Search

BACKGROUND: The occurrence of smoking among adolescents keeps increasing. Based on data from the Regional Health Research 2013, the prevalence of child smokers aged 10–18 years old was 7.2–9.1% in 2018. In fact, it exceeds the government’s target to reduce the number of child smokers in 2019 to 5.4%. Cigarette advertising is one of the reasons children are attracted to smoking, and Indonesia ranks first in ASEAN for youth exposure to tobacco advertisement and promotion. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the factors that affect the urge to smoke in adolescents, specifically the influence of friends who smoke and exposure to cigarette advertisements in Sleman, Indonesia. METHODOLOGY: A non-experimental study with a correlation study and a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 318 respondents with a total sampling technique on first-grade junior high school students from three schools. The research instruments used were a questionnaire on exposure to cigarette advertisements, smoker friends, and the intention to smoke. The bivariate analysis used was the chi-square correlation test. RESULTS: Most of the respondents were exposed to cigarette advertisements in the medium category (56.6%), most of the respondents had smoking friends (57.2%), 11% of respondents had the desire to smoke shortly, and 15.1% of respondents had a desire to smoke for an extended period. The correlation test results between exposure to cigarette advertisements and smoking friends and the desire to smoke in the near and long term showed a p-value of

Purpose The association between e-cigarette marketing exposure and youth e-cigarette initiation is not well understood. This study examines whether convenience store access, exposure to retail e-cigarette marketing, and having a favorite e-cigarette ad before e-cigarette use is associated with susceptibility to use and future e-cigarette initiation in a national longitudinal study of youth. Methods A nationally representative longitudinal cohort of youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (12–17 years) was followed up over three waves of annual data collection (2013–2016). Tobacco-naive (wave 1) and e-cigarette-naive (wave 2) youth (n = 6,470) were included. Marketing exposure at wave 2 was examined in association with e-cigarette susceptibility (wave 2) and e-cigarette initiation (wave 3) using adjusted logistic regression models. Analysis occurred in 2019. Results Youth visiting convenience stores at least weekly (vs. never) had 1.51 times the odds of e-cigarette susceptibility (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25, 1.81) and 1.79 times the odds of e-cigarette initiation (95% CI: 1.29, 2.48). Noticing a retail e-cigarette ad (vs. not noticing) was associated with e-cigarette susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.57), but not initiation. Youth reporting a favorite branded e-cigarette ad had greater odds of both susceptibility (AOR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.10, 1.56) and e-cigarette initiation (AOR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.17) compared to youth without a favorite ad. Conclusions Tobacco-naive youth with frequent convenience store access and exposure to e-cigarette marketing were at greater risk of e-cigarette susceptibility and progression to e-cigarette initiation over a 2-year period. Policies to restrict retailer locations and e-cigarette marketing could enhance youth e-cigarette use prevention efforts.

AIMS: To estimate the association of e-cigarette advertisement exposure with e-cigarette and cigarette use behavior among U.S. adults. DESIGN: Data from the 2013–14 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) were linked to Kantar Media and National Consumer Study data to construct measures of e-cigarette advertisements on TV and in magazines. The relationship between advertisement measures and outcomes was estimated using logistic and Poisson regressions, controlling for sociodemographics, state cigarette taxes, and state and year fixed effects. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS/CASES: A total of 98,746 adults ages ≥18 years who responded to the 2013–14 NATS. MEASUREMENTS: The independent variables of interest were the number of e-cigarette advertisements in magazines to which an adult was exposed in the past 6 months and the number of e-cigarette advertisements in TV to which an adult was exposed in the past 6 months. Outcomes were awareness of e-cigarettes, ever e-cigarette use, current e-cigarette use, current cigarette use, and number of cigarettes smoked per month. FINDINGS: Exposure to one additional e-cigarette advertisement on TV was associated with a 0.18 percentage point, 0.13 percentage point and 0.03 percentage point increase, respectively, in awareness, ever use, and current use of e-cigarettes among all adults (p

Background Advertising, promotion and sponsorship of electronic cigarettes (ECAPS) have increased in recent years. Since May 2016, the Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU (TPD2) prohibits ECAPS in various advertising channels, including media that have cross-border effects. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in exposure to ECAPS in a cohort of smokers from six European Union member states after implementation of TPD2. Methods Self-reported exposure to ECAPS overall and in various media and localities was examined over two International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation survey waves (2016 and 2018) in a cohort of 6011 adult smokers from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Spain (EUREST-PLUS Project) using longitudinal generalized estimating equations models. Results Self-reported ECAPS exposure at both timepoints varied between countries and across examined advertising channels. Overall, there was a significant increase in ECAPS exposure [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09–1.44]. Between waves, no consistent patterns of change in ECAPS exposure across countries and different media were observed. Generally, ECAPS exposure tended to decline in some channels regulated by TPD2, particularly on television and radio, while exposure tended to increase in some unregulated channels, such as at points of sale. Conclusions The findings suggest that the TPD2 was generally effective in reducing ECAPS in regulated channels. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to evaluate its role in reducing ECAPS exposure, possibly by triangulation with additional sources of data.

Cigarette consumption occurs throughout the world and is widespread among teenagers. Moreover, the existence of cigarette advertisements as a promotional media that is easily found in various mass media, can provide smoking influences to adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette advertising on adolescent smoking initiation. This study uses a literature review. Google Scholar, Sciene Direct, and Proquest are used to select literature related to the topic to be discussed. The analysis in this study was also assisted with several articles found on the internet. Based on research, the influence of various types of cigarette advertisements in general in various countries can lead to smoking initiation among adolescents. The image in cigarette advertisements makes smokers look attractive. Teenagers who are exposed to cigarette advertisements are more open and have a high curiosity about the use of cigarettes. Some actions need to be taken to reduce cigarette consumption in adolescents, such as providing cigarette education to adolescents, as well as enforcement of strong anti-smoking advertising, promotion and sponsorship policies. So, the teenagers know and understand the harmful effects of using these cigarettes. Keywords: Cigarette advertisement, adolescent health, smoking.

