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In this work, five types of combed cotton spun yarn, selected from tex 7.38, 5.95, and 4.22, with a twist factor ∝ t = 4300 (tex system), were manufactured via alternative spinning methods (ring and compact). These yarns were processed from Egyptian extra-long staple cotton: G45, G93, G88, G92, and Pc (a) (a promising crossed type). In addition, yarn of tex 7.38 (compact) was produced from long staple cottons G86 and Pc (b) (another promising crossed type). The other two yarns from the five type of yarns selected from tex 15 and 20, ∝ t = 3600 , were spun combed and carded ring only via using Egyptian cotton (medium long staple), G80, G90, and Pc (a) (a promising crossed type). Each yarn tex was processed from any of the latest types of Egyptian cotton, using experimental methods of measurement, which are different from the usual methods used. Yarn diameter was calculated using the Pierce formula. Yarn circular cross-section area (CSA) was determined and consequently the yarn breaking strength in mega Pascal [Mpa] was counted. Also, the toughness of each yarn was estimated. All these calculated values, for the different yarns, made from upgraded Egyptian cotton, were tabulated, sampled, graphed, and analyzed. The range of the yarns’ breaking strength was found to be from 244 (G45) to 231 (Pc(a)), their breaking extension changes were from 5.41% (G45) to 4.68% (Pc(a)). Consequently, their toughness varied from 6.6 Mpa (G45) to 5.41 Mpa (Pc(a)). Textile materials are part of material science, which uses engineering units to address the global market. This improves market tolerance of new products suitable for the inherent properties expressed in engineering units. These engineering units help the global spread of these new products, where they are applicable and practically reliable. To make the Egyptian cotton industry more known globally, there are several methods; one of them is the use of engineering units to facilitate its use and application. Therefore, the present work will participate partially in spreading our textile industry to the global market.

Steel wire ropes have established as transmission, connection and safety elements in transporters such as cranes and elevators, due to their high breaking strength and operational safety as well as out of many years of experience. However, steel wire ropes have disadvantages such as high dead weight, high bending stiffness and sensitivity to corrosion. Increasing requirements on the energy-efficient and resource-saving operation of technical systems demand new materials, technologies and processes. As a result, textile machine elements like HM-HT fibre ropes (high modulus, high tenacity) come into focus of considerations. The aim of the research is to expand the level of knowledge with regard to the state of wear and aging. Another aim is to find out the influencing factors on the lifetime, discard criteria of high-strength fibre ropes and to derive methods for lifetime detection.

Introduction: Allogeneic cortical bone plates (CP) are used for alveolar ridge augmentation. Since CP are freeze-dried and dehydrated during processing, the breaking strength (BS) and the flexibility (FX) are reduced, resulting in a relevant risk for plate fractures during insertion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rehydration time on the biomechanical properties (BS & FX) of CP in-vitro and in vivo.Material and Methods: 40 CP were randomly divided into four experimental groups. (A) untreated control (n = 10), rehydration for 10 (B), 30 (C) and 60 (D) minutes in 0.9% saline solution (n = 10 each). BS [Newton, N] and FX [mm] (force till fracture and distance of deflection to the breaking point) were analyzed. Besides, architectural features of all CP groups were visualized and examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the frequency of CP fractures of rehydrated- vs. non-rehydrated CP was retrospectively analyzed in 6 patients.Results: Compared to the control group, significantly increased BS and FX were demonstrated after 10, 30 and 60 minutes of rehydration (p each ≤ 0.035). After a rehydration time of 10 minutes, no additional increase of BS and FX was seen when compared to30 and 60 minutes (p each = 1.0). SEM scans demonstrated that the CP fracture characteristics were influenced by the different rehydration protocols. The frequency of CP fractures was reduced in patients by CP rehydration.Conclusion: The biomechanical properties of CP can be significantly improved by 10 min of rehydration, resulting in an increased BS and FX, that might be clinically relevant.

The softening has enormous importance in the textile finishing process, and a great majority of the fabrics (white or colored) leave the textile mill by including softener agents. The macro and micro particle sized silicone softeners have been common usage within the softeners, recently. Though, generally the micro and macro silicone softeners use individually, their mixtures are sometimes suggested to use in some processes (such as wrinkle recovery). In view of that fact, in this study, it was investigated that how to effect of the mechanic and physical performances of the fabric samples when different ratios of the micro and macro silicone softeners are used. For this purpose, the application solutions including micro and macro silicone softeners at the different ratios were applied to the 50% cotton-50% polyester woven fabrics with padding method. After applications, the performance properties of the fabric samples were investigated through bending rigidity, stiffness, tearing strength, and breaking strength. Besides, the CIELab color values, as well as the whiteness values of the samples were also measured. The one-way variance analysis was carried out to the obtained results in order to research statistically the significance of the different ratios on the performance values.

Мета. Аналіз світлостійкості пофарбувань та субстрату білизняного бавовняноготрикотажу обробленого антимікробними тіосульфонатними обробними препаратамиЕТС, МТС і АТС.Методика. При дослідженнях використовували передбачені діючими державнимистандартами методи, які дозволяють визначити світлостійкість забарвлень (колірнийтон, світлість, насиченість, загальний колірний контраст) та розривальніхарактеристики бавовняних білизняних трикотажних полотен, що досліджуються. Дляоцінки світлостійкості пофарбувань, яке проводилось у лабораторії ДП «Хімтекст» (м.Херсон), використано спектрофотометр Premier Colorscan Colorlab (Spectro:5100) згідноз вимогами ДСТУ ГОСТ ІСО 105 – 701:2000 з використанням розрахункових формулсистеми CIELxaxbx.Результати. Вивчено можливість та обґрунтована доцільність використання увітчизняному текстильному та трикотажному виробництвах тіосульфонатних обробнихпрепаратів ЕТС, МТС і АТС для антимікробного оброблення бавовняних білизняних трикотажних полотен літнього асортименту з метою їх ефективного захисту відбіодеструкції целюлозоруйнуючими патогенними та ґрунтовими мікроорганізмами.Встановлено, що в процесі антимікробного оброблення бавовняних трикотажних полотенпрепаратами ЕТС, МТС і АТС не спостерігається помітних змін їх механічнихвластивостей (розривальне навантаження), що може погіршити зносостійкість тагігієнічні показники названих полотен в процесі експлуатації виробів із них. Не виявленонегативного впливу оброблення препаратами ЕТС, МТС і АТС на зміну колірниххарактеристик (світлості, насиченості, колірного тону і загального колірного контрасту)і світлостійкості пофарбувань досліджуваних трикотажних полотен кубовимибарвниками.Основною перевагою тіосульфонатних обробних препаратів є те, що їхвикористання гарантує одночасне досягнення на трикотажних бавовняних білизняних іодягових полотнах високої атмосферостійкості без погіршення їх механічнихвластивостей.Наукова новизна. В результаті проведених досліджень, встановлено, щотіосульфонатні антимікробні препарати ЕТС, МТС і АТС здатні ефективно захищатибавовняні білизняні трикотажні полотна літнього асортименту від тривалої дії сонячноїрадіації.Практична значимість. Встановлено, що обрані нами тіосульфонатні препаратиЕТС, МТС і АТС придатні не тільки для ефективного захисту від мікробіологічноїдеструкції, але й від тривалої дії світлопогоди бавовняних трикотажних полотенлітнього асортименту (робочого одягу, спортивної білизни). Purpose. The purpose of this work is to introduce the new types of antimicrobialpreparations to the cellulose production to provide at the same time bio-resistance, weatherresistance and environmental safety to cotton, polyester, multi-component materials. The mostdemanded creation is producing similar materials for the products of linen assortment, which aredirectly in contact with the skin, safe for human health and environment. Products from suchmaterials can be used both at home and in medical institutions, in the food industry, in trains oflong-distance trafficking, in the army, etc.A lot of attention all over the world is paid for the development of various methods forobtaining and studying the properties of materials with antiseptic attributes. However, despite thelarge amount of work in this area, many issues are still far from their solution. In particular, the actual task is to create environmentally friendly textile materials and knitted cloths withantimicrobial properties, which are stored in wet treatments, washing, light exposure, that isnecessary in using underwear in real conditions. The problems associated with reducing the costto obtain such materials are equally important. Therefore, the purpose of our research is toanalyze the light-fastness of paints and the substrate of linen cotton knitted fabrics treated withantimicrobial thiosulfonate preparations of ETS, MTS and ATS.Method. The methods provided in applicable state standards that determine the lightnessof colors (color tone, lightness, saturation, overall color contrast) and the breakingcharacteristics of the cotton linen fabrics were used in the studies.Results. The possibility and feasibility of using thiosulonate preparations including ETS,MTS and ATS in the domestic textile and knitwear production for antimicrobial treatment ofcotton linen knitted cloths of the summer range for the purpose of their effective protectionagainst biodestruction by cellulose-destroying pathogenic and soil microorganisms aresubstantiated.In the process of antimicrobial treatment of the studied cotton knitted fabrics by ETS, MTSand ATS preparations, no noticeable changes in their mechanical (breaking strength) propertiesare observed, which may worsen the wear resistance and hygienic performance of these fabricsduring the operation of products from them.No negative influence of treatment with ETS, MTS and ATS preparations on the change ofcolor characteristics (lightness, saturation, color tone and general color contrast) and lightstability of coloring of studied knitted fabrics by cubic dyes was found.The main advantage of thiosulfonate treatments is that their use guarantees simultaneousachievement on knitted cotton linen and clothing cloths of high atmospheric resistance withoutdegradation of their mechanical properties.Scientific novelty. As a result of the research, thiosulfonate antimicrobial preparationsincluding ETS, MTS and ATS are found to able to effectively protect the cotton linen knitted linenof the summer range from prolonged exposure to solar radiation.Practical significance. The thiosulfonate preparations chosen by us, such as ETS, MTSand ATS, are revealed to suitable not only for effective protection against microbiologicaldestruction, but also from the long-lasting effect of light clothing of cotton knitted linen of summerassortment (working clothes, sportswear).

