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Background: Problem-solving competences have evolved into key skills for professionals. Computer-based business simulations enable the analysis of problem-solving processes beyond end results. An important aspect of successful problem-solving is to systematically use built-in tools and process the provided information efficiently. Objectives: This investigation explores the relationship between students' tool use, information retrieval, and problem-solving success in a computerized problem-solving office simulation. Methods: Around 30,000 recorded behavioural log data points of 432 German vocational students were analysed. Results and Conclusion: Distinct user groups are identified and cognitive problem-solving competences are assessed to draw a link between behaviour and performance. An explorative cluster analysis based on student behaviour revealed four clusters. Significant results support the use of two cognitive tools that lead to success. One successful behaviour is using a notepad, a domain-general and voluntary tool. Another successful problem-solving behaviour is the use of a domain-specific and solution-relevant spreadsheet program. Note-taking organizes information and mental processes while the spreadsheet leads to efficient computing. In line with other studies, students with higher problem-solving competences tend to access tools and documents providing information more frequently. Takeaways: Domain-general tool use differs from domain-specific tool use over time. There are two different successful behaviour patterns in complex problem solving. Instructional and simulation designers should provide specific tools to support students as well as tackle problems.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations offering work-integrated learning (WIL) opportunities were no longer able to support student placements, resulting in many institutions searching for a range of innovative solutions. Many have redesigned their conventional placement-based WIL activities or programs to enable students to meet graduate profile criteria through alternative means such as virtual or simulated WIL experiences. The literature shows there are many models of WIL beyond conventional work placements. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted of these WIL models, to provide a complied synthesis of existing practice from within the WIL field specifically focused on two books, the "International Journal of Work-Integrated Learning," and three national WIL association conference publications. The trends and qualities that emerge from the meta-analysis of existing practice can inform the redevelopment across the different modes of conventional, remote, virtual, and simulated WIL experiences.

The article aims to investigate consumer perception of innovations in e-commerce and according to exploratory research results to define further research areas. Literature analysis was performed to investigate and identify important criteria of e-commerce quality perception, after exploratory research was conducted, in order to deepen the knowledge and drawback of further research trends. For exploratory research, questionnaire and descriptive statistics were employed. The results of empirical research show that usage of innovations in e-commerce can have a positive impact on business performance since customers demonstrate a positive attitude towards innovative solutions in e-commerce. All three innovative solutions presented in research (gamification, augmented reality, and big data analysis) were evaluated positively as an advantage for e-commerce by a significant amount of responders.

Advanced Competition Simulations (ACS), a massive multiplayer online (MMO) strategy gaming company, has petabytes of customer data at their data center in Brentwood, Tennessee that could assist executives with decision making, but they currently do not have business intelligence software or a business intelligence and analytics (BIA) team. As is the case with most companies that want a new capability, they must decide if they want to hire a team internally or outsource this to a vendor. This decision was not taken lightly by ACS, but ultimately the business intelligence and analytics team was formed. Once the team was formed, the project to bring BIA to ACS gets off to a rough start when the team does not agree with the project manager choice. There are further setbacks when the data needs to be cleaned and the vendor refuses to help. Finally, the CEO of ACS questions his decision to rush the project when their data center has power failures during the data migration phase and he is reminded that the BIA project was moved ahead of the disaster recovery project. Bringing business intelligence and analytics to ACS proves to be much more difficult than they anticipated.

Teaching enterprise modelling is a complex task, as it requires both teaching modelling syntax as well as how to select and extract information from several sources, such as IT systems, employees, and existing documents. To aid teaching enterprise modelling Apprenticeship Simulation (AS) may be used. AS is a form of case-based learning where the students examine a case by following a virtual expert who gives them information sources with which they should work. A case as presented to the students can be quite complex, consisting of numerous types of diverse sources, including recorded interviews and links to real-world dynamic sources such as web pages. In this paper, we present a set of principles for the design of AS case presentations. The principles are based on our experiences in applying AS in four courses in the area of enterprise modelling.

