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This study aims to determine the role of organizational communication in organizational development. This study uses a literature review method (library research). Literature research is research conducted using literature (library), either in the form of books, notes, or reports on the results of previous research. The role of leadership in developing communication within the organization. First, the leader must have a communication style that can describe the combination of behavior between the style that has become his personality and the style of a leader. In this case an effective leader must use different communication styles in different situations. So that through this communication style the leader can provide important understanding to each individual or employee in the organization. Therefore, in this case the leadership role is to ensure that the communication goes according to the flow built in the organization. In the organizational development process there are planned efforts made at the organizational level to increase effectiveness and enable the organization to achieve its strategic goals

Research background: The patients’ confidence in physicians, as well as in healthcare personnel in general, is an important determinant of the patients’ satisfaction and their loyalty. The patients’ confidence as well as their overall satisfaction is influenced by many determinants, which are in a causal relation. Purpose of the article: The main aim of the study is to find out which socio-demographic factors influence the confidence of inpatients in physicians, nurses, other medical personnel, as well as in the treatment as such. The inpatients´ confidence is considered as an important dimension of the inpatients’ satisfaction. Methods: The questionnaire consists of 112 structured and semi-structured sur-vey questions. It was inspired by the HCAHPS survey. The questionnaire was distributed both on-line and in paper form in the Czech Republic. The dataset consists of 1,479 observations (899 females and 580 males). The descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to process all data. Findings & value added: The research revealed significant differences in the confidence of inpatients in physicians in relation to the physicians’ communication styles regarding the inpatient’s gender. Males are more tolerant to the communication styles of physicians than women. There exists a relatively strong linear relationship between confidence in physicians, nurses, other healthcare professionals, and confidence in a treatment. Also, it was determined that in cases when a physician talks about an inpatient as if she/he is not there, the patient’s confidence in the medical personnel is reduced by 65%. Overall confidence in medical personnel is also gender biased i.e., in 87% of cases, women are more likely to have a higher confidence in medical personnel than men. The age of inpatients is not statistically significant and its impact on a confidence in medical personnel is neglectable. Copyright © Instytut Badań Gospodarczych, Internal Grant Agency of FaME Tomas Bata University in Zlin [RO/2020/05], American Cancer Society, ACS; National Cancer Institute, NCI; Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně: RO/2020/05

E-mentoring can be defined as an approach that is applied electronically or via the internet to provide personal, useful, specific, synchronized, holistic, accessible, and long-lasting mentoring support to establish a relationship between senior and less experienced individuals. Although studies on e-mentoring are relatively new and few, studies show that it is an effective method of mentorship. The aim of our study is to reveal the effect of this process on the choice of profession and the career development of university students who participate in e-mentoring programs. The research sample consists of young people (age ranges between 14-30) who receive support through an e-mentoring platform established by a nongovernmental organization. The findings show that e-mentoring supports the career development of young people who participate in this process. The mentors are effective in their role as “teachers” with close and sincere communication styles and experiences. The mentors show a guiding attitude to the participants in their career choices and help to eliminate uncertainty by trying to answer the questions in youth’s minds.

When we talk of Leadership and the effective communication of leaders, it is imperative for any organization. Leaders have manifold tasks in the organization as leadership is integrated with different levels like individual level, unit level and organizational levels. The purpose of this study is to examine, what is the effect of leadership communication in the organization. The purpose is also to find out to what extent the particular leadership behavior can impact the performance of public and private banks in India. The taken variables are based on the analysis of individuals, innovative role modeling recognition and monitoring and support for innovation. Past researches have proven that in an endeavor to achieve the desired level of result and competence, it is that public sectors officials hunt for more effectual approaches of leadership, and challenge themselves to go for the prevailing models of the private sector organization. In the current study, we have investigated chairperson’s messages to stakeholders through content analysis making use of DICTION software. Keywords: Effective communication, Private bank, Public bank, Content analysis, Diction.

Age is the most dominant form of diversity in the workplace. Five generations are currently represented in the workplace, with each one having their own perspectives and communication styles. Workp...

