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Introduction: The vascular access cannulation technique varies among clinics, and guidelines on vascular access give little importance to cannulation techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cannulation technique and to determine which factors are associated with each detail of the technique. Material and methods: The vascular access cannulation was evaluated in 260 patients undergoing hemodialysis. The type and anatomical location of the vascular access, the cannulation technique, direction, gauge, and distance between needles, besides bevel direction and needle rotation were registered. Results: The arteriovenous fistula was the most frequent vascular access (88%), the most used cannulation technique was area (100%), the needle direction was anterograde in most cases (79.5%), and the mean distance between the tips of needles was 7.57±4.43 cm. For arteriovenous grafts, the proximal anatomical location (brachial artery) and cannulation with 16G needles in anterograde position were more predominant. For arteriovenous fistulas, the distal anatomical location (radial artery) and cannulation through 15G needles were more common. Cannulation of vascular access in retrograde direction was associated with a greater distance between needles (13.2 ± 4.4 vs 6.1 ± 3 cm, p < 0.001). Kt/V was higher when the distance between needles was higher than 5 cm (1.61 ± 0.3 vs. 1.47 ± 0.28, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The vascular access cannulation technique depends on the vascular access characteristics and expertise of cannulators. Clinical trials are required for the formulation of guidelines for vascular access cannulation. RESUMO Introdução: A técnica de canulação do acesso vascular varia entre instituições de saúde, e as diretrizes sobre o acesso vascular dão pouca importância às técnicas de canulação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a técnica de canulação e determinar quais fatores estão associados a cada detalhe da técnica. Material e métodos: A canulação do acesso vascular foi avaliada em 260 pacientes em hemodiálise. Foram registrados o tipo e localização anatômica do acesso vascular, a técnica de canulação, a direção, a bitola e a distância entre as agulhas, além da direção do bisel e da rotação da agulha. Resultados: A fístula arteriovenosa foi o acesso vascular mais frequente (88%), a técnica de canulação mais utilizada foi a área (100%), a direção da agulha foi anterógrada na maioria dos casos (79,5%) e a distância média entre as pontas das agulhas foi de 7,57 ± 4,43 cm. Para enxertos arteriovenosos, a localização anatômica proximal (artéria braquial) e a canulação com agulhas 16G em posição anterógrada foram mais predominantes. Para as fístulas arteriovenosas, a localização anatômica distal (artéria radial) e a canulação através de agulhas 15G foram mais comuns. A canulação do acesso vascular na direção retrógrada foi associada a uma maior distância entre as agulhas (13,2 ± 4,4 v.s. 6,1 ± 3 cm, p < 0,001). O Kt / V foi maior quando a distância entre as agulhas foi superior a 5 cm (1,61 ± 0,3 vs. 1,47 ± 0,28, p < 0,01). Conclusões: A técnica de canulação do acesso vascular depende das características do acesso vascular e da experiência dos “canuladores”. Ensaios clínicos são necessários para a formulação de diretrizes para a canulação do acesso vascular.

Sin financiación 6.333 JCR (2021) Q1, 14/66 Respiratory System 0.262 SJR (2021) Q3, 102/144 Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine No data IDR 2021 UEM

Background Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most widely used invasive devices worldwide. Up to 42% of PIVCs are prematurely removed during intravenous therapy due to failure. To date, there have been few systematic attempts in European hospitals to measure adherence to recommendations to mitigate PIVC failures. Aim To analyse the clinical outcomes from clinical practice guideline recommendations for PIVC care on different hospital types and environments. Methods We conducted an observational study in three hospitals in Spain from December 2017 to April 2018. The adherence to recommendations was monitored via visual inspection in situ evaluations of all PIVCs inserted in adults admitted. Context and clinical characteristics were collected by an evaluation tool, analysing data descriptively. Results 646 PIVCs inserted in 624 patients were monitored, which only 52.7% knew about their PIVC. Regarding PIVC insertion, 3.4% (22/646) patients had at least 2 PIVCs simultaneously. The majority of PIVCs were 20G (319/646; 49.4%) and were secured with transparent polyurethane dressing (605/646; 93.7%). Most PIVCs (357/646; 55.3%) had a free insertion site during the visual inspection at first sight. We identified 342/646 (53%) transparent dressings in optimal conditions (clean, dry, and intact dressing). PIVC dressings in medical wards were much more likely to be in intact conditions than those in surgical wards (234/399, 58.7% vs. 108/247, 43.7%). We identified 55/646 (8.5%) PIVCs without infusion in the last 24 hours and 58/646 (9.0%) PIVCs without infusion for more than 24 hours. Regarding PIVC failure, 74 (11.5%) adverse events were identified, all of them reflecting clinical manifestation of phlebitis. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the clinical outcome indicators from CPG for PIVC care were moderate, highlighting differences between hospital environments and types. Also, we observed that nearly 50% of patients did not know what a PIVC is., This work was supported by The College of Nurses of the Balearic Islands under grant number PI2017/0192. The findings and conclusions in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official positions of The College of Nurses of the Balearic Islands. EC-S is also an NIHR Senior Nurse and Midwife Research Leader, and recognises the support of the NIHR Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre and the BRC.