Our study intends to delay the onset of rigor mortis and prolong the freshness by damaging the spinal cord of the olive flounder. The initial pH of nondamaged and damaged meat of the spinal cord was 7.07±0.05 and 7.10±0.12, respectively, but the pH at 20 hours postmortem dropped to 6.11±0.04 and 6.52±0.08, respectively. The initial TVB-N contents of the olive flounder meat with and without spinal cord damage were 2.0±0.1 and 2.5±0.3 mg/100 g, respectively. TVB-N contents at 20 hours postmortem were 10.4±0.6 mg/100 g in nondamaged meat and 8.4±0.8 mg/100 g in damaged meat. In the initial hour postmortem, the contents of APT in the meat were 5.80 and 5.65 mg/100 g in the control and spinal cord-damaged sample, but their contents decreased to 3.02 and 4.12 mg/100 g at 20 hours postmortem, respectively. The K-value of the control of the initial postmortem time was 0.5, but it increased to 16.8 at 20 hours postmortem. However, the K-value of the spinal cord-damaged samples increased from 0.6 to 9.6 during the postmortem time. The rigor mortis of the control started at 6 hours after death, and the rigor index rapidly increased to reach the maximum of 90.0% at 20 hours postmortem. In the spinal cord-damaged samples, the onset of rigor mortis was 12 hours postmortem, and the rigor index reached 74.3% at 20 hours postmortem. The breaking strength in meat without spinal cord damage reached its maximum value at 4 hours postmortem and sharply decreased until the end of the experiment. However, the breaking strength in meat with spinal cord damage recorded a maximum value at 8 hours postmortem, and its value was somewhat lower than that without spinal cord damage. Our results indicated that the freshness of the spinal cord-damaged sample extended approximately 4-8 hours beyond that of the nondamaged control.

Bu calismanin amaci, iki genotip (yavas ve hizli gelisen) ve uc barinak sisteminin (derin altlik, plastik izgara ve serbest dolasim) etlik piliclerin bazi kemik biyomekanik ozellikleri uzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek ve genotip ve barinak sistemleri arasinda etkilesimi degerlendirmektir. Iki farkli genotipe ait etlik pilicler uc farkli barinma sisteminde yetistirildi. Hem yavas gelisen hem de hizli gelisen genotipe sahip etlik piliclerde her bir konut sisteminden 15 kemik olacak sekilde rastgele secildi ve deney toplam 90 kemik uzerinde gerceklestirildi. Kemik ozellikleri ve biyomekanik karakterlerinin belirlenmesi icin sag bacaklardan elde edilen tibiotarsuslar kullanildi ve sonra bu kemikler tartilarak, kortikal alan ve uc nokta egme testine tabi tutuldu. Hem canli agirlik hem de karkas agirligi, genotip ve konut sistemlerinden istatistiksel olarak etkilenmistir. Kemik agirligi, kortikal alan, kirilma mukavemeti, egilme gerilimi ve bukulme acisindan genotip ve barinma sistemleri arasinda herhangi bir etkilesim bulunamadi. Ayrica, barinma sisteminin istatistiksel olarak bu parametreler uzerinde herhangi bir etkisinin olmadigi gozlendi. Yavas gelisen etlik piliclerin daha dusuk egilme gerilimi sahipken, hizli gelisenlerin belirgin sekilde daha yuksek kemik agirligi, kemik kortikal alani ve kirilma mukavemeti degerlerine sahip oldugu gozlendi. Ne genotipin ne de barinma sisteminin bukulme uzerine herhangi bir etkisi bulunamadi. Sonuc olarak, kemik geometrisi ve biyomekanik ozellikler, barinma sistemlerinden degil, genotipten etkilenmistir. Hizli gelisen etlik pilicler, yavas gelisenlerden daha iyi kemik morfolojisine ve daha guclu kemiklere sahip oldugu gozlendi. Bu nedenle hizli gelisen genotip, etlik piliclerde kemik gelisimi ve mekanik ozellikleri uzerinde olumlu etkiler saglayabilir.

Background Anastomotic tension has repeatedly been associated with anastomotic leakages after esophagectomy for cancer or esophageal atresia repair. We therefore aimed to determine which anastomotic technique would come as close as possible to the native esophagus in sustaining traction forces. Constant traction for several minutes at esophageal remnants and large suture bites are also considered relevant in long-gap esophageal atresia repair. Methods Porcine esophagi were subjected to linear traction using a motorized horizontal test stand. We compared breaking strengths of native esophagi to simple continuous, simple interrupted, stapled, and barbed suture anastomoses. We also investigated the effects of suture bite length and phases of constant traction on breaking strengths and powered all experiments to at least 80% using exploratory investigations (n = 5 per group). Results Continuous suture anastomoses had a breaking strength comparable to native esophagi (Δ = −5.25 Newton, 95% confidence interval: −10.69 to 0.19 Newton, p = 0.058) and outperformed all other investigated anastomoses (Δ ≥14.01 Newton, p ≤ 0.02). Breaking strength correlated with suture bite length (R = 0.905) and predicted breaking strength for the simple stitch (adjusted R2 = 0.812, p Conclusions Only simple continuous anastomoses achieved the linear breaking strength of native tissue. Our study provides important insights in tolerance to traction forces, but its results have to be corroborated in living animals as anastomotic leakages are multifactorial processes.