This paper seeks to slightly explore the issue of cross-cultural understanding that might be beneficial for lecturers of the Muhammadiyah University of Enrekang who have won further study scholarships abroad as well as lecturers who are planning to continue their studies abroad. Understanding different cultures are extremely fundamental as a result of the absence of information culture assumes a job in the utilization of improper correspondence language. Elements of contrasts in an individual's way of life can likewise make individuals look prejudiced toward individuals with various societies. As a lecturer who will be assigned to study abroad, it is very important to "interpret" the behavior, attitudes, and communication styles of people from various cultures. Sometimes hinder a person to be able to complete studies abroad is not because of limited intelligence but because of limited ability to understand and accept the new culture contained in the destination country to learn. We hope that this paper can provide a little inspiration for prospective scholarship recipients of foreign scholarships to prepare themselves as well as possible including non-academic factors.

Mentoring and mentorship in the implementation of curricular and extracurricular activities are characteristic of higher education. Since the quality and effectiveness of mentoring are determined by the distinctive characteristics and quality of the communication that takes place within this relationship, this paper aims to explore the communicative aspect of mentorship in higher education. The study was conducted using a sample of University of Nis students who have had direct experience of mentoring in the production of their senior and master's theses. The study sought to examine their attitudes to: mentoring communication skills; the ways in which communication takes place; communication styles in mentoring; and the communicative aspects of quality mentoring. Our findings indicate that the most highly rated quality in mentors is openness to questions. Email communication predominates, while other modern forms of communication, such as apps and social networks, are used to a far lesser extent. Mentors were rated as active listeners who provide timely, clear, comprehensible and positive feedback. Although our findings suggest that the mentoring practices studied are characterized by communication of a very high quality, the paper draws certain pedagogical implications. The emphasis of these pedagogical implications is on: continued pedagogical-methodological enhancement and support for mentors and mentees; developing higher quality communication; developing communicative competences; nurturing mutual respect, understanding and trust; developing empathy and the ability to accept another's opinion, suggestions and ideas.

Communication breakdowns during emergencies threaten patient safety. In nursing homes (NHs) vulnerable residents may experience emergencies at any time. Concerns over clinical complexity and diverse communication styles among interprofessional practitioners heighten the need for standardized methods to improve practitioners' communication skills. This study explores communication structures among 32 practitioners in four NHs using in-depth interviews following a formalized Situation-Background-Assessment-Recommendation (SBAR) framework. Network analysis, a deductive approach to qualitative data analysis, and case analysis were performed for a comprehensive understanding of interprofessional communication in 48 emergency cases identified during interviews. Findings identified the flow of information, messaging, and management strategies that were expected of receivers during interprofessional communication. These results could help develop training regimens or guidelines to improve cooperative interprofessional communication, allowing practitioners to provide appropriate emergency care for NH residents.

Two experiments, with 17-day and 120-day isolation, were carried out within the frame of the Scientific International Research in Unique Terrestrial Station (SIRIUS) international project at the Institute of Biomedical Problems (Moscow, Russia). Manifestations of the “detachment” phenomenon in the crew – mission control center (MCC) communication previously identified in the Mars-500 project were confirmed in this study. As in the Mars-500 experiment, in the SIRIUS-19, the landing simulation in the halfway of isolation caused a temporary increase of crew communication with MCC. We also revealed several differences in the communication styles of male and female crew members. By the end of the experiment, there was a convergence of communication styles of all the SIRIUS crew members and also an increase in crew cohesion.

This paper presents a pilot study of NaturalLanguageProcessing4All (NLP4All), a Constructionist, low-threshold, XAI learning tool designed to bring Natural Language Processing methods into high school classrooms. Specifically, NLP4All is designed to let non-programmers explore different corpora of text through classification activities. Together with a high school Social Studies teacher, I developed a 2-week (6-hour) learning unit focusing on analyzing tweets from political parties to explore the differences and similarities between their policy views and communication styles. In the analysis, I find that text classification shows unexplored promise as a learning activity; that students were able to draw on their prior knowledge to classify tweets; that using NLP4All to collaboratively classify tweets led to productive classroom discussions; and that while students were able to build good machine learning models for classifying tweets, their rationales often focused on identifying one party, rather than distinguishing between parties. Finally, I discuss other educational contexts where NLP and ML can be productive for children, and future design features that may be worth exploring.