Peripheral venous catheterization is a common technique in hospitals which is not always successful, resulting in multiple punctures and degradation of the vessels. This scenario, which we have termed 'difficult peripheral venous access', is associated to delays in care, obtention of samples or diagnosis, as well as a higher use of central catheters. This study intends to identify risk factors associated to the incidence of 'difficult peripheral venous access' in adults at hospital. We designed a systematic review of published studies (protocol PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018089160). We conducted structured electronic searches using key words and specific vocabulary, as well as directed searches in several databases. After validity analysis, we selected 7 studies with observational methodology. We found great variability in the definition of 'difficult peripheral venous access' and in the variables proposed as risk factors. Statistically significant factors through studies include demographic and anthropometric variables (gender, Body Mass Index), as well as medical and health conditions (diabetes, renal insufficiency, parenteral drug abuse, cancer chemotherapy), together with variables related to the vein or vascular access (vein visibility and palpability, vessel diameter, previous history of difficulty). Some studies have also considered variables related to the professional performing the technique. Meta-analyses were carried out for gender and obesity as potential risk factors. Only obesity appeared as a statistically significant risk factor with OR of 1.48; 95% CI (1.03 to 1.93; p = 0.016). Methodological heterogeneity prevented the development of further meta-analyses. It is essential to design future studies with diverse hospital populations, in which a wide selection of potential risk factors can be studied in a unique analysis. Our work identifies the most relevant variables that should be included in those studies., The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. This work received a grant by the Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa) to support open access publishing.

AIM To compare the cannulation success, biochemical profile, and complications of the papillary fistulotomy technique vs catheter and guidewire standard access. METHODS From July 2010 to May 2017, patients were prospectively randomized into two groups: Cannulation with a catheter and guidewire (Group I) and papillary fistulotomy (Group II). Amylase, lipase and C-reactive protein at T0, as well as 12 h and 24 h after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and complications (pancreatitis, bleeding, perforation) were recorded. RESULTS We included 102 patients (66 females and 36 males, mean age 59.11 ± 18.7 years). Group I and Group II had 51 patients each. The successful cannulation rates were 76.5% and 100%, respectively (P = 0.0002). Twelve patients (23.5%) in Group I had a difficult cannulation and underwent fistulotomy, which led to successful secondary biliary access (Failure Group). The complication rate was 13.7% (2 perforations and 5 mild pancreatitis) vs 2.0% (1 patient with perforation and pancreatitis) in Groups I and II, respectively (P = 0.0597). CONCLUSION Papillary fistulotomy was more effective than guidewire cannulation, and it was associated with a lower profile of amylase and lipase. Complications were similar in both groups.

BackgroundPeripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are the most widely used invasive devices among inpatients. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are serious yet preventable events for patients. Although the contribution of PIVCs towards these infections is gradually being recognised, its role in the Spanish setting is yet to be determined. We aimed to estimate the rate and incidence of PIVC failure at Manacor hospital (Spain) as baseline within a wider quality improvement initiative.MethodsTips from all PIVC removed during December 2017 and January 2018 in hospital wards were cultured semiquantitatively. The study population included all PIVCs inserted in adult patients admitted to any of three medical and one surgical wards, emergency department, critical care unit and operating rooms. Clinical, microbiological and ward information was collected by clinical researchers for each PIVC from insertion to removal on the study sites. CRBSI was defined per international guidelines (i.e., Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA). Data was analysed descriptively.ResultsSeven hundred and eleven tips were cultured, with 41.8% (297/711) reported as PIVC failure. The PIVC failure rate density-adjusted incidence for hospital length of stay (HLOS) was 226.2 PIVC failure/1000 HLOS. 5.8% (41/711) tips yielded positive isolates, with most frequent microorganisms Staphylococcus spp (S. epidermidis 29/41, 70.7%, S. aureus 2/41, 4.9%, S. hominis 2/41, 4.9%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (1/41, 2.4%). One S. aureus isolate was methicillin-resistant. 53.6% (22/41) positive cultures were obtained from patients with local signs and symptoms compatible with catheter-related infection (CRI), 2.4% (1/41) were compatible with CRBSI type 2 and that clinical signs improve within 48h of catheter removal (density-adjusted incidence for hospital stays of 16.7 PIVC-CRI/1000 hospital-stays and 0.76 PVC-BSI/1000 hospital-stays respectively) and no patients were diagnosed CRBSI type 3 with a bacterial growth concordant in tip and blood cultures. Most cases responded favourably to catheter removal and management.ConclusionsOur findings show that almost 42% PIVCs resulted in unplanned removal, amplifying the importance in terms of morbidity, mortality and patient safety. A high number of positive tip cultures without clinical signs and symptoms was observed. We underpin the importance to remove unnecessary PIVCs for the prevention of CRBSI., Enrique Castro-Sanchez is affiliated with the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London in collaboration with Public Health England and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. He is also an NIHR Senior Nurse and Midwife Research Leader, and recognises the support of the Florence Nightingale Foundation as well as the NIHR Imperial Patient Safety Translational Research Centre.

Las complicaciones vasculares en los cateterismos cardiacos en general son infrecuentes y están en relación directa con el sitio específico de la punción vascular. Dado que el hematoma tímico es de rara ocurrencia, no suele considerase entre los diagnósticos diferenciales del dolor torácico poscateterismo cardiaco. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 62 años que desarrolló un hematoma tímico luego de practicar una arteriografía coronaria.

