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The use of gabapentinoids for perioperative pain management after total knee arthroplasty has been the subject of nine systematic reviews and meta-analyses. A critical analysis of the clinical aspects of the methodology of these publications shows major flaws which limit the interpretation for the recommended use of perioperative gabapentinoids in pain management for unilateral primary total knee arthroplasty. Consequently, readers and authors of systematic reviews and meta-analyses should critically assess the clinical aspects of the included studies.

Governments have injected billions of dollars into the massive school improvement industry, but little is known about the providers that offer services and whether their services actually improve schools. Bryan VanGronigen and Coby Meyers highlight their research the topic, which has found that few states monitor and evaluate provider performance and many state-approved or recommended providers offer services not based in or informed by research. They offer considerations for school, district, and state educational leaders about how to navigate some of the many challenges present within these murky waters.

Introduction There still remains a gap between those who conduct science and those who engage in educating others about health sciences through various forms of social media. Few empirical studies have sought to define useful practices for engaging in social media for academic use in the health professions. Given the increasing importance of these platforms, we sought to define good practices and potential pitfalls with help of those respected for their work in this new field. Methods We conducted a qualitative study, guided by constructivist grounded theory principles, of 17 emerging experts in the field of academic social media. We engaged in a snowball sampling technique and conducted a series of semi-structured interviews. the analytic team consisted of a diverse group of researchers with a range of experience in social media. Results Understanding the strengths of various platforms was deemed to be of critical importance across all the participants. Key to building online engagement were the following: 1) Culture-building strategies; 2) Tailoring the message; 3) Responsiveness; and 4) Heeding rules of online engagement. Several points of caution were noted within our participants' interviews. These were grouped into caveat emptor and the need for critical appraisal, and common pitfalls when broadcasting one's self. Discussion Our participants were able to share a number of key practices that are central to developing and sharing educational content via social media. the findings from the study may guide future practitioners seeking to enter the space. These good practices support professionals for effective engagement and knowledge translation without being harmed., PSI Foundation; TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK), Dr. Chan reports receiving funding from the PSI Foundation for thiswork via the 2018 PSI foundation Graham Farharquason Knowledge Translation Grant Recipient. Dr. Yilmazis therecipientoftheTUBITAKPostdoctoralFellowship grant.

Caveat emptor (”let the buyer beware”) is the prevailing legal doctrine in sales transactions, especially in secondhand markets such as the residential housing market. In this paper, I provide one of the theoretical justifications for this legal doctrine. I mainly examine the doctrines of caveat venditor (”let the seller beware”) and caveat emptor and consider which doctrine better mitigates the adverse selection problem. I consider the secondhand market with risk-averse sellers and buyers; in this context, the risk transfer function plays an important role. Then, I reveal that caveat emptor outperforms caveat venditor, at least unless the legal enforcement cost is free. Furthermore, caveat emptor remains superior to caveat venditor when a third-party insurance contract is available. Insurance contracts are not as effective under caveat venditor as they are under caveat emptor.

Introduction: Numerous dietary supplements claiming to treat or prevent kidney stones have recently been brought to the market. However, the evidence for these claims is not clear. This study asses...

PurposeThis study presents a structured investigation of the most important causes for delay in commercial real estate transactions. It assesses the potential of digital technologies such as “Blockchain”, “Property Passports” or “Automated Valuation Models” to make transactions faster and cheaper.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conduct a focus group interview to identify the individual steps and the parties involved in real estate transactions. Subsequently, the authors discuss the prospects of digital technologies based on semi-structured interviews with real estate professionals and PropTech executives, and a comprehensive screening of technological solutions offered by PropTech firms.FindingsThe lack of an up-to-date, single pool of standardised property information turns out to be the most critical cause for delay in real estate transactions. However, the most promising technologies to mitigate this problem, in particular digital property passports summarising all relevant building information, face substantial barriers to adoption. The real estate industry has so far not been willing to more openly share data, which is a pre-requiste for the successful introduction of property passports. In addition, the principle of caveat emptor makes a lengthy due diligence process essential for buyers.Practical implicationsThe authors conclude that industry-wide collaborations are necessary to help major efficiency gaining technologies to break through. Insurance products should accompany property data log books to guarantee the quality of data provided.Originality/valueThis study considers the potential impact of technologies in the wider context of the complete real estate transaction process. It identifies the major phases of that process and the associated bottlenecks. The authors gather evidence both from industry experts and PropTech executives and contrast their views regarding the potential of digital technologies to remove those bottlenecks.