Many academics ask ‘How can I use my research to influence policy?’. In this paper, we draw on our first-hand experience as social researchers for the British Government to advise how academics can create and communicate research with policymakers. Specifically, we describe methods of communicating research to policymakers in relation to research we undertook to listen to farmers about their priorities for a new agricultural policy for England following the exit of the UK from the European Union. The main purpose of this research was to ensure farmers’ voices were included in policy development and therefore communication of the research to policymakers was key. We reflect on the effectiveness of the communication methods we employed and summarise our learnings into four practical recommendations: (1) make research relevant to policymakers; (2) invest time to develop and maintain relationships with policymakers; (3) utilise ‘windows of opportunity’; and (4) adapt presentation and communication styles to the audience. We consider that employing these recommendations will help to improve how evidence is communicated between academia and government and therefore the influence of evidence in decision-making processes.

In the multifaceted and interconnected global civilization of today, each of us is shaped by many factors. Culture is one of the most influential factors that is profoundly inbuilt in our values and communication styles; and when it comes to share information among people with different surroundings, a lot of aspects come across. The sort of communication known as Intercultural communication primarily deals with understanding the patterns of interaction between cross cultures peoples/groups. The current paper discusses culture, intercultural communication along with four perspectives. The discussed four perspectives are (1) social attribute participating intercultural communication, (2) promoting components of intercultural communication, (3) impacts of intercultural communication, and (4) challenges with intercultural communication.

This study explored sexual health education (SHE) through the lens of public school educators in the United States of America. It examined their comfort levels and the barriers educators faced by asking, “How comfortable are educators when communicating sexual health topics to adolescents for them to build a foundation to become sexually healthy adults?” The qualitative, phenomenological study included 11 public school teachers among three school districts in the State of Indiana. Conducting intimate, face-to-face interviews with participants advanced and expanded interdisciplinary research. Educators shared their beliefs and values regarding SHE instruction and levels of sexuality comfort. Three findings emerged from the data that can contribute to research in the fields of education, public policy, public health, and communication: (1) An inclusive sexual health education program can provide educators with more sexuality comfort, (2) Teacher training and instructional materials relate to an educator’s sexuality comfort level and willingness to communicate SHE, and (3) An educator’s level of sexuality comfort may likely increase if engaged in SHE decision-making policies. At the time of the study, State policies prohibited comprehensive education, although participants preferred a more inclusive approach to teaching, SHE. Additionally, the concept of sexuality comfort (1984) was reconstructed and revised. This study offered an in-depth exploration into a topic - sexual health - that affects all individuals and established a foundation for future qualitative and quantitative studies.

Background and purpose Pharmacists need to learn communication styles which adopt a more consultative model. The objectives of this paper are to describe the use of forum theatre facilitated by actors to teach communication skills to pharmacy students and to highlight perceptions of the workshops. Educational activity and setting During the actor-led forum theatre, students redirected scenes depicting pharmacist-patient consultations. Students also learned about their own communication styles and role-played consultations and interview situations with actors. Pharmacy undergraduate students enrolled in years 2, 3, and 4 answered open-ended questions online at the end of workshops. All responses were coded to identify themes. Findings Five themes emerged from 752 comments: (1) workshops were useful in facilitating communication skills development, (2) workshops encouraged reflection, (3) appreciation of feedback provided, (4) the live, interactive nature of the workshop enhanced learning, and (5) suggestions for improvement. There were requests for more varied scenarios involving different patient groups and more opportunities to participate in the role-plays. Students also requested smaller groups, which would encourage participation from those who were reticent and allow more personal feedback. Summary The use of forum theatre employing role-play, small group coaching on consultation and interview skills, and emphasizing feedback was perceived as an effective and engaging method to teach communication skills.