Resumo Contexto A placenta acreta é um importante causa de morbimortalidade materna, sendo responsável por aproximadamente 64% dos casos de histerectomia de urgência e em torno de 2/3 dos casos de sangramento puerperal. Objetivos Descrever uma série de casos de cateterização uterina profilática para evitar sangramento significativo no pós-parto ou durante parto cesárea em gestantes com diagnóstico prévio de acretismo. Métodos Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de prontuários dos casos de cateterização da artéria uterina durante cesarianas eletivas ou de urgência em pacientes com alto risco de sangramento puerperal. Resultados O procedimento foi realizado em 14 pacientes. O tempo médio do procedimento cirúrgico e da internação foi de 214,64 minutos (± 42,16) e 7 dias, respectivamente. Todas as pacientes foram submetidas a histerectomia por indicação obstétrica. Nenhuma paciente necessitou de embolização. Não houve sangramento ou necessidade de reabordagem em nenhuma paciente e nenhuma complicação relacionada à punção. Houve apenas um caso de morte fetal e nenhuma morte materna. Conclusões Neste estudo, a cateterização profilática de artérias uterinas com oclusão temporária do fluxo sanguíneo demonstrou ser uma técnica segura, pois apresentou baixa mortalidade fetal, baixa necessidade de hemotransfusão, e nenhuma morte materna. Portanto, pode ser considerada uma estratégia terapêutica importante e eficaz para a diminuição da morbimortalidade materna, especialmente em gestantes com implantação placentária anômala. Além disso, a possibilidade de preservação uterina com o uso do método traz excelente contribuição na terapêutica nesse grupo de pacientes. Entretanto, são necessários ensaios clínicos randomizados para avaliar a eficácia do uso rotineiro da técnica. Abstract Background Placenta accreta is an important factor in maternal morbidity and mortality and is responsible for approximately 64% of emergency hysterectomy cases and about 2/3 of cases of puerperal bleeding. Objectives To describe a series of cases of prophylactic uterine catheterization performed to prevent significant postpartum bleeding or during caesarean delivery in pregnant women with a previous diagnosis of accretion. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of medical records of cases of uterine artery catheterization performed during elective or emergency caesarean sections of patients at high risk of postpartum bleeding. Results The catheterization of uterine arteries procedure was performed in fourteen patients. Mean duration of surgery and hospital stay were 214.64 minutes (± 42.16) and 7 days, respectively. All patients underwent obstetric hysterectomy. No patient required embolization. There was no bleeding or need to revisit any patient and there were no complications related to puncture. There was one fetal death and no maternal deaths. Conclusions In this study, prophylactic uterine artery catheterization with temporary occlusion of blood flow proved to be a safe technique with low fetal mortality, no maternal mortality, and a low rate of blood transfusion and can be considered an important and effective therapeutic strategy for reduction of maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in pregnant women with anomalous placental attachment. Furthermore, the possibility of uterine preservation with the use of this method is an excellent contribution to therapeutic management of this group of patients. However, randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of routine use of the technique.

Objetivo: descrever cuidados da equipe de enfermagem na prevenção e tratamento das complicações da punção venosa periférica em pacientes internados na UTI. Material e Método: metodologia utilizada foi de natureza descritiva, realizada através de revisão bibliográfica publicadas no período de 2008 a 2019, cujo levantamento foi realizado em virtualmente na Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), nas bases: Medline e Lilacs. Resultados: a flebite pode ser evitada pela realização de técnica asséptica durante a inserção do dispositivo venoso e adoção de material adequado e de tamanho apropriado para o calibre da veia, de preferência de pequeno calibre, que seja flexível com alta resistência a dobras, integridade estrutural, fácil inserção, baixa trombogenicidade e aderência bacteriana. Conclusão: foi possível identificar que as condutas são muito semelhantes nos diferentes serviços e que a maioria dos cuidados são procedimentos comuns de enfermagem e que possuem eficácia comprovada por meio de estudos científicos.

Arterial puncture, better known as catheterization, has become an important diagnostic tool in recent years. For its realization, generally the option is the Seldinger technique, which is considered today the safest and most often used procedure. This technique allows the insertion of large-caliber or multiple-lumen catheters in the vessel. Arterial catheterization helps in several exams, for instance, mesenteric angiography and cardiac output assessment, and contributes in cineangiocoronariography procedures. We report the case of a 67-year-old male patient who was submitted to cineangiocoronariography and evolved with enterorrhagia due to pelvic hematoma. Throughout the patient's care, a conservative treatment was chosen. The progression of the patient was uneventful and then the patient was discharged. It is very hard to determine which arterial segment was injured; however, as the hematoma was located predominantly in the pelvic region, it is believed that an injury occurred at the internal iliac artery, or directly at the bifurcation of the common iliac artery. Furthermore, it is assumed that a catheter kinking occurred during its progression, due to any tortuosity or to the presence of an atheromatous plaque, thus favoring the occurrence of the more distal lesion, rather than the proximal one. We decided to report this case because of its high degree of rarity, with a scarce number of papers in the literature related to the topic. Thus, with the description of this report we believe that other medical teams will have facilitated their decision-making process, when facing a similar case. Resumen: A punção arterial, mais conhecida como cateterização, tornou-se uma importante ferramenta diagnóstica nos últimos anos. Para sua realização geralmente opta-se pela técnica de Seldinger que é considerada a mais segura e utilizada na atualidade. Esta técnica permite a inserção de cateteres de grosso calibre e ou de múltiplos lúmens em vasos.A cateterização arterial auxilia na realização de exames como arteriografia mesentérica, avaliação do débito cardíaco, além de contribuir na realização da cineangiocoronariografia (CATE). Relata-se um caso de que um paciente masculino de 67 anos que foi submetido ao CATE e evoluiu com enterorragia devido ao hematoma pélvico. Em todo momento foi optado por tratamento conservador. A evolução do paciente ocorreu sem intercorrências e então o paciente foi de alta. Dificilmente é possível precisar qual segmento arterial foi lesado, entretanto, como o hematoma localizou-se predominantemente na região pélvica, acredita-se que ocorreu uma lesão da artéria ilíaca interna ou logo na bifurcação da artéria ilíaca comum. Ademais, supõe-se que aconteceu uma dobra no cateter durante a sua progressão devido a alguma tortuosidade ou mesmo pela presença de placas ateromatosas. Favorecendo, dessa forma, a ocorrência da lesão mais distal e não proximal. Optou-se por relatar tal caso devido ao alto grau de raridade, e consequentemente, nota-se que há poucos achados na literatura relacionados ao tema. Dessa forma, com a descrição deste relato podem-se ajudar equipes médicas a tomarem condutas quando deparadas com um caso semelhante. Keywords: Catheterism, Enterorrhagia, Hematoma, Palavras-chave: Cateterismo, Enterorragia, Hematoma