To devise a comprehensive multiplatform genetic testing strategy for inherited retinal disease and to describe its performance in 1000 consecutive families seen by a single clinician.Retrospective series.One thousand consecutive families seen by a single clinician.The clinical records of all patients seen by a single retina specialist between January 2010 and June 2016 were reviewed, and all patients who met the clinical criteria for a diagnosis of inherited retinal disease were included in the study. Each patient was assigned to 1 of 62 diagnostic categories, and this clinical diagnosis was used to define the scope and order of the molecular investigations that were performed. The number of nucleotides evaluated in a given subject ranged from 2 to nearly 900 000.Sensitivity and false genotype rate.Disease-causing genotypes were identified in 760 families (76%). These genotypes were distributed across 104 different genes. More than 75% of these 104 genes have coding sequences small enough to be packaged efficiently into an adeno-associated virus. Mutations in ABCA4 were the most common cause of disease in this cohort (173 families), whereas mutations in 80 genes caused disease in 5 or fewer families (i.e., 0.5% or less). Disease-causing genotypes were identified in 576 of the families without next-generation sequencing (NGS). This included 23 families with mutations in the repetitive region of RPGR exon 15 that would have been missed by NGS. Whole-exome sequencing of the remaining 424 families revealed mutations in an additional 182 families, and whole-genome sequencing of 4 of the remaining 242 families revealed 2 additional genotypes that were invisible by the other methods. Performing the testing in a clinically focused tiered fashion would be 6.1% more sensitive and 17.7% less expensive and would have a significantly lower average false genotype rate than using whole-exome sequencing to assess more than 300 genes in all patients (7.1% vs. 128%; P0.001).Genetic testing for inherited retinal disease is now more than 75% sensitive. A clinically directed tiered testing strategy can increase sensitivity and improve statistical significance without increasing cost.

Background: Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce involves consumers re-selling products to other consumers using online platforms. Research identifies trust as a major factor in this exchange. It concludes that seller-generated product descriptions can mitigate mistrust. Further, technical and professional communication research can reveal what content sellers tend to provide and can reveal how platform design may encourage that content. Literature review: C2C e-commerce and TPC researchers agree that mistrust can be mitigated by detailed content, and they call for platform designers to help improve platform and seller reputations. Research questions: 1. What content do sellers provide about their technical products? 2. How do the platforms' web form designs and the associated documentation about listing a product for sale encourage certain content types? Research methodology: Four platforms were chosen using specific criteria. Product descriptions were collected once per week for six weeks, generating 1900 product descriptions. These descriptions were unitized and given reliable content categories, a methodology called quantitative content analysis. Further, the documentation and processes for posting items were explored to determine how they may encourage content types. Results/discussion: Sellers mostly provide product information and sales procedures, and they rarely give benefits and goodwill to the buyer. The platform design seems to encourage this content because of the content-entry process, the content-entry options, and the required and unrequired content entry. Conclusions: This study invites technical and professional communicators to provide more guidelines for users about the kinds of content they may include, and designers to explore the content entry process using usability and user-experience research.