Digital change is like a fast-moving tsunami, with the digitalization of many business practices creating new relationships between businesses and customers and altering the marketing landscape. We provide an overview of several of these emerging digital innovations and their evolving impact on marketing activities. It is imperative that college students gain exposure to such cutting-edge technologies and ingrain the conceptual, inquiry, critical thinking, creativity, and integrative learning skills needed to add value in a world where machines will work alongside human professionals. We suggest that by embracing rather than banning technology, faculty enfranchise students through increased sensory experiences and enhanced digital activities, which will lead to greater learning. We contend that vested stakeholders--institutions of higher education, professional associations, publishing companies, and technology companies--need to support and strengthen faculty efforts in embracing technology to continuously enhance learning.

Educational games and simulations are excellent active learning tools that offer students hands-on experience. Little research is available on developing games and simulations and how teachers can be assisted in making their own games and simulations. In this context, the paper presents a multi-step process of how to develop games and simulations in the areas of business, finance and economics. This model for creating games and simulations can be successfully integrated into the process of developing efficient tools that create positive learning outcomes.

Both businesses and recent college graduates in the United States attribute the lack of soft skills in recent college graduates to the colleges' inability to prepare students for the workforce. This article explores the literature on social capital, human capital and social learning theory, offering an alternative hypothesis for why recent graduates are missing soft skills: namely, that it is the decline in social capital that is influencing the graduates' ability to master those skills. Through the process of building social capital, college students gain the cultural and behavioural information and sensitivity they need to learn soft skills. College graduates are no longer accessing this experience; as a result, businesses and graduates are suffering the consequences of a decline in social capital. Therefore, the results of this study give rise to the hypothesis that the decline in social capital at the macrosocial level is negatively influencing recent college graduates' formation of soft skills. This may be due to the decrease in building social capital through face-to-face interaction, rather than due to colleges not preparing graduates for success in the business environment.

The turbulent business environment requires business expertise from ever-larger personnel groups. The required business know-how is a combination of knowledge and several different skills, and it should provide the learners with an overall view of the functioning of a business organization as a whole. Moreover, while work is increasingly becoming a team and group effort, the potential strength of collaboration should also be presented in the learning environment. In this paper we first identify elements that advance the acquisition of relevant business know-how. Second, we describe how these elements can be embedded in a time intensive business simulation game, and present two simulation training sessions. Third, we analyze how the participants in the case trainings reflect on the elements that advance the acquisition of business knowledge. The analysis is qualitative by nature, utilizing simulation game participants' answers on questions concerning the different elements. Our results show that with dynamic simulations it is possible to support the team learning process, and enhance collaboration skills and overall understanding of the functioning of business organizations. (Contains 5 tables.)

This article investigates students' perceptions of the relationship between Problem-Solving and the activities and resources used in a Web-based course on the fundamentals of Information Technology at a university in Montreal, Canada. We assess for the different learning components of the course, the extent of perceived problem-solving skills acquisition including research, creativity and critical thinking skills. The course entailed two categories of learning, namely resources- based and interactive components. The study aimed at answering the following questions: 1) To what extent do students understand the definitions of Problem-solving, Research, and Creative Idea Generation skills, and Critical Thinking skills? (2) What is the relative contribution of the various learning components (activities and resources) of the course to the perceived acquisition of Problem-Solving, Research, and Creative Idea Generations skills, and Critical Thinking skills; (3) Is the understanding of the definitions correlated with the perceived contributions of the learning components (activities and resources) of the course to the skills development? (4) To what extent is perceived Problem-solving skill acquisition explained by the acquisition of the other three skills?