A amiloidose consiste em um deposito de proteinas fibrilares insoluveis em tecidos e orgaos, causando disfuncao nos mesmos, e pode contribuir, associada a outros fatores, para formacao de complicacoes, como pseudoaneurisma em locais de puncao arterial. O pseudoaneurisma consiste de uma complicacao cada vez mais frequente e, por isso, a importância de se identificarem seus fatores de risco, para que, entao, sua incidencia possa ser minimizada.

Background: The use of three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) to assess patients with congenital heart diseases appears to be a promising technique despite the scarce literature available. Objectives: The objective of this study was to describe our initial experience with 3D-RA and to compare its radiation dose to that of standard two-dimensional angiography (2D-SA). Methods: Between September 2011 and April 2012, 18 patients underwent simultaneous 3D-RA and 2D-SA during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Radiation dose was assessed using the dose-area-product (DAP). Results: The median patient age and weight were 12.5 years and 47.5 Kg, respectively. The median DAP of each 3D-RA acquisition was 1093µGy.m2 and 190µGy.m2 for each 2D-SA acquisition (p

Young patient with a history of smoking, hypertension and use of illicit drugs (cannabis, cocaine and crack) was admitted with precordial pain after physical exercise within the previous two hours. Electrocardiogram demonstrated ST segment elevation in leads V1 to V4 and the patient was referred to cardiac catheterization, which showed total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and a large amount of thrombi in the right coronary artery. The patient was treated with direct stenting in the left anterior descending artery and triple antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, clopidogrel and abciximab in combination with non-fractioned heparin for 24 hours. Angiography and intravascular ultrasound assessment after 48 hours demonstrated a complete resolution of thrombi in both coronary arteries.

ResumenLas infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud representan un problema de salud pública y son un indicador de la calidad en prestación y gestión en salud. En este contexto, los programas de vigilancia y control epidemológico de estas enfermedades, y la adaptación e implementación de guías para su prevención son estrategias que pueden mejorar la seguridad del paciente y deben ser una prioridad para las instituciones. Un panel de expertos de las áreas de infectología, cuidados intensivos, neumología, enfermería, terapia respiratoria y farmacia, preparó una guía de práctica clínica para la prevención de las infecciones asociadas a dispositivos médicos, mediante un proceso de adaptación de otras guías por medio de una estrategia de búsqueda sistemática basada en la “evidencia”.Se propone que estas guías sean utilizadas por los trabajadores de la salud con el fin de establecer estrategias que prevengan la aparición de infecciones hospitalarias relacionadas con dispositivos de uso prioritario durante el cuidado intensivo. Se hacen recomendaciones basadas en información científica y adaptadas a nuestro medio en temas generales, como la introducción de listas de chequeo, el lavado de manos y los sistemas de vigilancia y supervisión; se formulan recomendaciones específicas para la prevención de las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo asociadas a dispositivos intravasculares, de las infecciones respiratorias asociadas al uso de asistencia respiratoria mecánica y de las infecciones urinarias asociadas al uso de catéteres urinarios.AbstractHealthcare associated infections (HAI) are an important public health problem and an indicator of the quality of healthcare and management. In this scenario, surveillance and epidemiologic control programs and the adaptation and implementation of clinical guidelines for HAI prevention are estrategies that can improve the safety of patient care and should be prioritized in the institutions. Evidence based clinical practice guidelines for the prevention of infections asociated with invasive medical devices were prepared by an expert panel in infectious diseases, critical care, pulmonary care, nursery, respiratory therapy and pharmacy by means of a process of adaptation of other guidelines available through a systematic review of the literature. These guidelines are intended to be used by healthcare workers with the aim of establishing estrategies to prevent HAI related to invasive medical devices. Recommendations based of scientific evidence adapted to our setting are made related to general estrategies such as checklists, hand washing, surveillance and supervision systems. Specific recommendations to prevent bloodstream infections related to intravascular catheters, respiratory infections related to mechanical ventilation and urinary tract infections related to urinary catheters are made.

Introduction Patients with difficult venous access experience undesirable effects during healthcare, such as delayed diagnosis and initiation of treatment, stress and pain related to the technique and reduced satisfaction. This study aims to identify risk factors with which to model the appearance of difficulty in achieving peripheral venous puncture in hospital treatment. Methods and analysis Case-control study. We will include adult patients requiring peripheral venous cannulation in eight public hospitals, excluding those in emergency situations and women in childbirth or during puerperium. The nurse who performs the technique will record in an anonymised register variables related to the intervention. Subsequently, a researcher will extract the health variables from the patient's medical history. Patients who present one of the following conditions will be assigned to the case group: two or more failed punctures, need for puncture support, need for central access after failure to achieve peripheral access, or decision to reject the technique. The control group will be obtained from records of patients who do not meet the above conditions. It has been stated a minimum sample size of 2070 patients, 207 cases and 1863 controls. A descriptive analysis will be made of the distribution of the phenomenon. The variables hypothesised to be risk factors for the appearance of difficult venous cannulation will be studied using a logistic regression model. Ethics and dissemination The study was funded in January 2017 and obtained ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Balearic Islands. Informed consent will be obtained prior to data collection. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal., This work was supported by the Balearic College of Nursing (grant number PI453/2016).