The past 25 years has seen the increasing use of commercially contracted firms to provide logistic support to Western armies, especially in the British, US, and Australian militaries. The resulting integration of civilian and military logistic personnel and systems to form a joint military-civilian/ public-private integrated logistic system has required a number of adjustments and changes in order for the product to be efficient, effective, and functional and remains a dynamic and ongoing process. In 2018, commercial logistic support is now at the point where certain militaries are deploying non-military logistic contractors forward into 1st and 2nd line logistic support roles. This article will briefly describe the western military trend to commercial logistic contracting, highlighting key points and considerations of which any military will require awareness, if contemplating a similar expansion. It will also emphasise that this growth of civilian contracting has been predicated on low intensity, counterinsurgency conflicts such as deployments in Iraq and Afghanistan. 1st and 2nd line commercial logistic support hence remains completely untested in the event of a potential peer or near-peer conflict. The untested nature of commercial contracting in a forward support role is the greatest potential critical vulnerability of militarycivilian integrated logistic systems, especially in the context of a potential NATO Article V -type conflict. The lessons for the Polish military as it considers greater integration of military and civilian logistics as part of a modernised force structure are clear.

This chapter examines the ongoing legal innovation from law that heavily favors marketers to consumer complaint resolution that seeks to satisfy most consumers. The law started with the concept of “caveat emptor” declaring that consumers should not believe any “seller’s talk” and therefore could not complain about false statements. It then evolved to allow the enforcement of express warranties made by the marketer. Once explicit consumer contracts became the norm, government agencies and the courts restricted terms that unfairly favor marketers over consumers. However, U.S. law heavily favors the enforcement of contract-mandated arbitration but there is current controversy over whether such clauses also can prohibit class action arbitrations or lawsuits.

In the last 60 years, the results of development aid have been mixed. Thus far, it has been mostly the aid recipient countries, which have been held responsible for aid&rsquo, s shortcomings. That focus is misplaced, however, since the donor countries, through development aid, also export some of their own institutions and values to the recipient countries affecting the recipients&rsquo, rate of entrepreneurship and income. This study demonstrates how donor countries vary widely in both the type and quality of their institutions and values, leading to diverging economic outcomes. The results indicate that recipient countries should pay serious attention to who their development partner is. In particular, recipients would want to avoid aid from low institutional quality donors with perceived anti-market attitudes. Finally, it is argued that development aid might become more efficient if it moved away from the bilateral, towards the multilateral, mode.

How do we see what is hidden? Imagine looking at a dog behind a picket fence. You do not see several slices of dog; you see a single dog that is partially hidden by a series of opaque vertical slats. Even though we often cannot see an entire object, the human brain is able to fill in the gaps of missing information and create that image. Scientists refer to this amazing ability as amodal completion (Ramachandran et al., 2010) and it is an extremely difficult thing to do. For instance, researchers have been trying for years, without success, to program a computer to perform the task. So, if our brains are so smart, why do we often struggle to understand and appreciate the complete picture when reviewing opportunities that are outlined in MA namely the teaser, the confidentiality agreement (CA), and the all-important information memorandum (IM), from the perspective of the seller and that of the buyer. By detailing key elements of these documents, the text explains what must go into them and what things are better left out, illustrating how sellers can make their sales pitches stand out from the crowd. These illustrations are also used to give the prospective buyers' point of view and show how potential investors can read between the lines of an IM to formulate searching and critical questions to put to the seller (Harrison, 2014a). Any buyers or investors who are considering embarking on a due diligence exercise must always keep in mind the phrase, “caveat emptor,” which is Latin for “let the buyer beware.”

Bees and wildlife are much in the public eye these days, with frequent media reports of declines. Helping wildlife is not an easy task. In the UK, for example, approximately 70% of the land area is...

USB drives are a great way of transferring and backing up files. The problem is that they are easily lost, and users do not understand how to secure or properly erase them. When used to store private and sensitive information, this constitutes a risk that users may be unaware of. Consider that people sell used USB drives online — presumably either their own or drives others have lost. This raises some interesting questions, such as whether sellers know how to ensure that private data is erased before they relinquish the drive to an unknown buyer, and whether sellers use these drives in an attempt to compromise an unwary buyer’s device. Governments do indeed issue advice about the risks of used mobile media, but we do not yet know whether this advice is reaching, and being heeded by, the general public. To assess the situation, a sample of used USB drives were purchased from eBay sellers to determine, first hand, what was on the drives. This acts as an indicator of actual security-related behaviors to answer the questions posed above. Using forensic analysis, it was found that a great deal of private and sensitive information remained on many of the drives, but there was no trace of malicious software. More effective ways of enlightening the public are needed, so that private data is not unwittingly leaked via sold used media.