Background This monocentric study aimed to explore whether key non-technical attributes can be reliably measured in a mixed population of candidates applying for surgical training, surgical trainees and staff and to identify any differences between these groups. Materials & methods Candidates applying for surgical training, surgical trainees and staff from four surgical specialties (general surgery, orthopedics, plastic surgery or urology) at a tertiary academic teaching hospital were all sent an online self-report questionnaire. The Communication Styles Inventory (CSI, 96 items) was used to assess a six-dimensional behavioral model of participant communication styles (expressiveness, preciseness, verbal aggressiveness, questioningness, emotionality and impression manipulativeness). Attitudes toward uncertainty and risks were assessed with the Physicians’ Reaction toward Uncertainty (PRU, 15 items) and Physician Risk Attitudes (PRA, 6 items) scales respectively. Data was encoded and analyzed using parametric testing. Results The questionnaire was completed by 177 participants (110 candidates; 42 trainees; 25 staff). All scales had very good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha >0.80). After controlling for gender-based differences, surgical candidates scored significantly higher on ‘expressiveness’ (P = 0.012) and were significantly less risk-averse (P = 0.006) than trainees and staff. Surgical trainees scored lowest on the CSI ‘questioningness’ subscale (P = 0.019) and had significantly more difficulties dealing with uncertainty, characterized by their highest scores on the ‘concern about bad outcome’ (P = 0.021) and reluctance to disclose uncertainty to patients' (P = 0.05) subscales. Multiple subscales revealed gender-based differences in candidate and trainee groups, which were not noted for surgical staff. Conclusions Meaningful differences in non-technical attributes of surgical staff, trainees and candidates have been identified, which may be explained by differences in clinical experience and learning and may suggest that these develop over time. Further research on assessment of non-technical attributes during surgical selections and the role of both technical and non-technical attributes in surgery at large is needed.

Recent research on expertise management calls for more attention to the role of communication in expertise recognition. Cultural differences in communication styles can complicate communication of expertise and consequently make expertise recognition more difficult in mixed-culture groups than in same-culture groups. This article reports results from a two-phase study (348 Chinese and non-Asian U.S. citizen [NAUSC] students in the first phase, and 24 four-person groups that consist of both NAUSC and Chinese students in the second phase) on the role of communication styles in intercultural collaboration. The results suggest that for both Chinese and NAUSC students, conversational control, tenseness, task-oriented communication, and confidence are important cues influencing expertise judgment, but perceived expertise and actual expertise may be unrelated to each other.

Today's health care environment requires collaborative teams to provide safe, effective care. This study assessed the extent to which a face-to-face workshop increased nursing and premedical students' awareness of varying communication styles and their potential impact on interprofessional communication and practice. A self-assessment tool was administered before, immediately after, and 1 month after the workshop. Significant increases in familiarity working on interprofessional teams, identifying different communication styles, and ability to apply communication strategies were found immediately after and 1 month after the workshop.

This chapter reviews current research on how sex and gender factor into various forms of communication during clinician-patient interactions. To what extent is it possible to generalize about the communication styles or tendencies of women patients versus men patients? From the clinician’s perspective, do some communication styles or strategies work better to facilitate positive relationships with men or women patients? What expectations do patients bring to the healthcare encounter, and how might these expectations differ according to factors such as gender, race, age, and culture? In addressing such questions, the goal of this chapter is to offer practical, evidence-based guidelines to help clinicians harness the power of language and to develop a new awareness of the significance of gender in the context of communication with patients.

Leadership is widely recognized as a key determinant in the functioning and wellbeing of individuals, groups, and organizations (van Knippenberg and Stam (ed.) in Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations, Oxford University Press, 2014; Van Vugt et al., in American Psychologist 63:182–196, 2008). Leadership cannot be separated from communication; research reveals organizational leaders spend 70–80% of their time communicating (Wajcman and Rose in Organization Studies 32:941–961, 2011). In this chapter, we explore leadership communication and elaborate the inherent link between leadership and communication, review theoretical frameworks that provide best practice insights for leadership communication, and discuss communication channels leaders can utilize to communicate, connect, and engage with stakeholders. Important topics like leadership communication in turbulent times of change and crisis, and leaders’ self-reflection are also discussed.