Urethrostomy for serial sampling of urine was used due to the necessity of one technique that allowed the total urinary collection in definite time periods. Twenty-seven male Holstein calves from 8 to 16-days-age having a mean weight 39.50±4.80kg were used. Urethrostomy was carried out with the use of urethral sounding lead that was made for this purpose. In agreement with the clinical examinations, including seric biochemical, urinalysis and blood test and postmortem examination, the technique achieved 81.5% of satisfactory results.

CONTEXTO: O tratamento da oclusão arterial aguda em menores de 5 kg tem constituído tema de discussão. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o tratamento do quadro da oclusão arterial aguda pós-cateterismo da artéria femoral em crianças com menos de 10 kg com o uso de heparina isolada e também associada com estreptoquinase, e comparar os resultados do exame físico (como diagnóstico), da reversão da oclusão arterial, de complicações e de exames laboratoriais nos dois métodos MÉTODOS: Trinta casos de oclusão da artéria femoral foram identificados em 1.583 cateterismos em crianças no Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre, entre 1992 e 2000. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: um usou apenas heparina (14 casos), e o outro usou heparina associada com estreptoquinase (16 casos). Os exames laboratoriais (tempo de protrombina, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativado e fibrinogênio) coletados antes e durante a infusão intravenosa foram avaliados estatisticamente, assim como o tempo de uso da medicação, as complicações e os resultados. RESULTADOS: O exame físico mostrou-se método fidedigno para avaliar a oclusão; no grupo que utilizou a associação de heparina e estreptoquinase, houve a resolução de 87% dos casos de oclusão arterial, e a principal complicação foi sangramento no sítio de punção em 56,3% dos pacientes. Os resultados apresentaram p < 0,05. Os exames laboratoriais não tiveram significado estatístico. CONCLUSÃO: A estreptoquinase associada com a heparina é mais efetiva do que a heparina isolada no tratamento da oclusão arterial aguda da artéria femoral pós-cateterismo, tanto que sua associação apresenta uma redução do risco relativo de 88% em relação à heparina isolada. BACKGROUND: The treatment of acute arterial occlusion in children weighing less than 5 kg has been widely discussed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the treatment of acute arterial occlusion after catheterization of the femoral artery in children weighing less than 10 kg using heparin alone and associated with streptokinase, and to compare the results of physical examination (such as diagnosis), reversal of the arterial occlusion, complications and laboratory tests between both methods. METHODS: Thirty cases of femoral artery occlusion were identified among 1,583 catheterizations in children at Instituto de Cardiologia de Porto Alegre between 1992 and 2000. The patients were divided into two groups: one used heparin alone (14 cases) and the other used heparin associated with streptokinase (16 cases). The laboratory tests (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time and fibrinogen) performed before and during the intravenous infusion were statistically analyzed, as well as period of drug administration, complications and results. RESULTS: Physical examination proved to be reliable to evaluate occlusion; in the group using heparin associated with streptokinase, there was resolution of the arterial occlusion in 87% of cases, and the main complication was bleeding at the puncture site, which was present in 56.3% of the patients. These results showed p < 0.05. Laboratory tests were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Streptokinase associated with heparin is more effective on acute artery occlusions following femoral catheterization than heparin alone. Its association presents an 88% rate of relative risk reduction in relation to heparin alone.

Background Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is associated with cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Optimal glycaemic control does not always preclude future events. We sought to assess the effect of the current target of HBA1c level on the coronary microcirculatory function and identify predictive factors for CMD in T2DM patients. Methods We studied 100 patients with T2DM and 214 patients without T2DM. All of them with a history of chest pain, non-obstructive angiograms and a direct assessment of coronary blood flow increase in response to adenosine and acetylcholine coronary infusion, for evaluation of endothelial independent and dependent CMD. Patients with T2DM were categorized as having optimal (HbA1c < 7 %) vs. suboptimal (HbA1c ≥ 7 %) glycaemic control at the time of catheterization. Results Baseline characteristics and coronary endothelial function parameters differed significantly between T2DM patients and control group. The prevalence of endothelial independent CMD (29.8 vs. 39.6 %, p = 0.40) and dependent CMD (61.7 vs. 62.2 %, p = 1.00) were similar in patients with optimal vs. suboptimal glycaemic control. Age (OR 1.10; CI 95 % 1.04–1.18; p < 0.001) and female gender (OR 3.87; CI 95 % 1.45–11.4; p < 0.01) were significantly associated with endothelial independent CMD whereas glomerular filtrate (OR 0.97; CI 95 % 0.95–0.99; p < 0.05) was significantly associated with endothelial dependent CMD. The optimal glycaemic control was not associated with endothelial independent (OR 0.60, CI 95 % 0.23–1.46; p 0.26) or dependent CMD (OR 0.99, CI 95 % 0.43–2.24; p = 0.98). Conclusions The current target of HBA1c level does not predict a better coronary microcirculatory function in T2DM patients. The appropriate strategy for prevention of CMD in T2DM patients remains to be addressed. Keywords: Endothelial dysfunction; Diabetes mellitus; Coronary microcirculation Yes