The term “quack” has always been synonymous with shouting about one’s dubious medical remedies in the public marketplace; however, modern quacks amplify their aggressive and deceptive advertising campaigns worldwide using social media and internet-based mechanisms. While many in the United States have suffered significant illness and economic hardship as the result of the COVID-19 pandemic, purveyors of pseudoscientific therapies have enriched themselves. The United States Food and Drug Administration has taken steps to mitigate the claims of over 65 individuals or companies claiming to prevent or treat SARS-CoV2, but this effort has been eclipsed by the sheer number of individuals who continue to surface and exploit public credulity. Moreover, those selling the same types of products and making the same types of claims received FDA warning letters during previous public health crises. The majority of letter recipients were selling products in five categories: colloidal silver, cannabis or related products, essential oils, vitamins, and minerals. Those in the rapidly expanding self-care industry will continue to spread medical caveat emptor both now and during the next pandemic unless the medical community begins directly opposing the normalization of unproven and misleading advertising claims.

Food is one of the primary needs of humans. In terms of producing food, it cannot be completely separated from the use of Food Additives. Article 1 paragraph (1) of Law Number 33 Year 2012 concerning Food Additives determine Food Additives are ingredients added to food to affect the nature or form of food. This indicates that Food Additives may affect the quality of the product. In practice, not all Food Additives are used by sellers safe for consumers' health. In fact, Article 4 letter a of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Law determines that consumers have the right to conveniences, security and safety in consuming goods and/or services. This is also in line with the seller's obligations that specified in Article 7 of the Consumer Law. A several cases of chlorine additives on mi soun at Klaten, Jember, and Jambi show a lack of awareness of sellers and consumers in recognizing which food additives are harmful for health. Consumer law as a progressive law strives to be a legal means that establish consumer awareness and sellers awareness in order to realize their rights and obligations. Progressive consumer law also indicates a balance between sellers and consumers in harmonizing the principles of caveat venditor and caveat emptor.

The name predatory publisher has been applied by academic librarian Jeffrey Beall to describe an open-access, scholarly publishing business model in which publication fees are charged to authors wi...