The objective of this study is to elucidate new information on the possibility of leadership training through business computer-simulation gaming in a virtual working context. In the study, a business-simulation gaming session was organised for graduate students ("n"?=?26). The participants played the simulation game in virtual teams that were geographically dispersed and that were brought together by the use of technology. Before the gaming session, the team leaders were preselected and trained in how to operate the simulation game. Data consist of pre- and posttest questionnaires (the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire measuring transformational, transactional and passive/avoidance leadership styles) and answers to open-ended questions. The results showed the difference in participants' opinions on leadership styles before and after the training. After the gaming sessions, team members scored lower in transformational and transactional scales than team leaders. Only team leaders' leadership styles correlated with game performance. However, shared leadership among team members was typical for most successful teams. Implications for leadership training are discussed.

Purpose: Pedagogy today has become a function of technology and this relationship becomes all the more promising when used to address the educational needs of the constantly changing and fast evolving business school education. Business schools today are responsible for empowering future managers and leaders with not only the knowledge and insights but also with the ability to sense and respond to the unanticipated changes of the turbulent business environment. The objective of this paper is to conceptualize an integrated pedagogical framework that combines "richness" of augmented reality, classroom teaching and academic research with "reach" of social networking to yield a paradigm of agile business school education. Design/methodology/approach: The authors propose a conceptual model that would help in building entrepreneurial agility through business school education when internal factors collectively optimize the richness of education content and external factors provide the reach necessary to create a field for socialization that helps in building knowledge. Findings: The authors' conceptual model consists of three sub-paradigms derived from the theories they discuss: richness (from theory of experiential learning), reach (from social network theory) and business school education agility (from contingency theory). These three dimensions together enable the authors to understand and propose a new model for business schools, which would have the objective of producing more graduates with entrepreneurial agility. Research limitations/implications: This research is just an attempt towards integration of emerging technologies to offer agile and experiential education. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of various teaching and learning techniques. Multivariate analysis would be helpful in determining the multitude of effects on learning that can occur within a business school environment. Originality/value: Agile business school education is a new variation on business school pedagogy that combines traditional-style education with technology to provide education that is relevant today and will be relevant in dealing with unforeseen events in the future. Agile business school education will enable graduates to build and lead agile and successful organizations. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.)

Previous studies on business simulation games (BSGs) have concluded that improved performance may not be the primary benefit of using BSGs, due to mixed results between student performance and perceptions. Two relevant and insightful issues attract our attention, namely, the impacts of the heterogeneous student population and the different complexity levels of BSG software. To address these issues, the present study aims to understand the relationship between student profile/characteristics and performance in the classroom with BSG-facilitated learning. An in-depth case study is conducted on a general college course designed to teach three different complexities of BSGs to students enrolled in different majors. Four student profile factors are individually tested for differences in performance scores as evaluated by the teacher. Additionally, the influences of 11 student characteristics are assessed with regard their self-reported perceived learning performances. Regression analysis and ANOVA are used to investigate the impacts of heterogeneous users and game complexity on student performance. Based on the regression analyses of the data collected from 43 respondents who participated in the general course, the study concludes that knowledge and skill may influence the heterogeneous student population; moreover, student participation and tacit learning preference improve performance, and students with an auditory learning preference or high learning motivation may not perform well in classroom BSG learning. However, the low value of adjusted "R" square implies that more dimensions or variables are needed to increase the explaining power of the performance scores in the regression analyses. In contrast, heterogeneous BSG software with different complexity levels present different results. The current research contributes practical and incremental knowledge on the complexity of heterogeneous BSG software on performance scores and the perceived learning performance of heterogeneous student populations. With the research limitations acknowledged, a series of suggestions for teachers pertaining to appropriate applications of BSGs in classes is offered as well as recommendations to BSG providers. Nevertheless, in-depth analyses are required, preferably with larger student population samples, to further explore the insignificant relationship between student perceptions and attitude under nonlinear extended complexity. (Contains 7 tables.)