This chapter describes background information, health-related beliefs and values, and health-related behaviors of people of Korean heritage. The chapter begins with an overview on geographical characteristics, history, culture, and populations on the Korean peninsula. Typical communication styles and relationships, traditional and typical family roles and organization, workforce issues, and biocultural ecology are presented to provide background information of Korean populations. More details are presented on high-risk health behaviors, health-care practices, typical meals and dietary practices, pregnancy and childbearing practices, death rituals, spirituality, barriers to health care, and traditional versus biomedical health-care providers.

This study explores the differences in communication styles adopted by leaders and designers during the processes of design and development of a product in the specific organizational context of micro-enterprises operating in the design industry in Taiwan. To that end, both quantitative and qualitative studies were conducted using the Communication Styles Inventory (CSI) scale. The data were gathered from both questionnaires and crossed interviews conducted with 10 leaders and 22 designers belonging to 9 industrial design micro-enterprises. The knowledge of the differences in communication styles adopted by leaders and designers provides both theoretical and practical insights into the following question: how should a leader “fit” their communication styles with a designer communication styles to enhance communication performance during the product design and the development phase.

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate how to design a firm’s customer demotion policy and communication styles differently for customers demoted from top-tier and bottom-tier to promote their willingness to restore lost status and loyalty intentions.Design/methodology/approachFour scenario-based experiments were conducted in the customer demotion context of an airline’s hierarchical loyalty program. A total of 796 customers recruited from a survey panel participated in the study.FindingsThe results reveal that customers in top-tier demotion significantly increase their willingness to restore lost status and loyalty intentions when a short evaluation period (vs a long evaluation period) is given. Further, customers in bottom-tier demotion improve their willingness to restore and, in turn, their loyalty intentions more with a gain-focused communication style than with a loss-focused communication style. Willingness to restore lost status plays a mediating role in the process by which an appropriate match between demotion type and evaluation period type/communication styles leads to higher loyalty intentions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends the research stream on customer demotion by examining how to execute customer demotion to mitigate its detrimental effects and facilitate demoted customers’ approach motivation and behavioral intentions, a critical but understudied topic that has been ignored by researchers.Practical implicationsManagers are advised to offer customized customer status evaluation periods and communication styles for top-tier and bottom-tier demoted customers to effectively promote their willingness to restore lost status and loyalty intentions.Originality/valueThis study is among the first to explore the possible varying effects of differential demotion policy and communication style on different tiers of customers.

This paper investigates how companies seek to convey an image of transparency in their investor relations (IR) communication policy texts. It is based on two corpora compiled from texts describing the IR communication policies of companies listed on the Finnish OMX Helsinki 25 and the Italian FTSE MIB 40, representing two culturally different players within the European financial community. A two-pronged methodology was used to identify the linguistic and discursive expression of the concept of transparency: corpus-driven micro-linguistic analysis and rhetorical move analysis. Results showed that transparency and dialogue were keywords only in the Italian corpus. They further suggested that Finnish companies focus more on the efficient disclosure of information, whereas the Italian companies highlight their commitment to constant dialogue with stakeholders. The findings can be interpreted as reflecting cultural differences between the countries in terms of contextual vs. personal, affective vs. instrumental, and elaborate vs. exacting communication styles.

As the harbinger of change, globalization has led to increased demand for leaders who exhibit a broad range of competencies. The required nature of cross-cultural interaction has emerged as an area of major importance for leaders within the private and public sectors. Leaders in distinct roles and sectors are likely to find themselves in situations where they must navigate a range of contrasting cultures while learning to cooperate with others from diverse backgrounds. To adequately equip leaders from divergent fields, it is quintessential to have a firm understanding of six key areas of cross-cultural synergism and leadership: approaches to conflict and conflict resolution, communication styles, decision-making, task completion, levels of disclosure, and epistemological approaches. This article describes each of these areas and explains the ways in which it is imperative for future leaders to succeed.