The former emphasizes on the consumer’s awareness of his own protection, whereas the latter has its emphasis on the initiative of the producers to protect their consumers. Based on the shift, the producers have to be cautious before releasing goods and services to the market.However, in practice there are still many producers who disregard this principle.A good instance of example would be the consumer protection cases concerning hidden defects. Such cases should not happen if the principle of caveat venditor is properly implemented. The purpose of this research is to know the implication of thecaveat venditorprinciple for goods and services, and its development in consumer protection law in Indonesia and to know the legal system of Indonesia adopt the caveatvenditor principle in order to protect Indonesian consumers. The research method utilizes normative juridical approach to assess and examine the legal and economic aspects in the national economy, in particular,the implication of the implementation of caveat venditorprinciple. Untuk itu ditentukan spesifikasi penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif-analitis. For that purpose, the specification of the research is descriptive-analytical. Adapun data yang diperoleh berasal dari data kepustakaan sebagai sumber data sekunder, serta untuk menunjang dan melengkapinya dilakukan wawancara untuk mendapatkan data primer, dan dari data yang terkumpul dianalisis secara kualitatif yuridis.The data obtained from study of literature is utilized as secondary data. Interviews were conducted to obtain primary data. The data were analyzedby juridical qualitative method. The results of the study shows, first: the implementation of caveat venditor principle in Indonesia has not been properly conducted because of the common perception that consumers’ opinion are less valuable than producers’. The unequal treatment is used by producers to act as they please, often ignoring the existing principles. Second: The adoption of the caveat venditor principle for consumer protection by Indonesian Legal policy is shown by Law Number 8 Year 1999 about Consumer Protection (UUPK) , whichis based on the principle of fault liability, utilizing reversed burden of proof. This way, both parties are protected, because it proportionally distributes the liability to each party; i.e. consumers only prove the losses they suffered, whereas producers are burdened to prove that there has been no negligence on their part. Abstrak Suatu prinsip hubungan yang semula menekankan pada kesadaran konsumen untuk melindungi dirinya sendiri berubah menjadi kesadaran pelaku usaha untuk melindungi konsumen. Berdasarkan prinsip ini setiap pelaku usaha sebelum memasarkan poduknya sudah seharusnya berhati-hati, pada kenyataannya dalam praktik masih banyak pelaku usaha yang tidak memperdulikan prinsip ini. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk mengetahui implikasi yuridis prinsip caveat venditor yang dilaksanakan oleh pelaku usaha baik dalam bidang konsumen barang maupun jasa dan untuk mengetahui kebijakan hukum Indonesia dalam mengadopsi prinsip c aveat venditor dengan tujuan untuk melindungi konsumen dalam rangka hukum perlindungan konsumen di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prinsip caveat venditor yang dilaksanakan oleh pelaku usaha belum sepenuhnya berjalan dengan baik, karena pendapat konsumen itu lebih rendah dari pelaku usaha masih digunakan oleh pelaku usaha di Indonesia, Kedua kebijakan hukum Indonesia dalam mengadopsi prinsip c aveat adalah bahwa UUPK menganut prinsip tanggung gugat berdasarkan kesalahan dengan beban pembuktian terbalik.

Screening tests represent a critical tool in chronic pain treatment for predicting aberrant opioid use, which has emerged as a significant public health issue. Nevertheless, there remains a significant potential for the misapplication of screeners in this context. The potential difficulties in evaluating the diagnostic efficiency of screeners have been well established, particularly with regard to the effect that the prevalence of a disorder has on predictive value. The wide range in the reported prevalence of aberrant opioid use behaviors makes it difficult to interpret data obtained from popular screeners for assessing the potential for the aberrant use of opioids. Given the prevalence of opioid problems, however, formulating clear clinical guidelines on such screeners appears highly important. The aims of the present report include: 1) providing a review of the salient issues necessary for interpreting diagnostic efficiency statistics of screening tests, 2) identifying the critical differences between sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value, and 3) discussing the characteristic effects that disease prevalence has on statistical prediction. The article also reviews key processes in screening measure development and highlights several key considerations relevant to their appropriate use in clinical decision-making. Perspective This article highlights common metrics for evaluating the clinical utility of screening tests in predicting aberrant opioid use. In addition, it explores a series of considerations key to developing clinical guidelines for interpreting the results of screeners in this context.

Nonprofit certificate and degree programs are in need of the institutional support provided by credentialing to establish and maintain their quality and to support the development of an emerging field of study. NASPAA, the presumptive candidate, has a disciplinary orientation and a primary responsibility to public administration that hinder its ability to fulfill this role. Public administration programs that have spun off nonprofit certificates and degrees have not fully accommodated the curricular demands of nonprofit studies, nor have they experienced pressure to do so. Curricular certification by a nonprofit membership organization would provide support for greater academic integrity of nonprofit certificates and degrees. Finally, the body of knowledge within public administration presents an incomplete picture of nonprofits, including their roles and relationship with the administrative state. For these reasons, public administration institutions are not currently positioned to support credentialing of nonprofit academic programs. NACC should begin with curricular certification and subsequently explore whether to become a full-fledged credentialing institution.

Over 60% of women presenting for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have coexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD). In women undergoing TAVR, CKD was associated with significantly higher rates of adverse events, including a twofold higher rate of risk-adjusted mortality at 1 year. This study is an important step forward in our understanding of risk stratification in women with CKD undergoing TAVR and suggests that measures to optimize outcomes warrant further investigation in this high-risk group of patients.