Introduction: Children smokers are big health problem in global especially in Indonesia. The further study is important for investigating about increasing children smokers in Indonesia. Additionally, there are many factors that influence the raising number of children smoking. Aims: This study attempted to explore the relationship between cigarette advertising exposure, their harmful tobacco knowledge and smoking status of sixth grade students. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed in this research. It involved 20 elementary schools in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. It was conducted on January 2019. Additionally, survey questionnaires were administered to 901 sixth grade students to assess their cigarette advertising exposure, harmful tobacco knowledge and smoking status. Next, chi square analytical test was undertaken. Results: It was found that the number of smokers in elementary students in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia was very high (50.8%). There were 69.3% of respondents who had cigarette advertising exposure. Additionally, most of them didn’t have harmful tobacco knowledge (51.6%). Based on the result of chi square analysis, it was found a significant relationship between cigarette advertising exposure to the smoking status of students (p Conclusions: Cigarette advertising exposure and harmful tobacco knowledge were found to be significantly associated to smoking status of sixth grade students in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia.

Background Tobacco advertisements have been banned in Hong Kong, but low intensity e-cigarette (EC) advertising can still be found in various media outlets. We investigated the associations between exposure to EC advertising and susceptibility to EC use in adolescents who had never used cigarettes or ECs, with potential mediation by attitudes towards ECs and the tobacco industry. Methods The School-based Smoking Survey 2016/17 assessed exposure to EC advertising in the past 30 days, attitudes towards ECs and the tobacco industry, susceptibility to EC use, and other covariates. Generalised linear mixed models and multiple mediation analysis methods were used in data analyses. Results Among 7082 students (mean age 14.9 years), 28.8% reported exposure to EC advertising. Exposure was associated with being uncertain about the harm of EC use, being tolerant towards ECs, believing the tobacco industry is respectable, and being susceptible to EC use; the magnitudes of these associations increased with the number of types of advertising exposed (0, 1, and ≥ 2) (all p-values Conclusions Even exposure to low intensity EC advertising was associated with susceptibility to EC use in adolescents who had never used cigarettes or ECs. The association was weakly mediated by tolerant attitudes towards ECs and the tobacco industry. The government should reinforce the regulations on EC advertising to protect adolescent health.

ObjectiveCapsule cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are now readily available in Guatemala. As in most countries, the point-of-sale (POS) remains an important marketing channel for the tobacco industry. Therefore, we sought to characterise the POS marketing of these products in the two largest cities in Guatemala.MethodsConvenience stores were randomly surveyed in mid and high socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods in Guatemala City (n=60) and Quetzaltenango (n=15) in 2019. We adapted a previously implemented checklist to assess the availability of interior advertising of capsule cigarettes, e-cigarettes and HTP. Data entry was done in Kobo toolbox and analysis in STATA.ResultsAll stores sold conventional and flavoured capsule cigarettes, 78% e-cigarettes and 68% HTP. Most cigarette advertising was for capsule cigarettes. E-cigarettes were more likely to be sold in Guatemala City (96%) than in Quetzaltenango (13%). HTPs were only found in Guatemala City (85%), with no difference between high and medium SES neighbourhoods. Median number of ads for cigarettes and capsule cigarettes was higher in the high SES neighbourhood. Most e-cigarettes (83%) and HTP (74%) were found ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of advertising for capsule cigarettes, e-cigarettes and HTP at the POS. The POS, a crucial advertising channel for the tobacco industry, is now being used for new products and therefore needs to be urgently regulated.

Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies have found a link between youth exposure to cigarette marketing and youth initiation of smoking. These decisive research findings led to regulations of cigarette marketing to youth-including no television or radio ads, prohibitions on the use of cartoons, bans on transit and billboard advertisements, and disallowing tobacco brand sponsorships of sporting events or concerts. Similar products that may cause more harm than benefits include alcohol, electronic cigarettes, and opioids. We review the evidence linking problematic use of these products with exposure to marketing and discuss standards for assessing the potential harmfulness of marketing. We next address how public health agencies might apply regulatory principles to these harmful products similar to those applied to cigarette advertising, in the advancement of public health.

Objectives We examined effects of e-cigarette ad messages and visual cues on outcomes related to combustible cigarette smoking cessation: smoking cessation intention, smoking urges, and immediate smoking behavior. Methods US adult smokers (N = 3293) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and randomized to condition in a 3 (message: e-cigarette use anywhere, harm reduction, control) × 2 (e-cigarette cue presence or absence) between-subjects experiment. Stimuli were print ads for cigarette-like e-cigarettes ("cigalikes") that were manipulated for the experimental conditions. We conducted ANOVA and logistic regression analyses to investigate effects of the manipulations. Results Message effects on cessation intention and smoking urges were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of cue effects or message × cue interactions across outcomes. Contrary to expectations, e-cigarette use anywhere and harm reduction messages were associated with lower odds of immediate smoking than the control message (AOREUA = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.58, 0.97, p = .026; AORHR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.55, 0.93, p = .013). Conclusions E-cigarette use anywhere and harm reduction messages may encourage smoking cessation, given the observed reduction in immediate smoking. E-cigarette cues may not influence smoking cessation outcomes. Future studies should investigate whether message effects are a result of smokers believing e-cigarettes to be effective cessation aids.