Este estudo exploratório e com abordagem quantitativa teve como objetivos identificar o nível de ansiedade de 40 acompanhantes e 40 clientes submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia pela primeira vez, no período de espera do exame, e correlacionar os dados entre si e com as variáveis sóciodemográficas, utilizando a Escala de Ansiedade-Estado (IDATE). Concluiu-se que a maioria dos clientes apresenta baixo nível de ansiedade e a maioria dos acompanhantes apresenta nível médio de ansiedade. Na análise das correlações, não houve relação entre o nível de ansiedade e as variáveis sóciodemográficas da população estudada. Na análise das comparações, observou-se que o acompanhante do sexo masculino é mais ansioso que aquele do sexo feminino. As intervenções de enfermagem, nesse período, podem ser mais eficazes se incluírem ações para redução da ansiedade dos familiares/acompanhantes. This exploratory and quantitative study aimed to identify the anxiety level of 40 caregivers and 40 patients before cardiac catheterization and to establish a correlation among them and with sociodemographic variables, by means of the Anxiety-State Scale (IDATE). It was concluded that most of the patients present low anxiety levels, while most caregivers demonstrate medium levels of anxiety. No statistical correlation was found between anxiety levels and sociodemographic variables in the correlation analysis. In a comparative analysis, we observed that male caregivers are more anxious than female ones. Nursing interventions during this period can be more efficient if they include actions to reduce anxiety among family members/caregivers. Este estudio exploratorio de carácter cuantitativo que tuvo como objetivo analizar el nivel de ansiedad de 40 acompañantes y 40 clientes sometidos por primera vez al cateterismo cardíaco y durante el periodo de espera del examen, con aplicación de la Escala de Ansiedad-Estado (IDATE). La conclusión es que la mayoría de los clientes tiene bajo nivel de ansiedad e sus acompañantes tienen nivel medio de ansiedad. Pudimos verificar en el análisis estadístico que no hay relación entre el nivel de ansiedad y la variables sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. El análisis de las comparaciones muestra que el acompañante del sexo masculino es más ansioso que el femenino. Intervenciones específicas de enfermería para reducir ansiedad del acompañante durante el cateterismo cardíaco podrán ayudar con la ansiedad de los clientes.

The incidence of femoral postcatheteriation pseudoaneurysm ranges from 0.1 to 2.0% in diagnostic procedures to 5% in therapeutic procedures. There are several treatment options for pseudoaneurysms, from conservative management to conventional surgical intervention. For medium-sized pseudoaneurysms, ultrasound-guided compression repair or percutaneous injection of thrombin/coagulation factor XIII are the treatments of choice. In this paper, we describe two cases of post-therapeutic catheterization pseudoaneurysm, in which endovascular and conventional surgery were combined. The association of these two modalities of treatment decreased blood loss in comparison with conventional surgery alone, besides reducing surgical trauma and hospital stay. A incidência de pseudoaneurisma após cateterismo via femoral varia entre 0,1 a 2,0% em procedimentos diagnósticos e 5% em terapêuticos. São descritos tratamentos para pseudoaneurismas desde o método conservador até a intervenção com cirurgia convencional. Nos casos de pseudoanerismas de tamanho médio, o tratamento não invasivo, com compressão com duplex scan ou injeção de trombina/fator de coagulação XIII, é o de escolha. Neste artigo, relatamos dois casos de pseudoaneurisma pós-cateterismo terapêutico, em que foi realizado tratamento combinado utilizando-se técnicas endovascular e de cirurgia aberta. A associação dessas duas modalidades terapêuticas possibilitou a redução de perdas sanguíneas comparando-se à cirurgia convencional isolada, além de minimizar o trauma cirúrgico e reduzir o tempo de internação.