[Image: see text] CENTRAL MESSAGE Patient and procedure-specific risk models likely outperform ‘universal’ aggregate perioperative risk models and should be sought out whenever possible to accurately predict individual patient risks.

Big data revolution promises to be instrumental in facilitating sustainable development in many sectors of life such as education, health, agriculture, and in combating humanitarian crises and violent conflicts. However, lurking beneath the immense promises of big data are some significant risks such as (1) the potential use of big data for unethical ends; (2) its ability to mislead through reliance on unrepresentative and biased data; and (3) the various privacy and security challenges associated with data (including the danger of an adversary tampering with the data to harm people). These risks can have severe consequences and a better understanding of these risks is the first step towards mitigation of these risks. In this paper, we highlight the potential dangers associated with using big data, particularly for human development.

Given that many consumers do not understand any licensed physician can perform cosmetic surgery, cosmetic procedure advertising regulation is lacking and differs by state; and consumers often search for providers online and rely on the site’s information. Cosmetic surgery websites have the potential to be a threat to consumers’ safety and health. This study asked what types of physician information do cosmetic surgery websites supply. A content analysis was conducted with 873 physicians’ information provided on cosmetic surgery websites in the top 10 cosmetic surgery cities, finding members of plastic surgery associations and core providers were more likely to list medical qualifications. All physicians were unlikely to list experience. Two-thirds stated their specific board certification, and 15% to 30% in each city failed to follow their state’s regulations for disclosing board certification. The study concludes by suggesting national ethical guidelines.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:An increasing number of dietary supplements have recently been brought to market with the purported benefit of kidney stone risk reduction. These products may be purchas...

Overall survival (OS) is the undisputed gold standard efficacy end-point in cancer drug trials. It is with growing concern that we observe how progression-free survival (PFS) gains ground as surrogate end-point in its place. PFS has appeal because it is resource-efficient, but it has severe shortcomings. Our concern is that uncritical use of PFS will harm the evidence-based evaluation of cancer drugs when considering them for standard use in publicly financed health care systems. PFS is only valid as a surrogate end-point for OS if it correlates strongly with OS and if the cancer drug being investigated has the same effect on PFS and OS such that effects on one predict effects on the other. The latter might be less obvious than the former but is no less critical. Research indicates that in a majority of cases, correlation between surrogate end-points and OS is of medium strength or lower. PFS is therefore unreliable as a surrogate for OS. We do not find it justified to use PFS as surrogate for OS without first having assessed its validity. Stakeholders who take part in evaluating cancer drugs considered for standard use in a health care system must be particularly vigilant about this issue to minimize the risk of introducing cancer drugs that have an unacceptable cost-risk-benefit profile.

No economy can flourish without the rights of the consumer being protected. A consumer is an indispensable actor of any economy as he is the person who buys or hires goods or services from the seller and in turn boosts employment in the country. Thus, protecting the rights of the consumer is important because in the present times the demands and expectations of the consumer have changed due to globalization and growing awareness. However, the availability of a large number of goods and services sometimes proves to be harmful to the consumer as not all sellers and service providers are genuine. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was established to address the grievances of the consumer and to protect their interests. It was a laudable step at that point of time and amended from time to time. However, the three-decade-old legislation failed to keep pace with the developments in the market and digital technology in the country. For example, the right to proceed against a person who had violated the rights of the consumer was not given in the Act, and the State and District Consumer Redressal Forums had to be approached, which only compensated consumers for the loss they had incurred. There was neither any collection of data nor any inquiry regarding injuries or deaths on account of defective products or services. In short, there was no regulatory body to control or keep a check on violation of the rights of consumers. Now, a new phase in Consumer Rights in India has begun with the Parliament passing the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and repealing the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 making the Consumer more powerful than before. The main highlight of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is that it establishes a Central Consumer Protection Authority which acts as a regulatory body to “promote, protect, enforce consumer rights as a class.” A clear shift from Caveat emptor (let the buyer be aware) to Caveat venditor (let the seller be aware) can be seen in the new provisions as the unfair trade practices and fraud done by the seller will now be penalized. The latest Act also makes provisions for punishment regarding unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements and many more changes which keep the rights of the consumer up to date with the contemporary changes in the market. This article deals with the major highlights of the concepts under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019. A humble attempt has been made to discuss and evaluate certain changes which have been made under this Act in comparison to its old counterpart.