Delayed primary repair is still the method of choice in the management of long-gap oesophageal atresia in many centres, but the timing of anastomoses varies. Some assume the infant's bodyweight to be an important factor, whereas others prefer age. We therefore aimed to clarify whether age or bodyweight determined oesophageal length in a rodent model.We explanted the oesophagi of 20 Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 15 to 444 days (n = two per time point), measured bodyweight, oesophageal length, weight, and linear breaking strength to measure tissue resilience. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine the influence of age and bodyweight on oesophageal length and linear breaking strength.All parameters were highly correlated (R 0.8), except for age and linear breaking strength (R = 0.65). Both age and bodyweight were univariate significant predictors of oesophageal length, weight, and linear breaking strength (p 0.0001). Multivariate analyses showed bodyweight to be a significant predictor of oesophageal length (p 0.0001), whereas age was not (p = 0.18) [adjusted ROnly weight determines oesophageal length and tissue resilience in rodents, whereas age is irrelevant. If a similar relationship exists in humans, it may facilitate choosing the optimum time point for delayed primary anastomosis.IV - Experimental Paper.

Proficiency-based knot-tying curricula have been developed for square knots for medical students, but, to our knowledge, no such curriculum exists for the reverse half hitch alternating-post (RHAP) knot. We aimed to compare medical students' knot-tying proficiency, knot-tying self-confidence and final knot characteristics for RHAP and square knots in a simulated deep body cavity.We performed a within-subject prospective crossover study of novice medical students who received 30 minutes of training in tying both RHAP and square knots. Participant performance was assessed via a knot-tying checklist, and knot configuration, tensile strength, tightness (loop circumference) and mechanism of failure were also assessed. Participants' self-reported confidence in knot tying was captured.Twenty-one students participated in the study. Mean scores on the knot-tying checklist were significantly higher for RHAP knots than for square knots (6.9 [standard deviation (SD) 2.1] v. 5.2 [SD 2.3],Novice medical students were more proficient in tying RHAP knots than square knots in a simulated deep body cavity. Students were able to construct RHAP knots more securely and reported increased confidence in tying RHAP knots at depth compared to square knots.Des programmes d'enseignement fondés sur la compétence dans l'exécution de nœuds chirurgicaux par les étudiants en médecine ont été créés pour les nœuds plats, mais autant que nous sachions, un tel programme n'existe pas pour le nœud de type demi-clé inversée alternée. Nous avons comparé les aptitudes d'exécution de nœuds et la confiance des étudiants en médecine, ainsi que les caractéristiques des nœuds résultants, pour les nœuds de type demi-clé inversée alternée et les nœuds plats, dans une simulation de cavité profonde.Nous avons réalisé une étude croisée prospective intra-sujet portant sur des étudiants en médecine débutants, qui ont reçu une formation de 30 minutes sur l'exécution de nœuds de type demi-clé inversée alternée et de nœuds plats. Le travail des participants a été évalué à l'aide d'une liste de vérification d'exécution des nœuds; la configuration des nœuds, la résistance à la traction, le serrage (circonférence de la boucle) et le mécanisme de défaillance ont aussi été évalués. La confiance en soi rapportée par les participants quant à leurs aptitudes d'exécution de nœuds a aussi été examinée.Vingt-et-un étudiants ont pris part à cette étude. Les scores moyens de la liste de vérification d'exécution des nœuds étaient significativement plus élevés pour les nœuds de type demi-clé inversée alternée que pour les nœuds plats (6,9 [écart-type (É.T.) : 2,1] contre 5,2 [É.T. : 2,3],Les aptitudes des étudiants en médecine débutants pour l'exécution de nœuds de type demi-clé inversée alternée étaient supérieures à leurs aptitudes pour l'exécution de nœuds plats, lors d'une simulation de cavité profonde. Les étudiants ont pu réaliser des nœuds de type demi-clé inversée alternée plus solides et ont rapporté une confiance plus grande quant à l'exécution de ce type de nœuds que pour l'exécution de nœuds plats en profondeur.

Highlights • Medical gowns are essential personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers and medical professionals. • Due to shortages of PPE during surge capacity situations, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, the CDC recommends washable cloth isolation gowns be used. • Multiple-use gowns are superior from an environmental perspective, as well as, from a protection and durability standpoint. • Reusable gowns provide greater water resistance, strength, and pilling resistance than disposable gowns. • Industrial laundering does not negatively affect the protection or performance of reusable gowns across the expected service lifespan., Background Medical gowns are essential personal protective equipment (PPE) that prevent the spread of microorganisms and bodily fluids. During surge capacity situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, reusable PPE is often recommended due to shortages. Methods This research evaluated the performance of disposable versus reusable medical gowns by assessing their ability to provide adequate protection across their expected service lifespan. Level I, II, & III gowns were tested for water resistance and hydrostatic pressure, along with other durability assessments (breaking, tear, and seam strength, pilling resistance, dimensional stability, air permeability, colorfastness, and fabric hand) per standard test methods. Data was collected at new for the disposable gowns and after 1, 25, 50, and 75 industrial launderings for the reusable gowns. Results were compared to AAMI PB70 performance specifications. Results Level I and II disposable gowns did not meet AAMI performance specifications for impact penetration water resistance. All three levels of disposable gowns also failed to meet ASTM performance requirements for breaking strength in the crosswise direction. Conclusions The adoption of reusable gowns may result in increased protection and significant cost savings due to their superior durability and sustainability when compared to disposable gowns.

Predicting properties of end product from known properties of raw material is an important part of quality control in manufacturing. Main concept in this research is to reach a specified property of end product from known properties of raw material by attaining response surface designs with feasible region. The Ne20–19.21 T/inch yarn breaking strength (response, desired value 450 cNs) is acquired from cotton fiber properties (variables). The relationship between response and variables are obtained in response surface drawings and contour plots. The area showing the desired value in contour plots are colored in lilac and are intersected to obtain the feasible regions. By reading backwards from the feasible region borders, the variable value ranges are reached which will give the desired value of the response is obtained. When this information to start the yarn production is ready, the cotton lots containing these fiber property value ranges will be bought or from raw material in hand we will be read which yarn breaking strength will occur at the end of production. It was concluded that response surface designs with feasible region are quick, practical, and effective tools, provide valuable results, contribute a lot to quality control, and are beneficial in textile quality control.

Mechanical properties of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are relevant to their prospective applications in flexible electronics. So far, the focus has been on the semiconducting TMDCs, mostly MoX2 and WX2 (X = S, Se) due to their potential in optoelectronics. A comprehensive understanding of the elastic properties of metallic TMDCs is needed to complement the semiconducting TMDCs in flexible optoelectronics. Thus, mechanical testing of metallic TMDCs is pertinent to the realization of the applications. Here, we report on the atomic force microscopy-based nano-indentation measurements on ultra-thin 2H-TaS2 crystals to elucidate the stretching and breaking of the metallic TMDCs. We explored the elastic properties of 2H-TaS2 at different thicknesses ranging from 3.5 nm to 12.6 nm and find that the Young's modulus is independent of the thickness at a value of 85.9 +/- 10.6 GPa, which is lower than the semiconducting TMDCs reported so far. We determined the breaking strength as 5.07 +/- 0.10 GPa which is 6% of the Young's modulus. This value is comparable to that of other TMDCs. We used ab initio calculations to provide an insight into the high elasticity measured in 2H-TaS2. We also performed measurements on a small number of 1T-TaTe2, 3R-NbS2 and 1T-NbTe2 samples and extended our ab initio calculations to these materials to gain a deeper understanding on the elastic and breaking properties of metallic TMDCs. This work illustrates that the studied metallic TMDCs are suitable candidates to be used as additives in composites as functional and structural elements and for flexible conductive electronic devices.

Summary Background To reduce the shortage of N95 respirators and surgical masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, stockpiled equipment beyond its expiry date could be released. Aim: Centralized testing of batches of expired surgical masks and N95 for safe distribution to hospital departments saving users time. Methods Tests of compliance with health authority directives were developed and carried out on 175 batches of N95 masks and 31 batches of surgical masks from 12th March 2020 to 16 April 2020. Five quality-control tests were performed on batch samples to check: packaging integrity, mask appearance, breaking strength of elastic ties and strength of nose clip test, and face-fit. Findings Forty-nine per cent of FFP2 mask batches were compliant with directives, 32% of batches were compliant but with some concerns and 19% of batches were non-compliant. For surgical masks, 58% of batches were compliant, 39% of batches compliant but with concerns and 3% of batches were non-compliant. Conclusion The main areas of non-compliance were the breaking strength of the elastic ties and the nose clip but these alone were not considered to make the masks unacceptable. Only mask appearance and face-fit results were decisive non-compliance criteria.