This study evaluated the incidence and risk factors of bloodstream infection (BSI) among patients with a double-lumen central venous catheter (CVC) for hemodialysis (HD) and identified the microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream. A follow-up included all patients (n=156) who underwent hemodialysis by double-lumen CVC at the Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil, over a one-year period. From the group of patients, 94 presented BSI, of whom 39 had positive cultures at the central venous catheter insertion location. Of the 128 microorganisms isolated from the bloodstream, 53 were S. aureus, 30 were methicillin-sensitive and 23 were methicillin-resistant. Complications related to BSI included 35 cases of septicemia and 27 cases of endocarditis, of which 15 cases progressed to death. The incidence of BSI among these patients was shown to be very high, and this BSI progressed rapidly to the condition of severe infection with a high mortality rate. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia y los factores de riesgo de infección de la corriente sanguínea (ICS) en pacientes con catéter venoso central (CVC) doble lumen, para hemodiálisis (HD) e identificar los microorganismos aislados en la corriente sanguínea. Como método, se uso el acompañamiento, realizado en el período de un año, incluyendo todos los 156 pacientes que estaban en tratamiento de HD por CVC doble lumen, en la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo - UNIFESP. Los resultados mostraron que de los 156 pacientes estudiados, 94 presentaron ICS, de estos, 39 tuvieron culturas positivas en el local de inserción del catéter. De los 128 microorganismos aislados de la corriente sanguínea, 53 eran S.aureus, de los cuales 30 eran sensibles a la metilcilina y 23 resistentes. Entre las complicaciones relacionadas a la ICS, hubo 35 casos de septicemia y 27 casos de endocarditis, de los cuales 15 resultaron en muerte. La incidencia de ICS en este grupo de pacientes se mostró bastante elevada así como su progresión para cuadros infecciosos de gran magnitud y de muerte. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incidência e os fatores de risco de infecção da corrente sanguínea (ICS) em pacientes com cateter venoso central (CVC) duplo lúmen, para hemodiálise (HD) e identificar os micro-organismos isolados na corrente sanguínea. Como método, usou-se o follow up, realizado no período de um ano, incluindo todos os 156 pacientes que estavam em tratamento de HD por CVC duplo lúmen, na Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP. Os resultados mostraram que dos 156 pacientes estudados, 94 apresentaram ICS, desses, 39 tiveram culturas positivas no local de inserção do cateter. Dos 128 micro-organismos isolados da corrente sanguínea, 53 eram S.aureus, dos quais 30 eram sensíveis à metilcilina e 23 resistentes. Entre as complicações relacionadas à ICS, houve 35 casos de septicemia e 27 casos de endocardite, dos quais 15 progrediram a óbito. A incidência de ICS neste grupo de pacientes mostrou-se bastante elevada bem como sua progressão para quadros infecciosos de grande magnitude e óbito.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Long-term totally implantable catheters (e.g. Port-a-Cath®) are frequently used for long-term venous access in children with cancer. The use of this type of catheter is associated with complications such as infection, extrusion, extravasation and thrombosis. Embolism of catheter fragments is a rare complication, but has potential for morbidity. The aim here was to report on two cases in which embolism of fragments of a long-term totally implantable catheter occurred. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series study at Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, São Paulo. METHODS: Retrospective review of catheter embolism in oncological pediatric patients with long-term totally implantable catheters. RESULTS: The first patient was a 3-year-old girl diagnosed with stage IV Wilms' tumor. Treatment was started with the introduction of a totally implantable catheter through the subclavian vein. At the time of removal, it was realized that the catheter had fractured inside the heart. An endovascular procedure was necessary to remove the fragment. The second case was a boy diagnosed with stage II Wilms' tumor at the age of two years. At the time of removal, it was noticed that the catheter had disconnected from the reservoir and an endovascular procedure was also necessary to remove the embolized catheter. CONCLUSION: Embolism of fragments of totally implantable catheters is a rare complication that needs to be recognized even in asymptomatic patients. CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Os cateteres de longa permanência totalmente implantáveis (por exemplo, Port-a-Cath®) são muito utilizados para acesso venoso de longa duração em crianças com câncer. O uso deste tipo de cateter está associado a algumas complicações como infecção, extrusão, extravasamento e trombose. A embolia de fragmento de cateter é complicação rara, mas com potencial morbidade. O objetivo do estudo foi relatar dois casos em que houve embolia de fragmento de cateter de longa permanência. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Série de casos do Hospital do Servidor Público estadual, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo das embolias de cateter de longa permanência em crianças. RESULTADOS: No primeiro caso, descreve-se uma menina com diagnóstico de tumor de Wilms estádio IV aos três anos de idade. Iniciou tratamento com implante de cateter de longa permanência em veia subclávia. Três anos após diagnóstico, foi programada a retirada do cateter por término de tratamento. No momento da retirada, houve fratura intracardíaca do cateter. Houve necessidade de retirada do fragmento intracardíaco com hemodinâmica. O segundo caso tratava-se de um menino com diagnóstico de tumor de Wilms estádio II aos dois anos de idade. Teve o cateter implantado no início do tratamento. No momento da retirada por fim de tratamento, o cateter já havia desconectado e embolizado. O fragmento intracardíaco foi retirado também por procedimento de hemodinâmica. CONCLUSÃO: A embolia de fragmentos de cateter em cateteres de longa permanência é uma complicação rara, mas que necessita ser reconhecida, mesmo em pacientes assintomáticos.

Producción Científica, Background and objectives: Maintenance of the vascular access is a crucial factor in hemodialysis, but large studies of factors that are predictive of thrombosis are lacking. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This prospective, multicenter study investigated a cohort to describe the management of vascular access and establish the influence of anemia as a risk factor. The cohort included 1710 patients (aged 64.4 yr; 60% men) who were followed every 3 mo at 119 centers during 12 mo. On inclusion, 9.6% had a catheter, 80.3% had a native arteriovenous fistula, and 10.1% had a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Results: Low baseline hemoglobin increased the risk for vascular access events. The risk was higher with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft and a catheter versus arteriovenous fistula. The multivariate model included type of vascular access, previous cardiovascular events, and noncorrected anemia. The likelihood of remaining free of vascular access events 12 mo later was 0.727 (baseline hemoglobin 12.0 g/dl), figures similar to those obtained with hemoglobin from the trimester before the event. The Cox model included type of vascular access. Conclusions: Correcting anemia did not increase the risk for vascular access–related events, and anemia that was resistant to treatment identified a subgroup of patients with higher comorbidity and higher likelihood of a vascular access event.