Background: Integrating 3D virtual world technologies into educational subjects continues to draw the attention of educators and researchers alike. The focus of this study is the use of a virtual world, Second Life, in higher education teaching. In particular, it explores the potential of using a virtual world experience as a learning component situated within a curriculum delivered predominantly through face-to-face teaching methods. Purpose: This paper reports on a research study into the development of a virtual world learning experience designed for marketing students taking a Digital Promotions course. The experience was a field trip into Second Life to allow students to investigate how business branding practices were used for product promotion in this virtual world environment. The paper discusses the issues involved in developing and refining the virtual course component over four semesters. Methods: The study used a pedagogical action research approach, with iterative cycles of development, intervention and evaluation over four semesters. The data analysed were quantitative and qualitative student feedback collected after each field trip as well as lecturer reflections on each cycle. Sample: Small-scale convenience samples of second- and third-year students studying in a Bachelor of Business degree, majoring in marketing, taking the Digital Promotions subject at a metropolitan university in Queensland, Australia participated in the study. The samples included students who had and had not experienced the field trip. The numbers of students taking part in the field trip ranged from 22 to 48 across the four semesters. Findings and Implications: The findings from the four iterations of the action research plan helped identify key considerations for incorporating technologies into learning environments. Feedback and reflections from the students and lecturer suggested that an innovative learning opportunity had been developed. However, pedagogical potential was limited, in part, by technological difficulties and by student perceptions of relevance. (Contains 4 tables and 1 note.)

In today's unstable market economy, individuals have to be skilled to work efficiently in constantly changing and complex situations. Thus, graduate students have to be trained to cope with unpredictable situations before they enter the workforce. They need to exercise occupational skills, such as leadership skills, during higher education. Simulation gaming opens up possibilities for active learning of the leadership and other occupational skills needed in complex work environments. The aim of this study is to explore if participation in business simulation gaming sessions can make different leadership types visible and if the simulation gaming sessions provide students with experiences beneficial for the development of leadership skills. In the experiment, a group of multicultural graduate business students (N = 41) participated in gaming sessions with a computerised business simulation game. The participants played the game in virtual teams; some teams had a "satellite member" geographically distant from the rest of the team members. Data consist of the teams' observations during the simulation game and students' reflective essays written after the gaming sessions. The results indicate that in the business simulation gaming environment, certain leadership characteristics emerged spontaneously. Experiences about leadership varied between the teams and were dependent on the role individual students had in their team. However, it can be concluded that simulation gaming environment has the potential to be used in higher education to exercise the leadership skills relevant in real-world work contexts. (Contains 2 figures.)

As the tectonic plates of technology shift across human networks, dedicated and determined educators understand that the integration of digital mediated texts and the new literacies competencies they engender, amount to little without pedagogical ingenuity, innovative adaptation, and creative application. This article is a response to the rapidly expanding digital engagement of youth and the young. New literacies proponents are looking at literacy practices and literacy events of the young and through their scholarship they call on schools and educational institutions to embrace the new media landscape and its participatory cultures for the learning potential they offer. Research out of the UK based "London Knowledge Lab", tells us that whilst the young and youth are increasingly engaged in digital environments there are only "a few embryonic signs of criticality, self-management or metacognitive reflection" (Luckin, Clark, Graber, Logan, Mee & Oliver, 2009). (Contains 12 figures.)

Interactive digital media, or video games, are a powerful new medium. They offer immersive experiences in which players solve problems. Players learn more than just facts--ways of seeing and understanding problems so that they "become" different kinds of people. "Serious games" coming from business strategy, advergaming, and entertainment gaming embody these features and point to a future paradigm for eLearning. Building on interviews with leading designers of serious games, this article presents case studies of three organizations building serious games, coming from different perspectives but arriving at similar conclusions. This article argues that such games challenge us to rethink the role of information, tools, and aesthetics in a digital age. (Contains 7 figures, 1 table and 5 notes.)

