and private sector commitments, evaluating all potential options against established criteria, and categorizing them according to trifecta or bifecta jurisdiction status. The fact that a majority of trifecta and bifecta jurisdictions are located in countries with the most tropical tree cover loss is also significant in that it highlights the presence of these elements where most needed, and how high deforestation rates might be attracting REDD+ program, JA, and private sector commitment activities. Although many of the REDD+ programs, JAs, and private sector commitments are relatively nascent and their ability to collectively reduce deforestation is not yet clearly evident, this article posited that synergistic potential is greatest in trifecta and bifecta jurisdictions and that efforts should be made to greater align these elements.

Uncertainty in production processes has proven to be a useful lens through which to explain the international entry mode choices of large manufacturing firms. This paper adapts that approach to suggest that service firms determine their internationalization mode based on the uncertainty arising from their interactions with customers. In our model, service firms counter customer interaction uncertainty by deploying knowledge in two primary forms: in processes and procedures or within workers themselves. We suggest that the location of this knowledge deployment impacts the choice of which mode firms will use when they deploy their services internationally. Also, befitting the greater alternatives available for conducting business internationally for service firms, we explore and model a wider range of modes than traditionally suggested by manufacturing-centric scholarship.

The Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) presents the idea of Zero Deforestation Zones (ZDZs) as a solution to implement private sector deforestation-free supply chain commitments by leveraging synergies between Jurisdictional REDD+, private sector initiatives, and governmental laws and regulations. Companies would source commodities that meet their deforestation commitments from jurisdictions implementing REDD+ programs, government monitoring systems, and functioning private sector initiatives. A definition of “zero deforestation” would be created through a multistakeholder process considering a number of different elements. ZDZs would align incentives between actors, generating multiple benefits for companies, governments, and local communities—including reduced costs of monitoring deforestation, low-risk areas for long-term investment, increased legal compliance, and conflict resolution between companies and local communities. Environmental integrity would also be improved because a larger area of forest w...

In this paper, we apply the growing body of scholarship on entrepreneurial orientation to understanding organizational performance along social rather than financial metrics. In so doing, we contri...

This paper uses the concepts of organizational fitness and fitness landscapes to examine management challenges that arise from social entrepreneurship efforts. Organizations pursuing social entrepreneurship must manage based on the need to ‘do no harm’ across all three tenets of sustainability: social equity, economic prosperity, and environmental integrity. These three tenets may be in conflict with each other, but organizations that pursue social entrepreneurship must manage with all three of them in mind across a wide range of stakeholders. Extending research on managing organizational fitness in rugged fitness landscapes, this paper argues that social entrepreneurship organizations will need to engage in substantial search processes, will face particularly difficult challenges in managing goals and initiatives, and will need to move into environmental search and adaptive modes early in their maturation process.

Background: Epidemiological studies have assessed T-wave alternans (TWA) as a possible mechanism of cardiac arrhythmias related to air pollution in high-risk subjects and have reported associations with increased TWA magnitude. Objective: In this controlled human exposure study, we assessed the impact of exposure to concentrated ambient particulate matter (CAP) and ozone (O3) on T-wave alternans in resting volunteers without preexisting cardiovascular disease. Methods: Seventeen participants without preexisting cardiovascular disease were randomized to filtered air (FA), CAP (150 μg/m3), O3 (120 ppb), or combined CAP + O3 exposures for 2 hr. Continuous electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded at rest and T-wave alternans (TWA) was computed by modified moving average analysis with QRS alignment for the artifact-free intervals of 20 beats along the V2 and V5 leads. Exposure-induced changes in the highest TWA magnitude (TWAMax) were estimated for the first and last 5 min of each exposure (TWAMax_Early and TWAMax_Late respectively). ΔTWAMax (Late–Early) were compared among exposure groups using analysis of variance. Results: Mean ± SD values for ΔTWAMax were –2.1 ± 0.4, –2.7 ± 1.1, –1.9 ± 1.5, and –1.2 ± 1.5 in FA, CAP, O3, and CAP + O3 exposure groups, respectively. No significant differences were observed between pollutant exposures and FA. Conclusion: In our study of 17 volunteers who had no preexisting cardiovascular disease, we did not observe significant changes in T-wave alternans after 2-hr exposures to CAP, O3, or combined CAP + O3. This finding, however, does not preclude the possibility of pollution-related effects on TWA at elevated heart rates, such as during exercise, or the possibility of delayed responses.

This paper explores the implications of top management team (TMT) diversity and identity in fostering an organizational environment that promotes social intrapreneurship. We integrate upper echelon...