Product-review videos can be a promising marketing method. The popularity of using videos as a medium for product reviews is evidenced by the number of channels that are used to provide product reviews on multiple platforms. Reviewers can use various strategies to attract wider audiences and make these audiences loyal to their channels. This study analyzes the effect of the reviewer's communication style on the audience's loyalty to the channels that provide product reviews, especially on the YouTube platform. Communication-style analysis is associated with hedonic and utilitarian motivation theory, which can be used to explain communication style effect on channel loyalty. This study uses a quantitative approach using questionnaire to obtain data. The data in this study are analyzed using covariance-based structural equation modeling in AMOS 21.0. The results show that communication styles (social-oriented and task-oriented), perceived transparency, perceived enjoyment, credibility, and channel engagement affect channel loyalty. Meanwhile, the informativeness factor does not affect channel loyalty. This paper will also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the study., Product review; Communication styles; Channel loyalty; Motivation theory; Indonesia; E-commerce; Information systems; Internet-based information systems; Information technology; Technology management; Technology adoption.

The design space of human-robot interaction is large and multi-dimensional. A sound design requires a systematic theory-driven exploration, specification and refinement of design variables. There is a need for a practical method and tool to iteratively specify the content of the dialogue (e.g., speech acts) with the accompanying expressive behavior (e.g., gesture openness) as prescribed by social science theory, e.g., task- and person-oriented communication. This paper presents an iterative interaction-design (ID) method for multi-modal robot communication. Following the ID-method, a designer first creates his/her "own" individual design and, subsequently, provides an iteration to the evolving iterative design. To support the design method, we developed an ID-tool (available for download). The tool support entails (a) selecting the theory-based communication style; (b) creating and linking the dialogue act components for the concerning use case; and (c) setting the associated expression parameters.We conducted a study with Industrial Design students (N = 13) who followed the ID-method and used our tool to design person- and task-oriented communications for a reception robot. Our method produced distinctive task- and person-oriented dialogue styles, i.e., provided the predicted theory-based multi-modal communicative behaviors. The task-oriented style showed a more formal, shorter and less chatty communication. Overall, there was a rather smooth design convergence process, in which the individual designs were harmonized into the iterative design. For the selected design problem, the ID-tool had a satisfactory usability. Next steps include validation of the communication styles in an empirical study and, subsequently, identification of reusable design patterns.

People will typically develop a communication style that tends to be coherent with their own fundamental personality traits. The current debate on communication style acknowledges the construct of adaptive behavior as an appropriate area where to include both the strictly personal aspects and social learning and cultural assimilation, which translate into communicative style as a specific form of adaptation integrating the behavioral and personality perspectives. Due to the lack of instruments in the Italian psychometric scenario to assess communication styles, the present study included the translation and validation of the Italian short version of the Communication Styles Inventory (CSI-B/I). Methods The CSI-B/I was administered to a sample of 1,044 participants, while the concurrent validity was tested through a second administration to 518 participants along with the MPP (Multidimensional Personality Profile). Results Confirmatory factor analysis bore out a three-factor solution (including 18 items) with good indices of adaptation to data, e.g., χ2/df = 1.251, RMSEA = 0.027, RMSEA 90% CI = 0.008-0.040, GFI = 0.958, AGFI = 0.937, CFI = 0.983 and NFI = 0.922. The CSI-B/I allows to measure three main dimensions of the communication style: impression manipulativeness; emotionality; expressiveness. Internal consistency reliability and significant correlations with the MPP supported the concurrent validity of the tool. Conclusion By virtue of its good psychometric properties, CSI-B/I represents an important addition to the assessment in multiple contexts: companies, institutions, staff selection, individual and group profile analysis, coaching, psychotherapy, counseling, career guidance.

With the emergence of the internet and especially since the development ofweb 2.0, people increasingly communicate in an online environment. Be thatas it may, this research domain has remained underexposed in Tijdschrift voorTaalbeheersing. The current special issue therefore addresses the importanceof linguistic- and discourse-oriented research to explore the role of languagein digital communication. On the one hand, the research papers in this issueinvestigate the influence of digital communication on communication styles.On the other hand, online genres are studied with large-scale corpora and(automatic) methods of analysis. We also highlight other research opportunities,such as whether digital communication changes the language use andproficiency of, for example, children and young people.