BACKGROUD: Biliary cannulation to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may be difficult due to technical reasons and often is necessary to perform papillotomy, where complications as pancreatitis and perforation may occur AIM: To show minimal complications by a new model of biliary access by means of the suprapapillary needle puncture and its laboratory profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After the approval of the protocol by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the institution a free and informed consent was signed by all patients participating in the study. From July 2003 to August 2004, fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 patients were selected for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, using the suprapapillary puncture technique. All patients remained hospitalized, fasting and with basal hydroelectrolytic replacement, were clinically followed up and samples for the determination of serum amylase, lipase and C-RP (C-reactive protein) were collected before and 4 h, 12 h and 24 h after the procedure and reevaluated 60 days after the procedure. Laboratory parameters were submitted to statistical study using analysis of variance for repeated measurements. Multiple comparisons were made based on Wald's statistics RESULTS: The technique was successful in 93.4% (28/30) of the patients. No statistically significant difference regarding to the laboratory profile were observed. Complications related to the technique of papillary puncture occurred in 1/28 patients by not using the guide wire and in 1/28 where mild hemorrhage after dilation of the papillary fistula occurred. Regarding complications related to therapeutic procedures, there were 2/28 retroduodenal perforations, with one (1/30) following unsuccessful puncture and another due to the passage of Dormia's basket through the dilated fistula path. All patients submitted to diagnostic puncture and evaluated 60 days after the procedure presented with the major duodenal papilla of normal aspect. The patients with dilation of the suprapapillary fistula showed the fistula continuing to drain clear bile CONCLUSION: Suprapapillary puncture allows investigative and therapeutic procedures without significant increases in amylase, lipase and C-RP. Patients submitted to diagnostic puncture present complete recovery of the papilla, while dilation of the fistula maintains it pervious later on, but without complications. RACIONAL: A cateterização para acesso às vias biliares na colangiopancreatografia retrógrada pode apresentar dificuldades técnicas, sendo necessário freqüentemente efetuar-se papilotomia, procedimento não isento de complicações como perfuração e pancreatite OBJETIVOS: Demonstrar menor incidência de complicações a partir do perfil laboratorial, através de nova técnica desenvolvida, a punção suprapapilar MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Após aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição, 30 pacientes foram selecionados no período de julho de 2003 a agosto de 2004. Preenchidos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, os pacientes, após explicação do protocolo e a assinatura do consentimento livre e esclarecido, foram submetidos a colangiopancreatografia retrógrada pela técnica de punção suprapapilar. Após o procedimento, foi feito seguimento com o paciente internado para avaliar possíveis complicações, bem como determinação dos níveis séricos da amilase, lipase e proteína C reativa nas 4 h, 12 h e 24 h subseqüentes e reavaliados 60 dias após. O estudo estatístico foi feito por análise de variância para medidas múltiplas e comparações múltiplas foram feitas por meio do teste de Wald RESULTADOS: O sucesso da técnica ocorreu em 93,4% (28/30) dos pacientes. Não foram observadas alterações estatisticamente significantes no perfil laboratorial. Complicações relacionadas à técnica de punção ocorreram em dois pacientes: um pelo não uso do fio guia e em outro por hemorragia, após dilatação da papila. Relacionadas ao procedimento, ocorreram duas perfurações retroduodenais: uma decorrente de punção e outra após passagem do cesto de Dormia pela fístula dilatada. Após seguimento de 60 dias, nenhuma complicação foi observada CONCLUSÃO: Punção suprapapilar permite procedimentos investigativos e terapêuticos sem aumento significativo da amilase, lipase e proteína C reativa. Na punção diagnóstica ocorre reepitelização completa da papila, enquanto na dilatação da fístula mantém-se a perviedade, porém sem complicações.

OBJETIVOS: Mediante el formato de caso clínico presentamos un caso de Gangrena de Fournier secundario a cateterismo uretral. MÉTODOS: Realizamos una descripción del caso clínico que nos ocupa, en el que se ha identificado la causa inicial, así como una breve revisión bibliográfica de esta patología. RESULTADO: Aunque la gangrena de Fournier se consideraba inicialmente como de etiología idiopática, en la actualidad es posible identificar en la mayoría de los casos la puerta de entrada de la infección. En nuestro caso la colocación de un catéter uretral fue el mecanismo de inicio de la infección, asociado a dos factores como la diabetes y el alcoholismo que favorecen el desarrollo de la misma. Se trató mediante desbridamiento quirúrgico y se realizó uretrectomía parcial. El paciente fue finalmente exitus. CONCLUSIONES: Se debe llamar la atención sobre la necesidad de que la manipulación uretral sea realizada por manos expertas dada la gravedad de las posibles complicaciones. Hay que insistir en la necesidad de un tratamiento precoz con una cobertura de antibióticos de amplio espectro, un desbridamiento radical y una revisión urológica completa.

Background Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects have a well-known impact on patient´s quality of life. This study aimed to describe the population of patients with congenital heart disease submitted to percutaneous diagnostic or therapeutic procedures at a tertiary referral center. Methods Retrospective analysis of 1,002 patients submitted to cardiac catheterization between 2003 and 2009 at Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul. Clinical, demographic and procedure variables were obtained from an institutional database and patient charts. Results Median age was 33 (0-73) years and median weight was 23 (9.6-52.6) kg. Patients were predominantly females (52%), with acyanotic heart disease (63.2%) and postnatal diagnosis (94.8%). Pulmonary stenosis (22.9%), atrial septal defect (22.5%) and patent ductus ateriosus (21.6%) were the most common acyanotic heart defects, whereas tetralogy of Fallot was the most frequent cyanotic heart disease (15,2%). Most of the procedures (58,6%) were therapeutic, including pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (32.9%), atrial septal defect closure (20.9%) and ductus arteriosus closure (15%). Complications were observed in 19.2% of patients, and inguinal hematomas (7.8%) and fever (7.6%) were the most frequent findings. There were 3 procedure-related deaths (0.3%). Conclusions The study results demonstrated the prevalence of therapeutic procedures in patients with acyanotic heart disease, performed with a low complication rate at a tertiary referral center.