Examined through the lens of institutional theory, entrepreneurs choosing to do business beyond their home national boundaries are choosing to operate under host country institutions that are likely to be different from their home country institutions. Given the strong normative pressures that these foreign institutions bring to bear on organisations and individuals, we suggest that the decision to expand into different national markets raises interesting questions of whether to succumb to these pressures or find ways to counteract them. In this conceptual paper, we suggest that professional service firms (PSFs) play an important role in resolving this institutional dilemma. Focusing on the initial decision to explore international expansion and looking at PSFs as institutional translators, we suggest that the decision to hire PSFs depends upon the characteristics of the firm, industry and home institutions, moderated by the institutional distance between the home and host nation dyad.

The Greater Cincinnati Energy Alliance (Energy Alliance) is a nonprofit economic development agency dedicated to helping Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky communities reduce energy consumption. The Energy Alliance has launched programs to educate homeowners, commercial property owners, and nonprofit organizations about energy efficiency opportunities they can use to drive energy use reductions and financial savings, while extending significant focus to creating/retaining jobs through these programs. The mission of the Energy Alliance is based on the premise that investment in energy efficiency can lead to transformative economic development in a region. With support from seven municipalities, the Energy Alliance began operation in early 2010 and has been among the fastest growing nonprofit organizations in the Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky area. The Energy Alliance offers two programs endorsed by the Department of Energy: the Home Performance with ENERGY STAR® Program for homeowners and the Better Buildings Performance Program for commercial entities. Both programs couple expert guidance, project management, and education in energy efficiency best practices with incentives and innovative energy efficiency financing to help building owners effectively invest in the energy efficiency, comfort, health, longevity, and environmental impact of their residential or commercial buildings. The Energy Alliance has raised over $23 million ofmore » public and private capital to build a robust market for energy efficiency investment. Of the $23 million, $17 million was a direct grant from the Department of Energy Better Buildings Neighborhood Program (BBNP). The organization’s investments in energy efficiency projects in the residential and commercial sector have led to well over $50 million in direct economic activity and created over 375,000 hours of labor created or retained. In addition, over 250 workers have been trained through the Building Performance Training Center, a program that was developed and funded by the Energy Alliance and housed at Cincinnati State Technical and Community College. Nearly 100 residential and commercial contractors currently participate in the Energy Alliance’s two major programs, which have together served over 2,800 residential and 100 commercial customers. Additionally, the Energy Alliance established loan programs for homeowners, nonprofits and commercial businesses. The GC-HELP program was established to provide up to ten year low interest, unsecured loans to homeowners to cover the energy efficiency products they purchased through the Energy Alliance approved contractor base. To date the Energy Alliance has financed over $1 million in energy efficiency loans for homeowners, without any loans written off. The nonprofit business community is offered five year, fixed-interest rate loans through the Building Communities Loan Fund of $250,000. Additionally, the Energy Alliance has developed GC-PACE, a commercial financing tool that enables buildings owners to finance their energy upgrades through voluntary property assessments deploying low-interest extended-term capital from the bond market. The Energy Alliance and its partners are actively evaluating additional market-based financing solutions.« less

CVN 78 was launched on November 17, 2013. CVN 78 weighed 77,000 tons at launch and was 70% complete the highest levels attained in aircraft carrier new construction. In addition, all tanks and voids were final coated, all Dual Band Radar (DBR) arrays were installed and 6.1 million of 9.5 million feet of electrical cable were pulled by launch. This unprecedented level of completeness has best prepared the ship for the post-launch test program. Material variance factors such as a shrinking supplier base, cost increases for developmental components, and CVN 78 unique items have been contained. As of December 2013, material availability on the waterfront improved and 95% of all material was procured. Further changes to material variance are not anticipated. Previously reported labor factors associated with use of thinner steels, blast and coat, and unit erection are no longer having a negative effect on labor variance Shipbuilder ability to maintain work package completion rates and to attain aggressive yet achievable goals for compartment outfitting, system turn-over and compartment turn-over will be a significant contributor to remaining cost and schedule performance. However, the principal risk remaining on the CVN 78 is the Shipboard test program and risks associated with first time shipboard operation of new systems and components. To mitigate this risk, the program is executing multiple land based test programs to reduce technical risk prior to shipboard testing. Government Furnished Equipment (GFE) systems such as EMALS, Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG), and DBR are all executing robust, multi-year land based tests. New contractor developed systems such as Machinery Control and Monitoring System (MCMS), JP-5, and Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) are also subjects of early land based testing.

After Effects CS3 Professional comes with literally hundreds of effects plug-ins - and just for good measure, it also installs third party plug-ins from Cycore (Cycore “CC” FX), The Foundry (Keylight), and Synthetic Aperture (Color Finesse). So - where do you learn how to use them?

Our goal in this chapter is to show you how to create a composition, add source footage as layers, and navigate in both space and time. Mastering these basic concepts, techniques, and shortcuts will prepare you for animating layers in the next few chapters. We'll also cover safe area, grid, guide, and ruler overlays in the Composition panel, as well as the all-important matter of previewing your work. Even if you're a more experienced user, you should skim this chapter to see if there are any shortcuts or tips you've been missing.