An enterprise model, a computational model of knowledge about an enterprise, is a useful tool for integrated decision-making by e-commerce suppliers and customers. Sharable knowledge, once represented in an enterprise model, can be integrated by the modeled enterprise's e-commerce partners. Presents background on enterprise modeling, followed by identification of key managerial and technological challenges in extending traditional models of the enterprise for e-commerce. (Contains 30 references.) (AEF)

Discusses the design and use of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for computerized business simulations. Reviews the use of ITS as an instructional technology; presents a model for ITS-based business simulations; examines the user interface and link between the ITS and simulation; and recommends expert-consultant diagnostic testing, and pedagogical-support modules. (PEN)

This collection of articles includes an examination of word-processing software; project management software; new expert systems that turn microcomputers into logical, well-informed consultants; simulated negotiation software; telephone management systems; and the physical design of an efficient microcomputer work space. (MBR)

Defines computerized functional business games as those focusing on decision making and integration in the areas of accounting/finance, marketing, personnel/human resources, and production/operations. Nine currently available games are reviewed and evaluated in the context of a learning model. (Author/LRW)

Describes plans to create a Global University Consortium, i.e., a worldwide educational electronic network of universities, businesses, and governmental, nongovernmental, and community organizations. Topics discussed include quality education; transcultural unity; moral leadership; academic freedom; peace-gaming; participation of less developed nations; and the Global Systems Analysis and Simulation (GLOSAS) Project. (11 references) (LRW)

Discussion of educational games that can be configured to accommodate changes in the structure of the game focuses on MANAGEMENT 500, a microcomputer-controlled prototype business simulation game. Three modes of learning that can be emphasized through a configurable simulation game are explained: learning by discovery, by perseverance, and by competition. (14 references) (LRW)

Defines the term "simulation"; discusses role of instructional simulations, particularly computer-based; describes what constitutes an effective simulation and its appropriate use; and reviews several specific examples of computer simulations, emphasizing nature and quality of student interaction with the model. (MBR)

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the comprehensive value of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin (PEG/riba) employing a generalized cost-effectiveness analysis (GCEA). STUDY DESIGN: To assess the societal-level costeffectiveness of DAA treatment for HCV, we extended a previously published discrete-time Markov simulation model of HCV transmission and progression to include market dynamics and broader elements of value. METHODS: We followed a stepwise process to add novel value elements to a traditional CEA model for HCV treatments. For each additional element of value, we estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of DAAs compared with PEG/riba. RESULTS: The health technology assessment (HTA)--style model yielded an ICER value of $64,512 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Adding transmission dynamics resulted in an ICER value of $52,971 per QALY, whereas accounting for transmission dynamics and dynamic price and efficacy further decreased ICER values by 90% to $6406 per QALY. Incorporating genericization, productivity loss, caregiver spillover, and differential valuations of LYs vs quality of life, disease severity, and insurance value further decreased the ICER value to $4487 per QALY, a 93% reduction from the baseline HTA-style CEA to the fully realized GCEA. CONCLUSIONS: Our GCEA study results confirm that DAAs are a cost-effective treatment for HCV compared with PEG/riba even when using conventional cost-effectiveness approaches. Incorporating broader elements of value resulted in more than a 10-fold improvement in costeffectiveness, emphasizing the substantive impact of a generalized approach and the importance of incorporating GCEAs into decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, simulation and organizational studies have been conducted in Japan. In this paper, we review the simulation and organizational studies in Japan, including the relationships between researchers. The global trend is to cite the results of simulation studies as metaphors. By contrast, in Japan, there are unique research groups which critically examine the existing models, perform simulations, and further test them against survey data. The lessons they learned are: (a) The animation of the simulation results stir the imagination of researchers and business persons. However, (b) if the phenomena indicated by simulation and the reality of parameter values are not supported by the survey data, the implications derived from simulation are no more than a delusion.

The objective of this article is to apply simulation models to problems of waiting lines, risks and inventories to various cases under study, by estimating some desirable performance measures that describe the behavior of the simulated system. These models contain mathematical expressions and logical relationships to calculate the value of the output data given the input values, obtaining results that allow recommending controllable input data for desired real systems. It is verified that the simulation models generate statistical estimates with optimized results, contributing with useful information for making business decisions. Furthermore, if the simulation is supported by specialized computer tools that speed up processing times and save significant costs for organizations, particularly in complex scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]