As an important tool to influence stakeholders’ perception, leader messages, subsumed under public relations discourse, play an integral role in corporate communication. Drawing on the analysis of linguistic move structure and communication styles employed by researchers, this study adopts a multidimensional framework by using both discourse and quantitative analysis to compare how leaders in Global 500 corporations in China and the United States rely upon specific linguistic features to engage stakeholders in corporate discourse published on their websites. The results show pertinent differences in communication styles, where Chinese corporations tend to be more instrumental, elaborate and competitive while US corporations are more affective, succinct and harmonious. These observations depart from previous findings on interpersonal communication styles in cross-cultural research. This study also extends the boundary of corporate genre analysis by suggesting that the moves adopted in the structure of corporate messages are highly specific to the particular genre.

The papers in this special section address effective communication styles for entrepreneurs.

Background:. The field of Internet-based treatments is expanding. However, little is known about placebo effects in online therapeutic settings. The aim of this study was to test if placebo analgesia could be induced via online communication. Exploratory analyses tested if different communication styles (empathetic/neutral) would influence the placebo effect. Methods:. In this double-blind experiment, 30 healthy participants were randomized to either empathetic or neutral online communication. After completing the online modules, a face-to-face placebo analgesia experiment was performed. An independent experimenter (blinded as to communication type) performed the pain testing and treatment with a sham analgesic device (placebo). Results:. Overall, there was a significant placebo effect, as participants rated the pain lower when the sham analgesic device was turned on, compared to off. An additional control experiment (n = 17) confirmed that pain testing with the sham analgesic device per se, without any prior communication, was not enough to induce placebo effects. Exploratory analyses indicated a significant difference in perception of the online communication between participants randomized to the empathetic and neutral groups because the empathetic group rated the interaction as more positive. Also, there was a significant difference in online compliance. Yet, exploratory analyses did not suggest any difference in placebo pain ratings between the empathetic and neutral communication groups. Conclusion:. The results in this study suggest that placebo effects can be created even when information about an analgesic treatment is delivered online. This is the first indication of a novel research line that investigates placebo effects in online treatment.

Aims Internal referrals represent 60% of admissions to PICU at this Hospital. A recorded telephone line was introduced for internal referrals to PICU in 2012 following a serious incident attributed to miscommunication. A Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendations (SBAR) type proforma is available to referring teams; PICU medics have a similar SBAR proforma. Gold standard for accepting referrals into PICU are completing an SBAR proforma and that the referring team’s consultant is aware of referral. Methods Retrospective re–audit of completed SBAR proformas of all internal non–elective admissions to PICU during January 2018 identified from admissions book. Qualitative review of ten randomly identified recorded phone referrals by ST6 PICU GRID Trainee. Phone questionnaire to all UK PICUs to identify the use of recorded telephone technology and structured referral proformas Results 1. 24 non-elective internal admissions identified. SBAR proforma completed in 16/24 referrals, referring doctor’s consultant aware of referral in 12/24 cases. 2. Findings from recorded telephone referrals: Use of SBAR provides structure. Hierarchy of referral seems upwards to PICU; referrers appear overly differential. Referrers appear threatened when asked for their GMC number and if their consultant is aware of referral. Referrers are not knowledgeable about patients’ non-invasive ventilator settings. Referrals made for high nursing acuity, particularly overnight, have medical symptoms exaggerated. 3. Review of practice across the UK (100% response rate): 16/24 PICUs utilised structured proformas; eight used SBAR, four adapted SBAR Four used audio recordings Eight units had consultant only policy to receive referrals, 4/16 remaining units provided training on this. Conclusions A range of communication styles influenced quality of referrals and advice; use of SBAR ensured desired outcomes. Mixed practice noted nationally, audio recording and training in taking referrals not widely provided but may be useful in improving communication. Changes in progress: Enhanced guidance and training on accepting referrals introduced for PICU medics, and SBAR proforma and guidance notes improved. Guidance notes added to SBAR proforma for referrers, including prompt to inform consultant prior to referral. Recommendations disseminated via Hospital Grand Round. Further re–audit will be undertaken to progress the audit spiral.