Cigarette consumption in adolescence is very high and there is a tendency to increase every year. Various programs to reduce the consumption of smoke already done one of them is included advertising the dangers of smoking on cigarette packs. Higher cigarette consumption is in line with the increasing number of cardiovascular diseases The threat of cardiovascular disease was not followed by an increase in public awareness. Public misperceptions about the risk factors of cardiovascular disease is still high. This study aimed to analyze the perception of cigarette advertising, value and awareness of adolescents about the dangers of cardiovascular disease in Jenangan Siman Ponorogo. This type of research with a qualitative approach. Subjects were adolescence in the village Jenangan. Determining Subject purposively. Number of subjects in this study 4 participants. Data was collected by in-depth interview techniques. The results of the study as follows: all participants know the dangers of tobacco consumption such as heart disease, impotence and cancer, the majority of smoke when entered junior high school. Smoking is a major factor causing environmental factors. Subjects teen gave a mixed response to advertisements on cigarette packets, most do not inspire fear. Misperception adolescent to advertisements on cigarette packets will affect the pattern of cigarette consumption and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Redesign of advertising on cigarette packets should be carried out and based on research.

According to recent data extracted from Global Tobacco Atlas (2015), about 66% Indonesian male aged no less than 15 years old are active smokers. It means 2 among 3 Indonesian male are smokers. The number of young smokers arose significantly. Smokers among 15-19 years old has increased 17 % each year, meanwhile, baby smokers among 5-9 years old has multiplied 400 %. These figures implied the rise of health risk among Indonesians. The tobacco industry tries every year to recruit young people to replace those current smokers who are dying or quitting. This youth being targeted by tobacco industry is called ‘replacement smokers’, and is lured to start smoking through the work of advertising and creative marketing strategy. A study carried out by Health Ministry of Indonesia showed that 70% youth were started to smoke after heavily exposed by cigarette advertising. In order to break tobacco advertising spell, a brand jamming strategy based on media literacy approach was conducted toward junior high school pupils. By educating them about advertising-behind-the scene and challenging them to creatively produce a ‘mocking’ version of popular tobacco ads, students now are capable enough to deconstructing the real message behind tobacco ads.

This article explores the background, creation and reception of a prominent cigarette advertising campaign from the early 1960s. The advertisements featured young couples falling in love as they shared Player's Medium cigarettes together. As such, the advertisements reflected the central place of the teenager within post-war British consumer culture. The campaign was built upon the insights of market research, particularly that carried out by Mark Abrams and his research organization Research Services Limited. Historians have played down the significance of Abrams's work, but it is argued here that the studies and reports Abrams produced rendered the teenage consumer knowable in a powerful way. Advertisers and manufacturers now had detailed knowledge about young people's consumption habits and their motivations. Such research helped the British tobacco industry formulate a controversial marketing strategy-the need to 'recruit' young people to the smoking habit-and the People Love Player's campaign was created with this in mind. The representations of love and gender included in the advertisements gave the campaign an emotional pull which was designed to resonate with young people. The advertisements were widely criticized and this drove the British tobacco industry to remove from its advertising appeals which might influence the young, such as love.

Although TV advertising for traditional cigarettes has been banned since 1971, advertising for electronic cigarettes remains unregulated. The effects of e-cigarette ads have been heavily debated, but empirical analysis of the market has been limited. Analyzing both individual and aggregate data, I present descriptive evidence showing that i) e-cigarette advertising reduces demand for traditional cigarettes and ii) individuals treat e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes as substitutes. I then specify a structural model of demand for cigarettes that incorporates addiction and allows for heterogeneity across households. The model enables me to leverage the information content of both data-sets to identify variation in tastes across markets and the state dependence induced on choice by addiction. Using the demand model estimates, I evaluate the impact of a proposed ban on e-cigarette television advertising. I find that in the absence of e-cigarette advertising, demand for traditional cigarettes would increase, suggesting that a ban on e-cigarette advertising may have unintended consequences.

Commercial advertisement aims to convey communication messages that are delivered by the company to potential customers. Advertising is a medium where someone shows something to others, with hope that the other person will do something to fulfill the desire of the message sender. In commercial advertisement, a company does its effort to sale its product by using engaging languages. However, there is a unique thing in the world of cigarette advertising in Indonesia. Government regulations prohibit cigarette manufacturers to promote their products using a direct language in broadcast media. This encourages cigarette manufacturers to do creative things in creating ads. One way is by using pictures, signs, and implied languages. Based on the principles in the theory of speech acts, Austin (1978: 101) distinguished three kinds of speech acts, namely locution, ilocution and perlocution, that occur simultaneously. In this journal, the author will focus on a Cigarette Ad namely Sampoerna Hijau version of "Visiting Invitation", with its tagline "The Pleasure of Togetherness". The analysis on this ad aims to analyze what implied messages actually in this ad, which are more detailed, such as the form of speech acts locution, ilocution and perlocution in advertising. The advertisement "Visiting Invitation" does not seem to have anything to do with Sampoerna Hijau Cigarettes. Thus, it is necessary to do analysis using Semiotics method to find the relationship between the advertisement and the expectation of producer to make the audience buy his product.