Introduction Long-gap esophageal atresia represents a distinct entity among the esophageal atresia spectrum. In many patients, achieving a reasonable anastomosis depends on some millimeters of tissue. We aimed to determine what effect the suturing technique would have on esophageal ex vivo elongation as it may determine the strength of a primary anastomosis. Materials and Methods In an analysis of porcine esophagi from animals for slaughter (100–120 days old with a weight of 100–120 kg), we determined esophageal length gain of simple continuous and simple interrupted suture anastomoses subjected to linear traction until linear breaking strength was reached. Statistical power of 80% was ensured based on an a priori power analysis using five specimens per group in a separate exploratory experiment. Results The simple continuous suture anastomosis in 15 porcine esophagi ( = 4.47 cm, 95% confidence interval: 4.08–4.74 cm) outperformed the simple interrupted suture anastomosis in another 15 esophagi ( = 3.03 cm, 95% confidence interval: 2.59–3.43 cm) in length gain (Δ = 1.44 cm, 95% confidence interval: 0.87–2.01 cm, p Conclusion Simple continuous anastomoses achieved higher length gain compared with simple interrupted suture anastomoses. This effect warrants an experimental assessment in vivo to assess its potential merits for clinical applicability.

Gillnets are among the most widely used fishing gear in global fisheries because of their simplicity, high operability, catch efficiency and low entrance cost for fishermen. In Norway, the Northeast Atlantic (NEA) cod (Gadus morhua) fishing industry represents the most important economic single species fishery and the gillnet fishery accounts for 24% of the national total allowable catch (TAC) of NEA cod. Despite the importance of the gillnet fishery in Norway, significant amounts of gillnets are lost at sea each year. As gillnets are made of synthetic materials (i.e. nylon) with high breaking strength and durability, lost, abandoned and/or discarded fishing gear (LADFG) continues catching target and non-target species for years. This phenomenon, known as "ghost fishing", cause negative impact on the benthic marine environment and to the fisheries management. Over the last years, the development of biodegradable gillnets to replace traditional nylon gillnets has become particularly sought after in fisheries worldwide. However, biodegradable gillnets are less efficient and more expensive than traditional nylon gillnets. As the urgency to eliminate the negative environmental impacts of LADFG increases, a crucial question remains how to successfully implement biodegradable gillnets to replace the more efficient nylon gillnets currently used in commercial fisheries. In this article we investigate how central elements of fisheries management may be used to implement biodegradable gillnets and how this may challenge the current resource allocation policy among different gear- and vessel groups.

Background Brucea antidysentrica is traditionally used to treat various conditions. Though, fruits of B. antidysentrica are claimed to promote wound healing; there is no scientific evidence that supports the traditional claim. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract. Methods Extracts were formulated as 1% and 2% ointments. Simple and nitrofurazone (0.2%) ointments were used as controls for the wound healing. A dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight were used for anti-inflammatory activity tests using vehicle and indomethacin 10 mg/kg as controls. Wound contraction rate, complete epithelialization period, skin breaking strength and edema inhibition were evaluated. Results On last day of treatment, fruits extract showed a significant wound healing activity at strengths of 2% compared with negative control as. On the same day 1% MFE was found to increase the % wound contraction significantly (P Conclusion The extract supports traditional claims for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity.

Summary At present, the poultry industry places great importance on natural pigment products to achieve an acceptable yolk color for the market. To determine the effect of achiote seed powder on the external and internal egg quality, a total of 400 Dekalb White egg-laying hens at 38 wk of age were placed for 56 d in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 20 replicate cages. Treatments consist of a control diet (CD) and CD + dietary supplementation with 0.50, 1.0, and 1.50% achiote seed powder. During the study, 40 eggs per treatment were collected on a weekly basis to determine the external (egg weight, eggshell breaking strength, shell thickness) and internal (albumen height, Haugh unit, and yolk color) quality, using a TSS EggQuality automatic analyzer. The use of achiote seed powder indicated statistical differences (P ≤ 0.05) for the following parameters: egg weight, Haugh unit, shell thickness, albumen height, and yolk color. Most of these statistical differences came from the treatment with 1.50% achiote seed powder compared with the control diet. However, no significant changes (P > 0.05) were indicated for egg weight (except week 4 and 5) and eggshell breaking strength (except week 5 and 6). All indicators of egg quality were affected by a significant interaction between the treatments and the experimental week (P ≤ 0.05). The dietary supplementation with achiote seed powder improves the external and internal egg quality in Dekalb White hens, with a greater emphasis on the yolk color.

PURPOSE: Colonic obstruction causes loss of collagen and impairment of anastomotic integrity by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Unexpectedly, pharmacological MMP inhibition increased anastomotic leakage (AL) in obstructed colon possibly due to the non-selective nature of these compounds and the experimental model applied. We therefore studied the effects of selective MMP inhibition on the healing of anastomoses in colon obstructed by a novel laparoscopic technique.METHODS: Left colon was obstructed in 38 male Sprague-Dawley rats (226-284 g). After 12 h, stenoses were resected and end-to-end anastomoses constructed. Baseline breaking strength was determined in 6 animals on day 0. The remaining 32 rats were randomized to daily treatment with the selective MMP-8, MMP-9, and MMP-12 inhibitor AZD3342 (n = 16) or vehicle (n = 16). On day 3, anastomoses were evaluated for AL and breaking strength. Isolated anastomotic wound tissue was analyzed on total collagen and pepsin-insoluble and pepsin-soluble collagen by hydroxyproline. The soluble collagens were further differentiated into native, measured by Sircol, and fragmented forms.RESULTS: Baseline breaking strength was maintained with AZD3342 but decreased by 25% (P = 0.023) in the vehicle group. The anastomotic breaking strength of AZD3342-treated rats was 44% higher (P = 0.008) than the vehicle-treated rats. Furthermore, the AL rate was reduced (P = 0.037) with AZD3342 compared with vehicle treatment. AZD3342 treatment influenced neither the total or insoluble collagen concentrations nor the degree of fragmentation of the soluble collagen triple helices.CONCLUSION: Selective MMP inhibition increased anastomotic breaking strength and reduced AL after resection of colonic obstruction.

Purpose Spun silk is one of the top grade textile materials, and its products have high added value and meet the needs of the market. However, the technology level and process design of silk spinning are still much lower than cotton spinning; especially singeing is applied on spun silk yarn, and generates waste materials. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a kind of pneumatic compact spinning, four-line compact spinning (FLCS), into silk spinning and study the corresponding spun yarn qualities. Design/methodology/approach First, taking the silk spinning frame FK501 as an example, the process of modification of FLCS is presented. Then, three kinds of spun silk yarns, 80 Nm (12.5tex), 100 Nm (10tex) and 120 Nm (8.3tex), are spun on the common silk spinning frame FK501 and the spinning frame modified with FLCS. The evenness, breaking strength and hairiness of spun yarns are tested and comparatively analyzed. After the ply yarn production, three singeing procedures should be applied on the ring ply yarns, while only two singeing procedures should be applied on the compact ply yarns, which is beneficial for material saving. Findings The results show that compared with ring spun silk yarns, the comprehensive quality of compact spun silk yarns is improved, especially the harmful long hairiness (=3 mm) of yarn. Compared with the single spun silk yarn, the comprehensive qualities of the ply yarn are improved; especially, the breaking strength of the ply yarns is two times larger than the single yarn. After singeing, the hairiness of the ply yarn is decreased greatly, and the evenness is also improved, while the strength is decreased. Compared with ring spun silk yarn, the singeing times of compact spun silk yarn can be decreased, and the gas consumption in each singeing is also decreased, which is beneficial for material saving. Originality/value In this paper, a kind of pneumatic compact spinning, FLCS, is introduced into the silk spinning. It is shown that compared with ring spun silk yarns, the comprehensive quality of compact spun silk yarns is improved, especially the harmful long hairiness (=3 mm) of yarn. After the ply yarn production, three singeing procedures should be applied on the ring ply yarns, while only two singeing procedures should be applied on the compact ply yarns, which is beneficial for material saving.