We've been reinforcing the idea throughout this book that managing transparencies is the cornerstone of creating motion graphic composite images. But not all images come with their own transparencies - or ones we necessarily want to use. Sometimes, we'd prefer to borrow another image to create those transparencies. This second image is called a matte .

When images are captured on film or video, objects that are moving appear blurred, while static objects appear sharp. This is due to the fact that the camera is capturing samples of time, and the camera shutter is kept open for some of that time. The faster the object moves, the more distance it will cover while the shutter is open, and the less distinct the image. This motion blur makes for smoother motion and is a quality often lacking in computer-generated animation.

In the present manuscript, we develop and extend theory with respect to social intrapreneurship by examining the “how” of intrapreneurial championing. More specifically, we integrate the natural-re...

SWOT analysis is still ubiquitous in business courses, and yet it has been harshly criticized by scholars and is not used by top management consulting firms. It is atheoretical and overly simplisti...

A family of 700-W Ka-band Coupled-Cavity Traveling-Wave Tubes (CCTWTs) has been successfully developed, built, and tested at Communications and Power Industries (CPI). These CCTWTs are capable of up to 700-W Continuous Wave (CW) output power with 2.0 GHz of instantaneous bandwidth. They were built with the intended use for the commercial satellite and military communication market. We discuss the design and successful demonstration of the family of CCTWTs, including the VTA-6428S2B prototype which achieved over 700-W (783-W maximum output power) with an overall efficiency reaching as high as 52%.

Much has been written concerning fuzzy theory in recent years. To the uninitiated, and to many of the initiated as well, the picture which emerges may appear unclear and often contradictory. This is frustrating, but not surprising. The following attempts to clarify some of the more befuddling aspects of fuzzy theory by presenting a representation of fuzzy theory and its relation to classical theory, illuminating semantic interpretations of fuzzy theory, discussing the assumption of burden of proof in fuzzy theory arguments by providing a trial law analogy, and concluding with a view toward the broad implications of fuzzy theory.

The Vector Paint effect has been largely made obsolete by the new Paint tools in After Effects, but it still has its fans for a couple of reasons: Vector Paint offers an onion skin mode plus the ability to wiggle the paint stroke paths, with no loss in quality.

After Effects can be thought of as a blank canvas - a canvas that comes with hundreds of brushes and tools to create images with. The problem with blank canvases and too many tools is that it can be hard to know where to start. Therefore, in this first chapter we want to give you an overview of the After Effects user interface, including ideas of how to rearrange it to better suit your needs from task to task. Just as important, we want to give you an idea of how After Effects “thinks” - how projects are structured, how to import sources, and how everything comes together. You won't learn to paint quite yet, but at least you'll know which end of the brush to hold before you move forward.

You may have heard the expression “painting with light”; it's an appropriate description of what After Effects lets you do. You can illuminate layers, add colored casts to them, overlight them to add intensity or blow them out, vignette them, have them cast shadows… even cause layers to project their own images onto other layers. All of this comes with a price, of course: Lights are one of the deepest subjects in After Effects. We'll start with some basic concepts, progress through adjusting illumination and shadows, and end with advanced techniques such as creating virtual gels and gobos.

Real 3D programs have several advantages over After Effects: For example, their objects have real depth, and the texturing and lighting options are far more advanced. However, this power often comes with a significant speed penalty, which can be a problem when accommodating client changes. After Effects is also the better tool in which to refine the final look of your 3D worlds. Offloading portions of the work from your 3D program to After Effects will save time while giving you more power and flexibility - but it requires some effort to set up.

The previous chapter was devoted to Track Mattes: having one layer create transparency for one other layer. Stencils, however, create transparency for all layers underneath. You can use a layer's luminance or alpha channel as a stencil, and invert it as well. This chapter also covers the Preserve Transparency switch, and an obscure but useful mode called Alpha Add.

Not all footage items look best full screen. And not all come with their own alpha channels to block out the parts you don't want to see. Therefore, we often use masks to “cut out” the alpha channels we require. You can create masks in a variety of ways: You can draw a path using the mask tools in either the Layer or Comp panel, specify the dimensions numerically, or paste a path created in Illustrator or Photoshop.

N o layer or composition is an island – at least, not in complex animations. In this lesson, you will learn how to group layers and build composition hierarchies, making it easier to create and manage complex animations. First up will be parenting, where one layer's animation can influence that of others. After that we'll work with nesting and precomposing compositions: ways to bundle together layers, keyframes, and effects into one comp and treat the result as a single layer in another comp.