Little is known about differences between adolescents&rsquo, and adults&rsquo, exposure to e-cigarette advertising in various media channels, such as retail establishments, print, television, radio, and digital marketing. We examined the exposure to e-cigarette advertising in these channels amongst adolescents (13&ndash, 17), young adults (18&ndash, 25), and older adults (26+). Adolescents (N = 1124), young adults (N = 809), and adults (N = 4186) were recruited through two nationally representative phone surveys from 2014&ndash, 2015. Lifetime e-cigarette advertising exposure was prevalent (84.5%). Overall, older adult males and older adult cigarette smokers reported the highest exposure to e-cigarette advertising (p &lt, 0.001). Television was the largest source of exposure for all age groups. Adolescents and young adults had higher odds than older adults of exposure through television and digital marketing. However, adolescents had lower odds than young adults and older adults of exposure through retailers and print media. Although e-cigarette advertising appears to be reaching the intended audience of adult smokers, vulnerable populations are being exposed at high rates via television and digital marketing. Regulations aimed at curbing exposure through these media channels are needed, as are counter advertising and prevention campaigns.

Calfee and Ringold’s 1992 article “The Cigarette Advertising Controversy: Assumptions about Consumers, Regulation, and Scientific Debate” (Advances in Consumer Research) rejected the prevailing view that advertising is a powerful influence that consumers are ill prepared to resist, discussed the pervasive desire to supplant consumer judgments with those of regulators, and criticized the common substitution of ad hominem attacks for reasoned arguments. In this article, I argue that scientific inquiry in the public interest must begin with a genuine respect for human autonomy, an appreciation of the fallibility of scientists and scientific inquiry, an understanding of consumer competence, and cognizance of both market and regulatory failures. We should explicitly consider the net impact of regulatory means and ends, and judge one another's assumptions, arguments, and evidence on the merits. To do anything less is to diminish the integrity and relevance of scientific research necessary to formulate p...

Licensing and brand sharing arrangements, where a fee or royalty is paid for use of a name, is a common strategic consideration to provide a newly introduced product or service with an immediate and proven brand identity (table 1).1 Serving as such an example, Korean Tomorrow and Global (KT&G), which is South Korea’s leading tobacco firm, launched a new cigarette brand, Tonino Lamborghini, on 18 April 2012, where the branding resembles the legendary Italian luxury sports car maker (figure 1A,B).2 3 According to The Moodie Report , it took 1 year of negotiation to reach a brand licensing agreement and 3 years to develop the cigarette product.4 The cigarette brand was initially offered in two variants, L8 (predominantly black package) and L6 (predominantly yellow package), with reported tar deliveries of 8.0 mg and 6.0 mg, respectively. Compared with KT&G’s other product offerings, Tonino Lamborghini cigarettes have considerably higher reported tar deliveries and such product characteristics contribute to the brand’s masculine, powerful and assertive image.4–8 Tonino Lamborghini now offers additional brand variants, including ‘Ice Volt’ (figure 2), which is mentholated and has promotional claims that the product possesses ‘the thrilling taste of powerful cooling freshness,’ and ‘Ice Tornado,’ which is described as having a strong, fresh and cool flavour and …

Japan is one of the world&rsquo, s largest cigarette markets and the top heated tobacco product (HTP) market. No forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) are banned under national law, although the industry has some voluntary TAPS restrictions. This study examines Japanese tobacco users&rsquo, self-reported exposure to cigarette and HTP marketing through eight channels, as well as their support for TAPS bans. Data are from the 2018 ITC Japan Survey, a cohort survey of adult exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 3288), exclusive HTP users (n = 164), HTP-cigarette dual users (n = 549), and non-users (n = 614). Measures of overall average exposure to the eight channels of cigarette and HTP advertising were constructed to examine differences in exposure across user groups and products. Dual users reported the highest exposure to cigarette and HTP advertising. Tobacco users (those who used cigarettes, HTPs, or both) reported higher average exposure to HTP compared to cigarette advertising, however non-users reported higher average exposure to cigarette compared to HTP advertising. Retail stores where tobacco or HTPs are sold were the most prevalent channel for HTP and cigarette advertising, reported by 30&ndash, 43% of non-users to 66&ndash, 71% of dual users. Non-users reported similar exposure to cigarette advertising via television and newspapers/magazines as cigarette smokers and dual users, however, advertising via websites/social media was lower among non-users and HTP users than among cigarette smokers and dual users (p &lt, 0.05). Most respondents supported a ban on cigarette (54%) and HTP (60%) product displays in stores, and cigarette advertising in stores (58%).

BackgroundTobacco product advertising has been shown to reach youth and promote initiation. This study assessed trends in e-cigarette advertising expenditures in the USA during 2014–2018, overall and by manufacturer and media type.MethodsData came from Kantar Media, which provides information on US advertising expenditures, including for e-cigarettes. Advertising expenditures were estimated as the dollar amount spent by e-cigarette companies to purchase advertising space in print, television, Internet, radio and outdoors. Dollar amounts were adjusted to 2017 dollars. Trends in e-cigarette advertising expenditures during 2014–2018 were analysed using Joinpoint regression overall, by media type, and by manufacturers based on 2017–2018 national sales.ResultsTotal e-cigarette advertising expenditures in print, radio, television, Internet and outdoors decreased substantially from US$133 million in 2014 to US$48 million in 2017, followed by an increase to US$110 million in 2018. By media type, expenditures were highest for print advertising, irrespective of year. By manufacturer, Altria had the highest e-cigarette advertising expenditures, totalling over US$134 million during 2014–2018. Imperial Tobacco had the second highest, totalling over US$85 million during 2014–2018, while JUUL Labs had the highest single-year expenditures, spending over US$73 million in 2018 alone.ConclusionsE-cigarette advertising expenditures have been volatile in the USA, with declines in traditional advertising venues during 2014–2017 that may reflect a shift towards social media. However, an increase occurred in 2018 that is likely reflective of advertising by newer manufacturers. Continued monitoring of e-cigarette advertising is important to inform tobacco control strategies.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertising regulations differ across countries. This study examines how differences in e-cigarette advertising regulations influence exposure to e-cigarette advertising, and perceptions about what participants had seen and read about e-cigarettes. Data come from the ITC Four Country Survey (Canada [CA], United States [US], Australia [AU] and United Kingdom [UK]) carried out between August 2013 and March 2015 (n = 3460). In 2014, AU and CA had laws prohibiting the retail sale of e-cigarettes containing nicotine while the US and UK had no restrictions, although a voluntary agreement restricting advertising in the UK was introduced during fieldwork. Smokers and ex-smokers were asked whether in the last six months they had noticed e-cigarettes advertisements and received free samples/special offers (promotion), and about their perceptions (positive or otherwise) of what they had seen or read about e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed in 2017. US and UK participants were more likely to report that they had noticed e-cigarette advertisements and received promotions compared to CA or AU participants. For TV and radio advertisements, reported exposure was higher in US compared to UK. For all types of advertisements, reported exposure was higher in CA than AU. Overall, nearly half of AU (44.0%) and UK (47.8%) participants perceived everything they had seen and read about e-cigarettes to be positive, with no significant differences between AU and UK. Participants in countries with permissive e-cigarette advertising restrictions and less restrictive e-cigarette regulations were more likely to notice advertisements than participants in countries with more restrictive e-cigarette regulations.