Selection is one of the vital tools for improving the indigenous chicken genetic resources. A total of 1585-day-old chicks comprising of 3 types of chicken namely Naked Neck (NN), Hilly (H) and Non-descript Deshi (ND) were hatched for this study to form foundation stock. Improvement target of egg weight was to increase by 1g and improvement target of egg production rate was to increase by 2 % per generation. In foundation stock, selection was practiced at 40-week of age, on the basis of an index comprising the parameters of age at first egg (ASM), body weight(BW), egg production(EP) and egg weight(EW). Data were analyzed in CRD by General Linear Model (GLM) Univariate Procedure. Significantly highest fertility (82.71%) and hatchability (82.20%) were found in ND genotype. Significantly (P0.05) variation in FCR among the native chicken genotypes. NN genotype (3.46%) had non-significantly (?2 = 3.62; P > 0.05) higher chick mortality than ND (1.63%) and H (2.11%) at brooding period (0-4 weeks). Significantly (P

3D printing technology was employed to obtain cereal-based snacks having a desired shape and dimension. The printability of the dough and the quality of cooked samples were studied as a function of two main variables: infill percentage and layer height. The obtained snacks well matched the designed structures but some dimensional changes were observed. The increase of layer height produced a reduction in the height of samples from 20 to 18 mm, as well as an increase of their diameter from 15.5 to 19 mm. This was attributed to the irregular deposition of the dough as the layer height increased. On the other hand, the infill level was more important for the changes in solid fraction of both raw and cooked snacks exhibiting values of ∼ 84% and ∼ 24%, respectively. The breaking strength of samples was strongly related to the infill level, although a significant variability resided in the level of layer height used during 3D printing. Industrial relevance text Recently, the interest in ‘ personalized food formula ’ has been exponentially increasing. With this term we refer to the customization of food in terms of shape, dimension, internal structure, nutritional values, taste, etc. 3D printing is considered a very promising technology to produce 3D food structures with desired dimensional, sensorial and nutritional properties. However, before applying 3D food printing for catering services or large industrial scale, a better understanding of the effects of printing variables on the quality of 3D food structure is required.

Cotton stalk bark fibers (CSBF) with low lignin content were prepared from combined treatments with bacteria and alkali, processed into blended yarns and knitted fabrics, and dyed with reactive dyes. CSBF previously extracted using alkali and peroxide at atmospheric pressure were coarse (>45 dtex) or contained high lignin content (>11.8%), which limited their industrial applications in textiles. We found that alkali removed lignin more thoroughly at 130 °C, especially with the assistance of bacteria pretreatment. Fibers after bacteria and alkali treatments had fineness reduced to 24.0 dtex and lignin content decreased to 3%. CSBF/cotton blended yarns from our CSBF had better evenness and breaking strength than jute/cotton blends. Fabrics from CSBF/cotton blended yarns had higher bursting strength, softer and smoother handle compared to the fabrics of jute/cotton blends. Dye sorption of Reactive Red 120 on CSBF was 15.7% higher than that on cotton. Dyed fabric of CSBF/cotton blends had the same laundering and light colorfastness, but slightly lower staining and wet crocking colorfastness than 100% cotton fabric. Overall, CSBF in our study could be used as a good alternative to traditional bast fibers for highly valuable textile applications. The research results will not only enhance the sustainability of fiber industry but also alleviate the environmental pressure.

Manual vascular reconstruction training is essential for a beginner surgeon. However, an optimal training system for vascular reconstruction in vitro has yet to be developed. In this study, we introduce an in vitro training and testing system using a magnetic anchoring technique with which a trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction individually. Additionally, this system can also be used to test the quality of the reconstruction. The described system includes a vascular reconstruction training machine, magnetic tractors, and a magnetic suture puller. In this manuscript, we detail an end-to-end vein anastomosis using porcine right and left iliac veins. To identify the potential damage caused by a magnetic suture puller on the suture, we created three groups with six segments of 4-0 polypropylene sutures each: a control group with no intervention on the polypropylene suture, a group in which the polypropylene suture is manually pulled with sterile gloves 20x, and a magnetic puller group in which the magnetic puller pulled the polypropylene suture 20x. These groups were tested by light microscopy and breaking strength tests, and the effect of reconstruction was assessed. In the light microscopy test, the control group was less likely to be damaged (p0.05) and the number of damaged points of the manual group and magnetic puller group were similar (p0.05). The results of the breaking strength test were compared across groups and no significant difference was observed (p0.05). The end-to-end anastomosis of the porcine iliac veins was successfully performed using this training system, and the reconstructed veins could undergo 2.0 kPa perfusion pressure. Using this training and testing system the trainee can practice manual vascular reconstruction in vitro individually with the aid of magnetic tractors and a magnetic suture puller, and the quality of the reconstruction can be tested.

The market for recycled cotton appears to be growing; however the main obstacle for cotton recycling is the lower quality of the resultant products. Therefore, detailed investigation of recycled cotton processes from separation/shredding to finishing is of great importance. This contribution reveals the effects of the type of cotton based textile wastes on recycled fibre properties after shredding. For this purpose, pre-consumer knitted cotton textile wastes were collected in a systematic way and sorted according to fabric tightness (loose/single-jersey and tight/interlock) and previous finishing treatments (untreated greige cotton fabrics and dyed cotton fabrics). The effect of the size of the waste fabric pieces fed to shredding was also investigated. Waste ratio of recycled fibres, recycled fibre length, spinnability of recycled cotton fibres and properties of produced yarns were tested. Results showed that lower waste ratio of recycled fibres and higher yarn breaking strength values was obtained by the recycling of cotton fibres from wastes composed of single-jersey greige cotton fabrics. In general recycled cotton fibres from dyed fabrics showed lower quality values. As a conclusion, it was indicated that better values for resultant material could be achieved by the selection of loosely knitted greige cotton fabrics. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Accompanying with tremendous efforts devoted to prompting recycling and mitigating disposal problems pertinent to obsolete polymer materials, it is imperative to ameliorate thermoset polymer composites that are both mechanically robust and reprocessable. Herein, we devised and prepared a series of dynamic thermoset polyurea composites (HTPU-x) by embedding CB into pristine thermoset polyurea matrix and merely using commodity raw materials. Through incorporating the dynamically sterling nature of urea bonds, the devised HTPU-x can simultaneously maintain superhigh breaking strength and elongations at break even after multiple cycles under hot press, manifesting both extraordinary mechanical properties, extraordinary reprocessability and exceptional multiple recyclability. Especially, amalgamation of the conductivity of carbon black and the dynamic nature of urea bonds can not only furnish these HTPU-x with conventional elastic shape memory performance, but also equip them with plastic shape memory and permanent shape reconfiguration under heat and electricity. Furthermore, HTPU-x can be reshaped and reconfigured to various permanent shapes in several seconds at a safe voltage. With enabling traditionally thermoset polymer composites with more upgraded functions, this designed scheme of mechanically robust HTPU-x provides a facilitating approach to reprocess and recycle the wasted thermoset polymer composites.