Evidence of the tremendous rise in the significance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing is coming from all quarters. Fund flows into ESG investment vehicles are growing at a sustained and sometimes exponential pace. Fund complexes are rushing to design products, creating and rebranding scores of mutual funds and exchange traded funds (ETFs), including lower-cost indexed options. Industry leaders, critics, and commentators are all heralding the sea change as a shift in investing - and corporate governance - to more broadly consider environmental and social factors. This Article provides vital context for this conversation. Its descriptive account of the ESG investment landscape drawn from hand-collected 2018-2019 data on a sample of active and passive ESG and traditional funds documents great variation in their investment strategies, portfolios, voting records, and fees. The underlying variation across funds, however, is largely opaque to consumers - who rely on the ESG acronym at their peril. Building on our case study, we examine the supply and demand side drivers fueling ESG market growth, variation, and opacity, and explore mechanisms to better match high-ESG committed investors to high-ESG committed funds, including enhanced transparency and regulation of intermediaries.

The current availability of a vast number of Internet-based informational resources poses a challenge for the busy dental practitioner. While many of these electronic publications are authoritative and science-based, many are not, and the dentist searching for reliable information on drugs and drug interactions can waste valuable time trying to discern their qualitative differences. While new web resources become available almost on a daily basis, many high-quality ones have been available for years and can be confidently recommended. This chapter provides the dental team with a list and brief summary of these authoritative Internet references, most of which are promulgated by respected professional dental organizations (including the dental specialties) and which can be relied upon for current and regularly updated material. This chapter also provides suggestions for searching the more comprehensive databases (e.g., PubMed, National Library of Medicine) to access abstracts of important articles from individual journals and, frequently, download the entire article from free text sources. Many of the websites described herein contain a wide variety of non-pharmacologic information, too. The reader is reminded of two very important considerations before using any Internet-based information in managing patient care—first, summaries of scientific articles written for public Internet sites in “plain English” format may be biased and partly or entirely designed to suit a commercial/marketing purpose, and second many Internet sites may contain out-of-date and very harmful information. Caveat emptor.

Private military and security companies are integral components of the defense and intelligence operations of some of the world's most powerful states. Despite the increasingly pivotal role of contractors, analysts have yet to develop theories explaining when governments should outsource national security responsibilities or what conditions cause private defense markets to function efficiently. This inquiry addresses this gap in the literature by demonstrating that varying market structures—that is, the quantity of firms providing similar services and the number and purchasing power of those buying these services—have significant effects on costs, oversight, and company performance in the private defense industry. A principal–agent framework is developed to explain variation in the performance of firms in different markets across the industry. Evaluation of three private defense markets yields the surprising conclusion that monopsony, rather than a competitive market, is the ideal structure for go...

This article assesses the seller's duty of conformity in a contract of sale under the OHADA Uniform Act on General Commercial Law. It posits that conformity is not an independent legal concept and so argues that a thorough assessment cannot be made without recognizing and taking into consideration a number of issues, irrespective of the contractual stipulations agreed by the contracting parties. Arguably, the notion of conformity falls within the meaning of the subjective understanding of a “defect”. This can raise confusion and uncertainty in determining the seller's liability for non-conforming goods. Thus, from a cursory reading of the Uniform Act, the question of the seller's duty regarding the conformity of goods can conveniently be addressed from a number of different angles: the nature of the defect; local and international standards; contract law; and the principles of caveat venditor and caveat emptor. Adopting an in-depth content analysis and critical evaluation of primary and secondary data, the article concludes that a balance should be struck between these variables and, where no guidance is given in article 255 of the Uniform Act, the prevailing norm in member states should form the basis for determining the concept of conformity of goods.