Purpose: To describe the presence of licensed tobacco retailers (LTRs), cigarette advertisements, price-reducing promotions, and compliance with tobacco control policies in New York State from 2004 to 2015 and to discuss implications and lessons learned from 11 years of experience conducting LTR surveys. Design: Annual surveys of tobacco advertising from cross-sectional, stratified random samples of LTRs in New York State from 2004 to 2015 were conducted by professional data collectors. Data for 2013 were unavailable as the survey was not fielded in that year. Setting: New York State. Participants: Licensed tobacco retailers, which are stores licensed to sell tobacco in the state of New York. Between 3.6% (n = 800) and 19.7% (n = 3945) of all LTRs were sampled annually. Measures: The presence and number of cigarette advertisements and the presence of price-reducing promotions, required age-of-sale signage, and self-service tobacco displays were documented. Analysis: We tested for significant differences between 2014 and 2015 and significant trends overall and by outlet type. We used logistic regression for binary outcomes and Poisson regression for count variables. Results: The number of LTRs in New York State decreased 22.9% from 2004 (n = 25 740) to 2015 (n = 19 855). The prevalence and number of cigarette advertisements and the prevalence of cigarette price-reducing promotions decreased significantly over time. Compliance with posting required age-of-sale signs increased significantly from 2004 to 2015 and from 2014 to 2015. Compliance with the ban on self-service tobacco displays was consistently near 100%. Conclusion: The tobacco retail environment in New York State improved substantially from 2004 to 2015. The implications of these findings for youth and adult smoking and the associated social costs are unknown; however, decreases in pro-tobacco marketing, decreases in the number of LTRs, and improvements in compliance are likely to have positive impacts on youth and adult smoking outcomes, such as reduced initiation and increased cessation, given previous research findings.

Background Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship is an important policy domain for tobacco control. There is emerging evidence that e-cigarettes are being marketed to consumers using similar techniques and strategies deployed by the tobacco industry. This study explores the extent to which advertising, promotion and sponsorship restrictions or bans are being applied to e-cigarette products across the globe. Methods National policies regulating e-cigarettes were identified primarily through direct contact with representatives of Ministries of Health or tobacco control experts in approximately 130 countries. Further, media monitoring was used to identify emerging or new e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship policies/legislation, which resulted in direct contact with in-country experts. Copies of written policies were reviewed and policies/approaches were categorized. Finally, policy summaries and classifications were verified by in-country experts including Ministry of Health staff. Results The study identified 79 countries that enacted policies regulating e-cigarettes. Of these, 58 countries had a policy regulating any or all aspects of advertising and/or promotion and/or sponsorship. In many cases restrictions include conforming to specific guidelines on the type of media where advertising may be permitted and locations where it is prohibited. Six countries apply the advertising restrictions only to nicotine-containing e-cigarettes that are regulated as medicines. Twenty countries have a policy restricting or banning sponsorship related to e-cigarettes (nicotine and non-nicotine), including eight countries that specifically prohibit cross-border sponsorship of e-cigarettes. Conclusions The results of this scan determine that advertising and promotion restrictions or bans are included in the majority of countries that are regulating e-cigarette products. Fewer countries regulate the practice of sponsorship. Monitoring the status of e-cigarette legislation will support further research to measure the impact or effect of policies.

Among adolescents, low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with greater exposure to tobacco cigarette advertising and cigarette use. However, associations among SES, e-cigarette advertising and e-cigarette use are not well understood. This study examined exposure to e-cigarette advertisements as a mediator of the relationship between SES and adolescent e-cigarette use. Adolescents (N = 3473; 51% Female) from 8 high schools in Connecticut completed an anonymous survey in Spring 2015. Mediation analysis was used to examine whether the total number of sources of recent e-cigarette advertising exposure (e.g., TV, radio, billboards, magazines, local stores [gas stations, convenience stores], vape shops, mall kiosks, tobacco shops, social media) mediated the association between SES (measured by the Family Affluence Scale) and past-month frequency of e-cigarette use. We clustered for school and controlled for other tobacco product use, age, sex, race/ethnicity and perceived social norms for e-cigarette use in the model. Our sample recently had seen advertisements via 2.1 (SD = 2.8) advertising channels. Mediation was supported (indirect effect: β = 0.01, SE = 0.00, 95% CI [0.001, 0.010], p = 0.02), such that higher SES was associated with greater recent advertising exposure, which, in turn, was associated with greater frequency of e-cigarette use. Our study suggests that regulations to reduce youth exposure to e-cigarette advertisement may be especially relevant to higher SES youth. Future research should examine these associations longitudinally and evaluate which types of advertisements target different SES groups.