I n the first two lessons, we focused on animating the properties of layers. However, your sources may have built-in animation of their own – namely, the frame-to-frame movement inside a video clip. Therefore, we're going to spend a good portion of this lesson showing how to move a clip in time, edit its in and out points, and work with its frame rate and ability to loop. From there, we'll move onto combining clips using Blending Modes – the “secret sauce” that creates rich, deeply layered looks. We'll end by showing alternate ways to work with effects, including using Adjustment Layers and taking advantage of Animation Presets.

L ife is easy when you can capture everything to tape or film exactly the way you want it. But reality often intervenes: Maybe the camera shook too much. Or maybe it wasn't possible to have the actors perform in front of the exact background required. Maybe you couldn't get a license to blow up that building in real life, or shoot arcs of electricity across a canyon.

After Effects offers a set of paint tools for painting directly on layers. You can use vector-based paint tools accessed from a pair of dedicated panels to retouch footage and create animated graphical elements, plus use cloning to remove unwanted elements and replicate areas of a layer. The brush strokes are non-destructive. Individual brush, clone and eraser strokes can be edited and animated in the Timeline.

3 D Space is one of the most rewarding areas to explore in After Effects. A simple switch allows each layer to move in the Z dimension – closer to and farther away from the viewer – in addition to left and right. Layers may also be rotated in 3D, which gives the ability to view them from new angles. You can selectively add cameras and lights to a composition, allowing you to cast shadows and move around your imaginary 3D world.

T hroughout this book, you've been learning features in After Effects through a series of short exercises. In this final lesson, you will create a complex single project containing multiple elements and compositions: You will animate a character, and then set him in a 3D world.

Consultants and other professional service firms compete by bringing their knowledge resources to bear on their customers’ challenging problems. Such knowledge resources can reside in workers and/o...

Social entrepreneurs have a wider interest than traditional commercial firms, given their commitment to social improvement. Just as governments do, they may step in to facilitate research into solu...

We report here a prospective study evaluating an alternative to the roentgenographic confirmation of "fine-bore" nasoenteral feeding tubes. Of 78 nasoenteral intubations in 46 patients using a Dobbhoff (Biosearch Medical Products) weighted enteral feeding tube, gastric aspirates were evaluated in 28. Auscultation was performed in all 78. Data was collected at initial placement prior to x-ray confirmation. Observers used color-coded pH paper to analyze gastric aspirate (pH 4 was not very helpful in predicting malposition (37%) especially when pH altering medications were used. Aspiration of contents was successful in 85% of patients. We conclude that when the pH of the nasogastric tube aspirate is < 4.0, x-ray films are not needed to prove the accuracy of tube placement. In other situations, a film is indicated since auscultation is inaccurate.

123 Background: After the IOM report “From Cancer Patient to Cancer Survivor - Lost in Transition” was issued, there was a widespread call to develop Survivorship programs. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of these programs. Prior studies have focused on perceptions of, or preferences for, certain models of survivorship care. Therefore, our goal was to retrospectively evaluate our effectiveness based on patient perception, quality of life (QOL) and compliance with NCCN guidelines for follow-up. Methods: Eligible patients completed all of their breast cancer treatment at GHS. Surveys were sent out to evaluate patient knowledge and QOL. Chart review was conducted to assess NCCN compliance. Survivorship clinic attendees and non-attendees were matched for age and disease stage for comparison purposes of the outcomes (QOL, NCCN compliance, overall effectiveness) using descriptive statistics analysis. Chi-squares and t-tests/ANOVA statistical tests were used for categorical and continuous data significance respectively. Results: We found survivorship clinic patients (n=65) tended to perceive their concerns, in various categories, to be more adequately addressed than non-attendees (n=52), with significant differences in the areas of practical concerns and questions regarding late-term side effects. Categories in which there were no significant differences tended to be highly rated in both groups. There was also a significant difference in compliance with two NCCN guidelines for those attending survivorship. Additionally, women attending the survivorship appointment utilized supportive resources more than those who did not attend. Conclusions: Survivorship clinic attendees felt certain concerns were better addressed, were more compliant with NCCN recommended follow-up, and used supportive services more often than non-attendees. Statistically significant differences in other categories may be found in a larger sample size. These measures can be used to help us improve our survivorship services and for other institutions to measure quality and effectiveness of their programs.

Transaction cost economics (Williamson, 1985) has become a widely accepted theory for understanding firm boundary and governance choices in intermediate product market (IPM) transactions. TCE does ...

Uncertainty in production processes has proven to be a useful lens through which to explain the international entry mode choices of large manufacturing firms. This paper adapts that approach to sug...

The medical diagnostic imaging support workstation has been in clinical use at selected military medical centers since March 1992. The workstation is a critical component in picture archiving and communications systems representing the interface between the system and the end user. The workstation has undergone several software changes over the last year based on feedback from end users. The present performance of the workstation in terms of image manipulation and navigation, response time, database, and reliability is emphasized. Discussion includes clinical acceptance, lessons learned, and future enhancements.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.