Tourmaline can enhance filtering efficiency to PM2.0 of microfiber warp-knitted mesh fabric. In this paper, microfiber warp-knitted mesh fabrics were designed with different mesh structures and mass fraction of tourmaline solution respectively. The effect of tourmaline concentration on filtering efficiency of fabrics was investigated. After the tourmaline solution, the strength of mesh fabrics and durability of tourmaline’s conglutination to the mesh fabrics were explored at the same time. The results shown that the filtering efficiency of microfiber warp-knitted mesh fabrics dealing with tourmaline was resentful. Breaking strength of fabrics decreases with increasing mass fraction of tourmaline solution. The resistant efficiency of fabrics and tourmaline adhesive on the mesh fabrics were still stable along with the increasing mass fraction of tourmaline.

Croton macrostachyus leaves are used for treatment of wounds by traditional healers in Ethiopia. Despite the use of this plant in the treatment of wound, there is limited data to support its medicinal use. The present study provides scientific evaluation for the wound healing potential of methanolic extract of C. macrostachyus leaves in rats. The leaves of Croton macrostachyus were studied for the presence of some secondary metabolites and wound healing activity. Ointments were made by incorporating the methanolic extract in simple ointment base B.P. in the concentration of 5 and 10% (w/w). Standard Nitrofurazone was used for comparison. Wound healing activity was studied, using excision and incision wound models. In excision wound model, percentage wound contraction, period of epithelization and morphological changes on the healed wounds were studied while incision wound model was used to determine breaking strength. The results were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM) and comparisons among treatment groups were made using one-way analysis of variance. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts of leaves of C. macrostachyus showed the presence of different metabolites such as flavonoids and saponins which are reported to have significant wound healing activity. The results of epithelization period, percentage of wound contraction and morphological evaluation of groups of animals in the test groups showed significant (p < 0.05) wound healing activity compared to those treated with simple ointment. Similarly, the difference in breaking strength was significant (p < 0.05) for both 5 and 10% (w/w) methanol extract of C. macrostachyus ointment treated groups. Morphological evaluation showed a relatively better healing and growth of hair around the wound area in the 10% methanol extract of C. macrostachyus ointment treated group. Methanolic extract of C. macrostachyus enhanced wound healing significantly, corroborating the folk medicinal use of this plant. Key words: Croton macrostachyus, excision, incision, in vivo, wound healing.

There is no such thing as a standard noodle texture. Noodles can be thin or thick, flat or round, chewy or sticky, and fresh or dried and can be made from a wide variety of ingredients. Because texture ranks as one of the top factors influencing consumer purchases, manufacturers must get it right. The only way of achieving optimal noodle texture and maintaining it consistently over time is by measuring and controlling this crucial sensory parameter. There is a massive, largely untapped, opportunity for using rheological tests as indicators of potential quality problems at all stages of the noodle production process. Advances in processing technology and new ingredient applications require quantitative methods to assess changes in final product quality and, hence, monitor and control process parameters. To this end, subjective noodle quality control methods are increasingly being supplemented with objective test equipment methods for evaluating noodle texture. Texture analyzers can be deployed as fast and ...

In the paper, using finite element method (FEM), the effects of lattice apron density on yarn qualities in Four-line compact spinning system were studied by analyzing the numerical simulations of the airflow velocity. Firstly, three different kinds of yarns, 18.2tex (32S), 9.7tex (60S), and 5.8tex (100S), were spun on FA507B spinning frame equipped with lattice aprons of mesh size 150, 120, and 100, respectively. The hairiness, breaking strength, and evenness of spun yarns were tested and comparatively analyzed. Secondly, using FEM, the numerical simulations of the airflow velocity in the condensing zone were presented. The finite element model of condensing zone was constructed according to the physical parameters of the practical system. Then, the simulation of airflow velocities on five straight lines located in the front, middle, and back of condensing zone were given. It is shown that, in the whole condensing zone, for the lattice apron with mesh size 100, the direct transverse condensing force is hi...

The study was conducted to investigate reproductive potentialities, meat yield and egg quality characteristics of indigenous dwarf chicken (IDC) of Bangladesh under intensive management condition. The experiment was conducted at BAU Poultry farm for a period of 26 months from March 2013 to April 2015.A total of 499 eggs were incubated to examine hatching performance, 64 eggs were used to determine egg quality characteristics and 33 birds of 24 weeks age were slaughtered to investigate meat yield characteristics. The mean of hatching egg weight and IDC chick weight were 39.81g and 26.68g, respectively. Estimated chick weight was 67.19% of the egg weight. The average mature body weight and age at sexual maturity of IDC was 1093.20 g and 166.53 d, respectively. The average hen day egg production of IDC up to 32 and 75 weeks of age was 55.22 and 37.43%, respectively. The estimated fertility and hatchability of IDC eggs were 78.36 and 71.80%. Among the meat yield parameters considered, dressed weight, breast weight and thigh meat weight varied significantly (P

This study embodies evaluation of ideal test specimen dimension for the study of tensile characteristics of lapped seam parachute canopy fabric. Due to anisotropic nature of textile fabrics, the mechanical property of unseamed and seamed fabric changes with the change in specimen test direction. Therefore, measurement of tensile property at different bias angle (an acute angle between warp and specimen length/test direction) becomes more important in parachute canopy where joining of its various parts is not only in principle direction but also at different bias angle. The present paper deals with the influence of bias angle of stitching on breaking strength and elongation of unseamed and lapped seam parachute canopy fabric using test specimen dimension based on previous practice. Present study reveals that there is need of re-specification of specimen dimension for evaluation of tensile properties of parachute fabric. With the changes in angle of bias, width and gauge length of test specimen, the number of different category of warp and weft yarns available between the specimen grip lines changes and can be calculated mathematically. This has important role in affecting the ultimate properties of parachute fabric. Based on the study, an optimized dimension of test specimen has been postulated for evaluation of tensile characteristics of parallel/opposite stitched specimen through which reliable test result can be obtained. The proposed dimension can be used for comparative analysis of breaking strength and elongation of unseamed and seamed fabric at different bias angle.

In a response to reverse the trend of a perceived increase in multi-piece failures (MPFs) of wood baseball bats in Major League baseball games, the Office of the Commissioner of Baseball implemented changes to the Wooden Baseball Bat Specifications (WBBS) in December 2008. These changes introduced bat-supplier regulations that outlined strict quantitative requirements for wood quality and instituted a third-party inspection of professional wooden baseball bats for the 2009 season. Additional changes to the WBBS for the 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons targeted increasing the density of the wood used to make maple bats, thereby increasing the minimum breaking strength of the wood allowed for these bats. By the completion of the 2014 season, these changes had driven a 65% reduction in the rate of MPFs per game relative to the 2008 season. It is hypothesized that the rate of MPFs can be further reduced if regulations on the allowable geometries of the taper region for the bats used by MLB teams are implemented. To develop a fundamental understanding of the relationship among (1) the angle of the taper (2) the starting point of the taper along the length of the bat, and (3) wood density, a series of generic bat profiles that were subjected to bat/ball impacts was investigated using LS-DYNA. In this paper, the results of these bat/ball impact simulations are shared, and a summary of the various combinations of these geometric parameters on bat stress and strain is presented. The durability information gained from these generic bat profiles is then used to give guidance in understanding why certain bat profiles used in professional baseball have relatively high rates of MPFs while other profiles exhibit a relatively low rate of MPFs.

To determine the bearing capacity limits of main structures of buildings and constructions with explosive productions it was analyzed data on destruction and damage rate of various constructive elements of buildings and constructions which took place as due to emergency explosions inside production premises so due to external explosion; it were also used results of tests of structures under the action of explosive loads. The analysis of past accidents shows that one of the most vulnerable spots of brickwork created during construction of buildings are sections at seams which cohesion is often insufficient to provide shearing resistance, breaking strength or resistance to the main tensile stresses. Advantages of large-panel industrial buildings before brick buildings, in regards to their explosion stability, are proved. Recommendations on designing of collapsible reinforced concrete structural frames of buildings with explosive productions are given. Data on bearing capacity of structures of industrial buildings obtained on the basis of materials on emergency explosions, analysis of results of researches stated in literary sources and also data on loadings causing destruction of constructions and structures of various degree and character are presented. Classification of building structures according to their damage rate is given. Data on explosive loads which cause destruction of different types of the main building structures that can be used for creation of the explosion protection system of buildings (using construction methods) with explosive productions are given. Behavior of structures in case of emergency explosions, tests and calculations of structures is defined; permissible loads on the bearing and filler structures with the purpose to obtain the initial data for recommendations on design of buildings for explosive productions is determined.