Objetivo. Describir a la población adulta en relación con la percepción de la publicidad de cigarrillos en los puntos de venta, según el estado de consumo de tabaco y características sociodemográficas como sexo, edad, raza/color, región, ubicación del hogar y escolaridad. Material y métodos. Se realizó un análisis multivariado con los datos de la Encuesta Global de Tabaquismo en Adultos de 2008 y la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de 2013. Resultados. Ambas encuestas mostraron que entre los no fumadores: las mujeres, los adultos jóvenes y los que tenían más de 10 años de escolaridad notaron con más frecuencia la publicidad de cigarrillos en puntos de venta. También se observó que estas proporciones aumentaron significativamente entre la población con menos años de escolaridad. Conclusión. Una política que prohíba completamente la publicidad de cigarrillos sería más efectiva para proteger a los grupos vulnerables del consumo de tabaco.

The history of marketing thought reflects a concept or a set of concepts (usually called approaches, subdisciplines, or schools of thought) that have been discussed over time, usually by many researchers, to describe ideas (e.g., the ‘marketing concept’, the ‘institutional or commodity approach to marketing’, ‘marketing management’ or the ‘marketing systems school of thought’); whereas the history of marketing practice describes the actual phenomena, experiences or events that have occurred over time (e.g., the history of cigarette advertising, the development of department stores, individual companies, branding and advertising activities, and so on) (Shaw, 2011, p. 492).

Objective To assess whether crowdsourcing is a viable option for conducting surveillance of point of sale (POS) tobacco marketing practices. Methods We posted jobs to an online crowdsourcing platform to audit 194 Florida licensed tobacco retailers over a 3-week period. During the same period, trained data collectors conducted audits at the same retail locations. Data were collected on cigarette advertising, cigarette promotions and product availability (electronic cigarettes, snus and dissolvables). We compared data collected by crowdsourced workers and trained staff and computed frequencies, percent agreement and inter-rater reliability. Photographs of e-cigarettes and exterior cigarette advertisements submitted by crowdsourced workers were used to validate responses. Results Inter-rater reliability between crowdsourced and trained data collectors was moderate to high for coding exterior cigarette advertisements, product availability and some tobacco promotions, but poor to fair when coding presence of sales and interior cigarette advertisements. Photos submitted by crowdsourced workers confirmed e-cigarette availability that was missed by trained data collectors in three stores. Conclusions Crowdsourcing may be a promising form of data collection for some POS tobacco measures. Future studies should examine the cost-effectiveness of crowdsourcing compared with traditional trained data collectors and assess which POS measures are most amenable to crowdsourcing.

Respondents(N = 224)read1of 4scenarios:aheavysmoker,amoderatesmoker,an occasionalsmoker,oranonsmokerdiagnosedwithlungcancer.Resultsshowedthat smokers with lung cancer received more blame than did nonsmokers. Nonsmokers assigned more blame to tobacco companies and cigarette advertising and made more negative attributions about lung cancer victims. Respondents high in smoking-cessation efficacy assigned more blame and negative attributions to lung cancer victims. This study suggests that lung cancer is stigmatized because of the widelyheldbelief thatitispreventable.Interventionsmustencouragesmokerstobe vigilant about their lung health, to know the symptoms of lung cancer, and to see their doctor immediately if they experience lung problems.

Background Guatemala, a party to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), is obliged to promote the wider availability of smoking cessation treatment and to restrict tobacco advertising. Pharmacies are fundamental in providing smoking cessation medications but also might increase the availability of cigarettes. Purpose To assess availability of cessation medications and cigarettes and their corresponding advertising in Guatemala pharmacies. Methods In Guatemala City a representative sample was selected from a list of registered pharmacies classified by type (non-profit, chain, independent). In addition, all pharmacies in the neighbouring town of Antigua were included for comparison. Trained surveyors used a checklist to characterise each pharmacy with respect to availability and advertising of cessation medications and cigarettes. Results A total of 505 pharmacies were evaluated. Cessation medications were available in 115 (22.8%), while cigarettes were available in 29 (5.7%) pharmacies. When available, medications were advertised in 1.7% (2) and cigarettes in 72.4% (21) of pharmacies. Chain pharmacies were significantly more likely to sell cessation medications and cigarettes, and to advertise cigarettes than were non-profit and independent pharmacies. Conclusion Most pharmacies in Guatemala do not stock cessation medications or cigarettes. Cigarette advertising was more prevalent than advertising for cessation medications. FCTC provisions have not been implemented in Guatemala pharmacies.

The tobacco industry promotes friendly “experts” and uses public relations tactics to produce uncertainty around research results that threaten it. This inhibits public policies responsive to these research findings. These tactics, long used against medical science, are now being used to counter the studies challenging to the myth that cigarette advertising is of no import. The numerous weaknesses of the industry-advanced argument are discussed, drawing particularly on the literature of consumer behavior, marketing, and advertising. The vast preponderance of evidence indicates that cigarette advertising plays a meaningful role in influencing the perceptions, attitudes, and smoking behavior of youth. Denials of these effects, without brand new and compelling evidence, are highly suspect.

A survey of 1136 Victorian adults in June, 1987 showed high awareness of government involvement in anti-smoking campaigns and a big majority(79%) who favoured maintaining the campaigns or making them tougher. Nearly half would unconditionally approve an increase in tobacco tax of 50 cents per packet and if the revenue raised were to be hypothecated to programs such as health education, medical research and funding sport and the arts, the approval for a tobacco tax increase rose to 84 per cent. Sixty-three per cent approved a ban on cigarette advertising and 37 per cent a ban on sponsorship of sport by tobacco companies. Providing the government replaced cigarette sponsorship money with funds raised through tobacco taxes, a further 20 per cent would approve a ban on tobacco sponsorship of sport, making the total approval for the measure 57 per cent.

