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Summary: Background: Improving the quality of hospital antibiotic use is a major goal of WHO's global action plan to combat antimicrobial resistance. The WHO Essential Medicines List Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification could facilitate simple stewardship interventions that are widely applicable globally. We aimed to present data on patterns of paediatric AWaRe antibiotic use that could be used for local and national stewardship interventions. Methods: 1-day point prevalence survey antibiotic prescription data were combined from two independent global networks: the Global Antimicrobial Resistance, Prescribing, and Efficacy in Neonates and Children and the Global Point Prevalence Survey on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance networks. We included hospital inpatients aged younger than 19 years receiving at least one antibiotic on the day of the survey. The WHO AWaRe classification was used to describe overall antibiotic use as assessed by the variation between use of Access, Watch, and Reserve antibiotics, for neonates and children and for the commonest clinical indications. Findings: Of the 23 572 patients included from 56 countries, 18 305 were children (77·7%) and 5267 were neonates (22·3%). Access antibiotic use in children ranged from 7·8% (China) to 61·2% (Slovenia) of all antibiotic prescriptions. The use of Watch antibiotics in children was highest in Iran (77·3%) and lowest in Finland (23·0%). In neonates, Access antibiotic use was highest in Singapore (100·0%) and lowest in China (24·2%). Reserve antibiotic use was low in all countries. Major differences in clinical syndrome-specific patterns of AWaRe antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infection and neonatal sepsis were observed between WHO regions and countries. Interpretation: There is substantial global variation in the proportion of AWaRe antibiotics used in hospitalised neonates and children. The AWaRe classification could potentially be used as a simple traffic light metric of appropriate antibiotic use. Future efforts should focus on developing and evaluating paediatric antibiotic stewardship programmes on the basis of the AWaRe index. Funding: GARPEC was funded by the PENTA Foundation. GARPEC-China data collection was funded by the Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM2015120330). bioMérieux provided unrestricted funding support for the Global-PPS.

By using online measurement and inspection, the efficiency of production in product manufacturing can be greatly improved. However, most of the available methods for the measurement and inspection of parts are offline in practice, which results in either time consuming or expensive inefficiencies. In this paper, a vision-based inspection approach is proposed, which is designed to measure and inspect parts with 2.5 dimensional shapes online within an appropriate accuracy. The hardware of the system includes: a scanner that is utilized to capture an image of the part to be inspected, a control device that manages the scanner so that it can capture the image at the appropriate time, a backlighting table that provides enough light to help acquire a clearer image, and a box to prevent outside light interference. The software of the system, implemented by using a Matlab toolkit, was used to perform the data processes, which consist of several modules including, but not limited to image segmentation, geometric feature extraction and calibration. To verify the validity of the measurement system, one simple part was used for testing purposes. The technique's efficiency was demonstrated by the comparison of the measured parameters with their actual values.

According to the basic principle of integrated navigation, the algorithm of Unscented Kalman Filter is used in current study. Both the simulation of Beidou/SINS Integrated Navigation system and a car running experiment are proposed in this paper. For the car experiment, using an autopilot for Guided Bomb which equipped with a receiver of Beidou and a Micro Inertial Measure Unit (MIMU), and then the experiment is proceeded on a car. The result of this experiment shows that using the algorithm of UKF fusion of the output information of Beidou Navigation System and SINS can effectively estimate the state errors. Under the process of feedback compensation, it can enormously improve the precision and the data refresh rate of the integrated navigation information. Under the condition of the hardware and software mentioned in this paper, the accuracy of location can reach 6 meters, and the data refresh rate can be improved to be 100Hz comparing with 1Hz that the Beidou gives. The accuracy indexes showed in this experiment can basically satisfy the requirement of a Precision Guided Bomb.

Glycerin has been used as a drug carrier/depot, but never with local anaesthestics. This study was an attempt to use the slow drug release mechanism to prolong the anaesthetic effects of bupivacaine in epidural block. Twenty-seven adults with cancer pain were prospectively selected according to their primary lesions and problems, but their allocation to study groups was randomized. Group I (n = 13), received 5 ml bupivacaine, 0.125% in normal saline via a previous implanted epidural catheter. When the pain returned to its original intensity, the same amount of the same strength anaesthetic dissolved in 50% glycerin was given via the same catheter. Group II (n = 14) received the same solutions, but in the reverse order. Also five patients in each group received plain 50% glycerin prior to administration of the anaesthetic solutions to serve as controls. The pharmacological effects were assessed by the blinded observers. Analgesia produced with glycerin solution was prolonged compared with the saline solution (12.2 vs 7.2 and 11.6 vs 7.4 hr, P < 0.01). The order of giving the solution did not produce any differences. Plan 50% glycerin did not produce analgesic effects. Neither motor blockade nor other adverse effects or complications were observed in either group. It was concluded that 0.125% bupivacaine in 50% glycerin administered epidurally is not neurotoxic. The prolongation of analgesia observed is attributed to the slow release of bupivacaine from the glycerin base which functions as drug depot. In addition to relief of chronic pain, this novel approach may have other clinical applications such as the relief of labour or postoperative pain.

This paper presents a optimal control and allocation strategy for Internal combustion-Linear Generator integrated Power System (ICLGIPS), the main objective of the strategy is to improve efficiency of the system. Linear generator (LEG) works alternately as electromotor and generator during one work period, energy storage device converts and transfers energy between power source and LEG, energy conversion efficiency and transmission efficiency is vital in the device. By analyzing the system working characteristics, transfer module and conversion module of energy storage device are designed, this design program effectively reduces size and cost of energy storage device and makes the system work with greater reliability, so efficiency of the system is improved. The energy flow control scheme is designed by studying the characteristics of energy flow. Through analysis and calculation, the entire energy storage device model is build, the model is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results show that the optimal control and allocation strategy more effectively improve efficiency of energy flow, reaching more than 95%, meet the system requirements of environmental protection and energy saving, and have good theoretical value.

A method which improve the quality of the reconstructed image obtained from the wavelet transform which is appropriate for the human visual system using non-linear quincunx interpolation filtering is proposed. A straightforward method to extend the 1-D wavelet basis to the 2-D wavelet basis is the separable wavelet transform. Approximation images and detail images are obtained with a multiresolution image representation. Each detail image has horizontal direction edge, vertical direction edge and diagonal direction edge information respectively. Non-linear interpolation filtering of each detail image improve the quality (PSNR) of the reconstructed image by some 1-2 dB.