One of the main procedures in intestinal surgery is anastomosis, which is mostly performed by stapling or hand suturing. Due to limitations of these methods, a novel automatic suturing machine was designed and fabricated in this study, equipped with a needle-driving system; a thread control mechanism, and a linear mechanism, which is applicable in intestinal anastomosis by making continuous sutures. The main advantages of the fabricated machine are employing biocompatible suture, from the tissue’s adaptation point of view, and making a uniform suturing pattern, independent of surgeon’s skill, and thus offering a greater strength than the hand-sutured specimen. In order to evaluate the capability of the fabricated machine and investigate the validity of the hypothesis made in this study, that is, a more uniform suture will result in a greater mechanical strength of the sutured tissue, in vitro tests were performed on human intestine specimens, which were manually sutured by an expert surgeon and by the automatic suturing machine. The tensile tests with an elongation rate of 5 mm/min were done for 90 specimens, in 9 groups with various suturing configurations. The optimum pattern, from the mechanical strength point of view, was found to be the same in both manual and automatic suturing methods, that is, h7 d6 ( h = distance of suture from the edge of the tissue = 7 mm, and d = distance between stitches = 6 mm). It was also shown that the maximum breaking strength, for the best suturing pattern, h7 d6, is significantly greater when the automatic suturing machine was employed, compared with the hand-sutured tissue ( P < .001).

This chapter summarizes the current status of the emerging and/or experimental biomaterials for potential wound closure use. Wound infection is considered to be one of the oldest and most common complications in all injuries and every branch of surgery. Suture materials are probably the most important biomaterials in wound infection because they are the most frequently used in surgery and because most wound infection begins along or near the suture lines. The purpose of having composite sutures is to combine the merits of more than one component so that the resulting composite suture materials have advantages that neither of the constituents possess individually. The recent development of polydioxanone, Maxon, Monocryl, and Biosyn sutures improves their mechanical properties and/or their tensile breaking strength retention both in vitro and in vivo. This tissue sealant has the in vitro tissue bonding strength between α-cyanoacrylate and Beriplast on guinea pig skin and the highest bonding strength on collagen among the three tissue adhesives.

Hand tendon lacerations are difficult to treat with over 25% of patients achieving an unsatisfactory clinical outcome as assessed by the clinician, and 7.7% of repairs re-rupture, requiring further surgery. The suture materials, which are available today possess tensile strengths capable of withstanding forces far above what occurs during active treatment. The current suture techniques have some disadvantages of bulky repair, adhesion formation and delayed tendon rupture. With availability of better designs of Barbed sutures like Quill™, Vloc™ and Stratafix™ it has opened up a scope for new research into tendon repair. Various ex vivo studies have shown that a four strand repair using barbed suture has similar strength to conventional repair and adding an epitendinous suture adds on to repair strength. The Barbed suture repair reduces the cross sectional area at repair site, which may translate to reduced gliding resistance. There is need for clinical studies to analyze the effectiveness of Barbed suture in tendon repair in clinical setting and explore the potential advantages. Level of evidence II Keywords: Barbed suture, Vloc, Quill, Stratafix, Tendon repair, Gliding resistance, Breaking strength.

In some cases which are unable to replace the inserts when the depot maintenance or performance improvement of armored vehicles are carried out could have a risk of declining clamping forces by re-processing chromate. The change in the clamping forces of inserts has been investigated by applying a chromate process to hold the insert on the aluminum plate of the armored vehicle in this paper. In order to identify the effect of types and surface treatment, the breaking strength has been measured by the equivalent test item to the actual conditions. These tests would contribute the establishment of the armored vehicle production process. †Corresponding Author, good4day@naver.com C 2015 The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers

The ability to disinfect and reuse disposable N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) may be needed during a pandemic of an infectious respiratory disease such as influenza. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) is one possible method for respirator disinfection. However, UV radiation degrades polymers, which presents the possibility that UVGI exposure could degrade the ability of a disposable respirator to protect the worker. To study this, we exposed both sides of material coupons and respirator straps from four models of N95 FFRs to UVGI doses from 120-950 J/cm(2). We then tested the particle penetration, flow resistance, and bursting strengths of the individual respirator coupon layers, and the breaking strength of the respirator straps. We found that UVGI exposure led to a small increase in particle penetration (up to 1.25%) and had little effect on the flow resistance. UVGI exposure had a more pronounced effect on the strengths of the respirator materials. At the higher UVGI doses, the strength of the layers of respirator material was substantially reduced (in some cases, by90%). The changes in the strengths of the respirator materials varied considerably among the different models of respirators. UVGI had less of an effect on the respirator straps; a dose of 2360 J/cm(2) reduced the breaking strength of the straps by 20-51%. Our results suggest that UVGI could be used to effectively disinfect disposable respirators for reuse, but the maximum number of disinfection cycles will be limited by the respirator model and the UVGI dose required to inactivate the pathogen.

The aim of this paper is to study the effect of different washing methods on mechanical properties of denim fabric manufactured in Egypt. Cotton 100% and cotton/spandex 98.5% - 1.5% denim washed fabrics were selected to carry out the experiment, washing parameter; Enzyme Wash (EW), Enzyme wash with bleach (EWB), Enzyme wash with stone (EWS) and Enzyme wash with stone and bleach (EWSB). Specimens were washed for different durations, these were: 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 minutes. An Instron tensile tester was used and the procedure followed the ASTM 5034 – 09, standard test method for breaking strength and elongation of textile fabric (Grab Test) for evaluation the tensile strength properties of denim fabric. The study focused on the comparison of the tensile properties on the denim washed fabric, the effect of changing the test specimens washing duration was also considered. It was found that the tensile strength of these samples became weaker in both fabric directions. It also was found that comparing with four of the washing types, enzyme wash with stone were less damage for the tensile strength.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of die temperature and repeated extrusion on physical properties of extruded white ginseng (EWG). The die temperature was adjusted to 100, 120, and 140°C, and extrusion was repeated under the same conditions with their corresponding samples. Specific mechanical energy input decreased as die temperature increased during extrusions. The secondary extruded white ginseng (SEWG) at a die temperature of 120°C showed a higher expansion index than other extrudates. Elevation of both die temperature and repeated extrusion increased the specific length of extrudates. The highest apparent elastic modulus, breaking strength, and water solubility index obtained from SEWG at a die temperature of 100°C were 7.53×10 8 N/m 2 , 7.49×10 5 N/m 2 , and 39.02%, respectively. When die temperature increased, water absorption index (WAI) decreased. The WAI of SEWG was higher than that of EWG. In conclusion, repeated extrusion affected physical properties of white ginseng and could be applied to produce improved quality of ginseng products.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical properties of modified repair techniques for flexor tendon reconstruction and the effects of surface modification using carbodiimide-derivatized synovial fluid plus gelatin (cd-SF-G), compared to the traditional repair techniques. The second and fifth digits from 16 canine forepaws were randomly divided into 4 groups: (1) traditional graft repairs (TGR group) including distal Bunnell repair and proximal Pulvertaft weave repair; (2) modified graft repairs (MGR group) including distal graft bony attachment repair and proximal step-cut repair; (3) group TGR coated with cd-SF-G (TGR-C group); and (4) group MGR coated with cd-SF-G (MGR-C group). Digit normalized work of flexion (nWOF), ultimate failure strength, and stiffness were measured. The nWOF in MGR group was significantly less than TGR group (p

Background: Wound healing is complex cellular and biochemical cascade that lead to restitution of integrity and function. Recently, the traditional use of plants for wound healing has received attention by the scientific community, as traditional medicine is a source of less expensive, comprehensive medical care, especially in developing countries. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is well-known in India, as one of the most versatile medicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract of A. indica leaf in the experimentally-induced wound in rats. Methods: The healing effect produced by A. indica extract was assessed by the rate of wound contraction histopathology and skin breaking strength by using excision wound model and incision wound model in Wister albino rats. This was compared with control (soft white paraffin) and standard (1% w/w framycetin sulfate ointment). The results have been analyzed by calculating the mean values, standard deviation and compared by using student t-test. Results: The ethanol extract of leaves of A. indica significantly promoted the wound healing activity in both excision and incision wound models. Conclusion: The study revealed promising wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of A. indica and provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use in the management of wounds.