Given that “sin” products must navigate different regulatory environments, it is important to compare cigarette advertising across cultures. Using text analysis, this study examined the message strategies and the ideological beliefs in cigarette advertising in American and Ukrainian magazines within the context of their different regulatory environments. The messages across the two countries differed in their use of creative appeals to ego, social needs, and sensory pleasure as well as their adherence to regulation. Many of the Ukrainian campaigns were reminiscent of earlier American campaigns and offer unique comparisons of cultures that are at different places historically, economically, and ideologically.

In 2000, cigarette advertising was banned from the Brazilian media [LEI N° 10.167, de 27 de dezembro de dezembro. (2000). http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Leis/L10167.htm ]. Nevertheless, not enough surveys have been carried out to measure the impact of the prohibition. The objective of the present survey was to compare the use of tobacco by primary and secondary school students in 1997 and 2004, that is, before and after the ban on tobacco advertising in Brazil. Two surveys were conducted (in 1997 and 2004) using the same methodology, with a target population of primary (from the fifth grade on) and secondary public schools in ten different Brazilian capitals. The sampling was done by conglomerates, stratified, and obtained in two stages. In total, 15,501 students were surveyed in 1997, and 21,712 in 2004. The questionnaire was adapted from an instrument developed by WHO, anonymous, self-administered, and applied collectively in the classroom. In a comparison of the two surveys (1997 and 2004) tobacco lifetime use (used any psychotropic drug at least once in their life) decreased significantly in seven out of ten capitals surveyed. The 11–12 year old age group experienced the largest decrease in tobacco lifetime use. There was a decrease in lifetime use for males in nine capitals, and in eight capitals for females. A decrease was also observed in heavy tobacco use also in eight capitals. In conclusion there was a significant decrease in tobacco consumption among the surveyed students, suggesting that the decrease is related to changes in public policy in Brazil over the surveyed period.

The FDA is considering using its regulatory authority over the tobacco industry to promote public health by restricting the advertising of menthol cigarettes. In this paper we contribute new empirical evidence on the effects of magazine advertisements for menthol cigarettes on cigarette demand. Unlike previous research on cigarette advertising and demand, we use individual-level data and a measure of advertising exposure based on each consumer’s magazine-reading habits. These data allow us to control for individual heterogeneity that influences both advertising exposure and cigarette demand. We exploit quasi-experimental variation in advertising exposure in the 2000s created by sharply different supply-side variation in menthol and non-menthol advertising. We examine the importance of controlling for heterogeneity by estimating simple models relating advertising exposure to behavior and then adding specifications that take advantage of the richness of our individual-level data. We examine advertising effects on multiple margins of cigarette demand. Our empirical results do not provide any evidence that menthol advertising in magazines affects cigarette demand at various margins: the probability of menthol use; smoking participation; the number of cigarettes smoked per day; the probability of a past-year quit attempt; and anti-smoking attitudes among teens.

In early 2014, the nation's largest cigarette maker, Altria1 (formerly Phillip Morris Companies) announced the national launch of their MarkTen e-cigarette. Nu Mark, an Altria company, is behind the design and marketing of the brand.2 Altria is the last major tobacco company to join the estimated $2 billion market for e-cigarettes,3 following Lorillard's acquisition of the blu e-cigarette brand in 20124 and RJ Reynold's introduction of Vuse5 in 2013. Using Competitrack, an advertising service that systematically collects data related to all top market US advertisements, we reviewed e-cigarette advertising expenditures for the year 2014 and examined the top two highest spending brands for the year (MarkTen and blu). Competitrak monitors advertising over 22 media sources, including network TV, national newspapers, cinema, radio and online, and includes advertisements and associated metadata of the media channel, channel-specific details and estimated expenditures for placement of ads.6–9 For online advertisements, Competitrack monitors …

In two studies, adolescents and adults were shown a series of cigarette advertisements and asked to respond to a variety of questions concerning aspects of the Cigarette Advertising and Promotion Code, specifically, their perceptions of the ages of the models in the ads and of whether the ads depicted smoking as essential to sexual attraction or essential to success. For many of the ads, especially ads for brands most popular among youth, a majority of the participants perceived the models to be less than 25 years old. A majority also perceived many of the ads to depict smoking as essential to sexual attraction or essential to success. Thus, despite their public pledge, the tobacco companies routinely violate a variety of aspects of the Cigarette Advertising and Promotion Code.

Objective: Recently, the tobacco industry has focused marketing efforts on young adults through bar and club promotions, such as advertising and distribution of free cigarettes in these settings. This study estimates the fraction of the California young adult population that might be exposed and potentially influenced by these efforts. Design and participants: Data were from 9364 young adult (18-29 years) respondents to the cross sectional population based 2002 California Tobacco Survey. As background, we analysed social smoking (only smoke with other smokers), and enjoyment of smoking while drinking. Our main focus was on bar and club attendance, what was observed in bars and clubs, and how this might differ according to respondents' risk for future smoking. Results: Social smokers comprised 30.0 (2.2)% of all current smokers, including experimenters. Nearly three quarters (74.5 (2.3)%) of current smokers/experimenters said they enjoyed smoking while drinking. About one third (33.8 (1.2)%) of all young adults said they attended bars and clubs at least sometimes; attendance was significantly higher among smokers and those at risk for future smoking. Close to 60% (57.9 (2.2)%) of bar and club attenders reported seeing cigarette advertising and promotions in these settings. Again, smokers and those at risk were more likely to report seeing such advertising and promotions in these settings. Conclusions: About 20% of all young adults and about 30% of those at risk for future smoking (including current smokers) were exposed to tobacco advertising and promotions in bars and clubs. These California results may be conservative, but nonetheless indicate that the group potentially influenced is sizable.