Taylor, Santiago, and Hynes provide a much-needed discussion on leadership, diversity, and creating an innovative organizational culture. Original visual graphics and exercises lead the reader through the research on effective leadership, communication styles, and ways to build diversity in organizations. Creative leadership, building an innovative organizational culture, and developing individual readers are featured in the visuals and self-reflection exercises. Relevant, real-world examples are shared throughout the chapter in this practitioner-based research. The original research includes a case study exploring how an innovative tech company finds and retains creative people as well as building successful relationships with customers.

The Five-star Movement owes its success to, among other things, its capacity for breaking political taboos. It has been doing this through the nature of its communication styles, with its tendency to question the basic assumptions underlying the political game itself. The Movement became a party or rather, while remaining a ‘movement-party’ it reinforced the party element. This transformation has led it to break many of its own taboos, to question the traits that had made it distinctive when it first emerged. The need to present itself as a potentially governing actor drove the M5s to redefine the nature of its internal organisation and its relations with the mass media, to revise the substance of its political message and its approach to democracy. Finally, its success at the 2018 elections has since led it to question the ultimate, and potentially the most insidious, taboo: the taboo against the formation of alliances, which was broken in the aftermath of 4 March with the contract for government agreed with the League.

Relations between government and various social entities often present serious challenges in many respects, among which communication is one of the most widespread and frequently neglected, especially when it comes to the sphere of government-to-business (G2B) communication. This paper addresses the issues in G2B interaction that pertain to the sphere of language and appear to be most vulnerable and fraught with possible communication failures. Though business and government discourse domains are regarded as separate, often unparalleled manifestations of language registers with their own established and long-standing traditions of specific usage of syntax, vocabulary, style etc, we argue that it is governmental communicators who are responsible for alleviating communication problems and taking additional language effort to adjust their messages to the rules of clear, concise and coherent business communication. Building on responses of surveyed employees from several firms, we devise a technique which shows in which cases governmental agents should abandon rigidity of communication behavior and succumb to changes in various language aspects. In particular, we propose to identify the so-called perception consistency which works as a benchmark in detecting which genre or/and which language aspect (style, grammar, vocabulary etc.) of governmental messages needs reformulation and readjustment. The paper contributes to a better understanding of multifaceted governmental transformations, an integral part of which is represented by a necessity of change in communication styles in the process of adaptation to constantly changing needs of society.

In today’s digital world, activities that were once private or shared with a group of selected others are open to public scrutiny as we leave our digital footprint when we visit websites and submit information to online services (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015). As a result, advertisers have access to a wide range of data about consumers: demographic data, information on their interests, location, and more (Smit, Van Noort, and Voorveld 2014). Such data is commonly used by advertisers for personalization, which has been defined as the strategic creation, modification, and adaptation of content and distribution to optimize the fit with personal characteristics, interests, preferences, communication styles, and behaviors (Bol et al. 2018).

This study creates a framework for defining the employer brand message to understand an understudied phenomenon: how small companies use humour in online job ads. The originality of the framework is based on three issues. First: categorizing employer brand content into symbolic attributes: staff, applicant and other stakeholder, and instrumental attributes: company and job. Second: categorizing humour, informal and formal as communication styles. Third: investigating the thematic relatedness of communication style to employer brand content attributes to understand using humour in employer brand message. Illustrative empirical findings indicated that a small company focused more on symbolic attributes rather than instrumental attributes in its employer brand content. Humour was used typically when it was thematically related to symbolic attributes: applicant or staff. Humour was used less when it was thematically related to instrumental attributes: company and job. A framework offers new insights for researchers in the conceptualizing of the employer brand message. For marketing practitioners, it offers a method for evaluating and planning a company’s employer brand message.