This paper uses the industrialization production device to study the factors that affecting the performance of fly ash products. Through adopting the appropriate material ratio and technological parameters, the load-bearing standard bricks with large admixing amount of fly ash were successful developed. The mixing amount of fly ash has reached about 50%, and the bricks were got the production application in the industrialized device which annual output is 400 million pieces. The product performances are referred to the requirements specified in JC 239-2001, and the compressive strength reach 16.6 MPa and the breaking strength reach 3.8 MPa. The product has the low thermal conductivity and qualified freeze-thaw resistance, dry shrinkage. The products were got widespread popularization and application in the building construction of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The common name of Girardinia Heterophylla is Nettle. It is found in the tropical regions like Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills and Himalayas. Clothing made from Nettles has been worn by the people for the last 2000 years. During 16 th century cotton arrived due to which the nettle lost their popularity because cotton was easier to harvest and spin. The Nettle fiber was collected under the foothills of Nilgiris and the fiber is extracted through the process of water retting. The fibers were opened and cleaned for the removal of impurities. The fiber is tested for the following properties - the linear mass density, breaking strength and elongation. I. INTRODUCTION HE common name of Girardinia Heterophylla is Nilgiri Nettle. It is found in the tropical regions like Nilgiris and Anamalai Hills and Himalayas. The virulent stinging hairs made the plant as the despised plant in the hills of North India. The plant grows to heights of 3 or 4 feet and is often used as fencing to keep out cattle. The popular Hindi name is Bichuaa means scorpion.Stinging Nettle is a perennial plant found in temperate and tropical wasteland areas. The plant is characterized by pointed leaves and white to yellowish flowers. Clothing made from Nettles has been worn by the people for the last 2000 years. During 16 th century cotton arrived due to which the nettle lost their popularity because cotton was easier to harvest and spin. During the first world war there was a shortage in cotton. So, Nettles were used to produce German army uniforms. Nettle fiber have been used since the Bronze Age to weave sails for boats sand mesh fabrics for shifting flours and filtering honey. The fabrics made of nettle are softer than cotton and the fibers are finer than hemp. Cotton growers resort to using chemicals and pesticides to protect the plants. Nettles are hardy plants and they do not require any chemicals or pesticides for protection. According to Grieve the German army orders of March, April and May 1918 shows the usage of cloth woven from Nettle fiber. Nettles were cultivated in large scale in Austria. Nettle has been found to be superior to cotton for velvet and plush. Like cotton it can also be dyed and bleached and it tends to be slightly inferior to silk after mercerizing.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets with three different levels of calcium (% 0.8, 1.6, 3.2) and four different levels of boron (0, 75, 150, 300 mg kg-1) in prelaying period (14-20 weeks) on growth, bone ash and subsequent performance and egg shell quality of laying hens. A total 864 Super Nick pullets at 14 weeks of age were randomly allocated to twelve treatments arranged in a 3x4 factorial design with six replicates of 12 pullets each. Feed and water provided for ad-libitum access. The tibia samples were taken, three pullets and hens from every replicates at 20 and 42 weeks of age, respectively. Results of the present experiment showed that body weights and body weight gains were reduced in high prelay dietary Ca and B as the main factor. Feed intake of the pullets was not significantly influenced by the treatments. There were no detectable difference in feed intake, egg production, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (g, feed/ g, egg mass) and eggshell weight, but interactive effects of dietary Ca and B levels on eggshell thickness, egg specific gravity and shell breaking strength was significant. Shell thickness and breaking strength were significantly higher in hens fed pre-lay diet with 3.2 % Ca and no supplemental B than other treatments and egg specific gravity was significantly reduced by feeding 1.6 % Ca and 75 mg kg-1 B at 36 weeks of age. Bone ash (g or %) of hens at 20 and 42 weeks of age was not changed by Ca levels or interaction dietary Ca and B levels, but pullets receiving the 150 mg kg-1 B as the main factor had significantly higher in bone ash (g or %) values than other dietary B levels.

The beautiful appearance and good properties make pure silk fabric one of the most popular fabrics. PLA (poly lactic acid) is a degradable Eco-friendlymaterial which is made from corn or other crops, it also can be used in the textile engineering, and the PLA filament has good mechanical properties, such as high break elongation rate and breaking strength. It is a new task to combine these two types of textile materialsfor better use. This issue selected silk and PLA filament as warp andweft, 8kinds of PLA/silkmixed fabrics were designed and weaved. In order to compare andanalyze those fabrics, tests focusing on fabric properties, such as gas permeability,moisture-penetrability, wrinkle recovery ability and anti-pilling resistance, were carried out, through the comparison, it was found thatPLA/silk mixed fabrics had excellent wear-ability, theirmoisture-penetrability were good, they did well in anti-pilling resistance although theairpermeability and wrinkle recovery ability wereno better than pure silk fabric.

Background Silicone rod is a commonly used synthetic suspension material in frontalis suspension surgery to correct blepharoptosis. The most challenging problem and a decisive drawback of the use of silicone rod is a considerable rate of ptosis recurrence after surgery. We examined patients with recurred ptosis and assessed the physical and micromorphological properties of implanted silicone rods to determine the causative mechanisms of recurred ptosis after frontalis suspension using silicone rod. Methods This is a prospective observational case series of 22 pediatric patients with recurred ptosis after frontalis suspension using silicone rods for congenital ptosis. Implanted silicone rods were observed and removed during the operation for correction of recurred ptosis. The removed silicone rods were physically and micromorphologically evaluated to determine the cause of recurrence. Results Pretarsal fixation positions migrated upward, whereas suprabrow fixation positions migrated downward during ptosis recurrence. The breaking strength of implanted silicone rods was reduced by approximately 50% during 3 years. Cracks, debris, and loss of homogenous structure with disintegration were observed on scanning electron micrographs of implanted silicone rods in patients with recurred ptosis. Preoperative severe degree of ptosis also contributed to recurred ptosis. Conclusions Recurrence of ptosis after frontalis suspension using silicone rod was associated with physical changes of implanted silicone rods, including positional migration, weakened tensile strength, and micromorphological changes in combination with patients’ characteristics.

The purpose of this research was to conduct a post-use evaluation of firefighter turnout gear that had been in use for time intervals between 2 years and retirement. Inspection and testing procedures as required by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 1851 Standard on Selection, Care and Maintenance of Structural Fire Fighting and NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting were followed. Sixty seven garments from career fire departments were evaluated during Phase I of the study; 76 garments from volunteer fire departments were evaluated during Phase II and during Phase III, 108 retired garments were evaluated. Visual assessments of the used garments included inspection of closure system functionality, light evaluation, leakage evaluation, and flashlight test. Composite performance assessments included thermal protective performance (TPP), total heat loss (THL), flammability, tear strength, seam strength, breaking strength and water penetration. The results of the visual inspection and performance testing of the turnout gear were used to determine if the current recommended 10 year wear life (retirement age) was appropriate. The results of the leakage evaluation did not validate similar results with water penetration testing. TPP, THL and flammability supported a wear life of at least 10 years; however, tear resistance, breaking strength, seam strength, and water penetration supported a wear life no greater than 10 years. The majority of garments tested met the flammability requirements mandated in NFPA 1971.