Background: Cross-sectional studies provide empirical support for associations between advertising and adolescent smoking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between Spanish adolescent smoking behaviour and prior awareness of cigarette advertisements on billboards, using a prospective design. Methods: 3,664 Spanish children aged 13 and 14 years filled in self-completion questionnaires at baseline, and 6, 12, and 18 months later (cohort study). Slides of three advertisements were projected at baseline. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to detect possible association between number of identified tobacco advertisements brands at baseline and smoking status along time, controlling ASE Model smoking determinants, smoking prevention interventions, age, gender and socio-economic status. Results: The more advertisements identified at baseline, the greater was the risk of being a smoker (p

The 2002 trial that assessed the constitutionality of Canada's Tobacco Act involved new evidence of industry tactics in the 1990s, including the use of lifestyle advertising of sponsorships and the marketing of a new product that was falsely claimed to be “less irritating.” The author provides highlights from the legislative background, the document production, the trial testimony, and the judge's decision.

BACKGROUND Compared with northern Europe and the U.S., the widespread initiation of cigarette smoking began 20–40 years later among young women in Spain because of strong cultural prohibitions against female smoking. In this study, the authors examined the correlation between the rapid increase in female smoking prevalence and tobacco industry cigarette marketing practices in Spain during a period of rapid social liberalization. METHODS The authors examined age-specific, period-specific, and birth cohort-specific increases in cigarette smoking among young women in Spain in relation to internal documents from Philip Morris beginning in 1971, cigarette advertising from 1982 to 1997, and the increase in the market share of blond tobacco and “light” cigarettes preferred by women. RESULTS Some increase in cigarette smoking occurred among Spanish women before 1970, but the increase was substantially smaller and occurred later than in many Western countries. However, after 1970, the prevalence of cigarette smoking increased rapidly in Spanish women of all ages < 50 years. The rapid increase in female smoking coincided with massive increases in television advertising, especially to women, and increases in the market share of blond tobacco, “light cigarettes,” and international tobacco brands. CONCLUSIONS The increase in cigarette smoking among young Spanish women illustrates how aggressive marketing can exploit periods of social liberalization and rapidly increase cigarette smoking among women, even in countries in which female smoking traditionally has been unacceptable. Strategies are needed to prevent similar increases in smoking by women elsewhere. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.

Cigarette smoking is a vicious cycle. Each year a new generation of children experiments with smoking. In many societies, half of them will become addicted, most destined to smoke for decades thereafter until either they manage to quit or death ends their struggle to do so. The glamorous, seductive, and youthful images of cigarette advertising copy—the ruggedly handsome cowboy pulling on his cigarette, the sexy and impossibly lean female toying with hers—give way over time to the harsh reality of wizened faces and tar coated lungs that gasp urgently for breath. Smoking kills one of every two life long smokers. The unlucky half loses an average of 15 years of life compared with people who never smoke. Their children or grandchildren become their replacement smokers. The cycle repeats itself again and again, year after year. The fraction of young people who begin to smoke is not constant year to year, however. In the USA, 38.8% of high school seniors had smoked within a month of being surveyed in 1976. That figure fell gradually to a low of 27.8% in 1992 and then rose, rapidly, to 36.5% five years later in 1997. A mere five years thereafter—in 2002—the percentage of monthly smokers had fallen to 26.7%, the lowest figure ever recorded in the 27 year history of the survey. Among their younger schoolmates, the proportionate changes during the 1990s were even more dramatic: 20.8% of 10th graders were monthly smokers in 1991, a figure that jumped to 30.4% in 1996 and then plunged to 17.7% in 2002. Among eighth graders, the comparable figures were 14.3% in 1991, 21.0% in 1996, and 10.7% in 2002.1 What is it that caused the proportion of high school seniors smoking to rise by almost a third from 1992 to 1997 and then to drop …

Focused on the liberalization of Asian cigarette markets (Japan, Taiwan, Korea, and Thailand), this paper aims to provide an historical analysis of this process driven by the US government and US cigarette companies, and discusses changes in cigarette advertising and promotional environments as a result of market liberalization. Specifically, this paper addresses three major areas: first, it discusses the process and development of cigarette market opening of three Asian countries Japan, Taiwan, and Korea) and the role of the US government in this process. Second, it examines the outcome of this liberalization, including major marketing strategies employed by US cigarette companies in those markets. Third, by comparing Thailand's market opening process separately with three other markets, this paper discusses what other countries can do with the global public health community to protect public health in terms of the regulation of cigarette advertising and marketing activities.

This paper, entitled ‘The development of cigarette advertising design in Java in 1930 – 1970s’, discusses the transformation of cigarette advertising design. It also discusses the influence of colonial and post-colonial political regimes and the modernization in cigarette advertising visualization between 1930 – 1970s. Research is focused on observation of advertising elements, such as headline, body-copy, illustration, and the art of appearance. These were obtained from the primary sources, such as newspapers, which were published during the period. Secondary sources were also used, for example, relevant books. Based on observation and analysis of cigarette advertisements, it is obvious that the creativity in cigarette advertising design continued to grow, and visual transformation from manual illustration to photo technology occured in the period under study. In addition, there were representations of symbols in cigarette advertising design because of the influence of colonial and post-colonial political regimes and because of the process of modernization.