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This work proposes an efficient and reliable method for damage localization in truss structures. The damage is localized on the basis of measured acceleration signals of the structure followed by simple statistical signal processing. It has three main advantages over many existing methods. First, it can be directly applied to real engineering structures without the need of identifying modal parameters or solving any global optimization problem. Second, the proposed method has higher sensitivity to damage than some other frequently used methods and allows to localize damage as small as a few percentages. Third, it is a model-free method, which does not require precise finite element model development or updating. Validation of the method has been conducted on numerical examples and laboratory-scale trusses. Two types of frequently used trusses have been selected for this study, namely, Howe and Bailey trusses. The presented experimental validation of the method shows its efficiency and robustness for damage localization in truss structures.

This paper describes an application of wavelet analysis for damage detection of a steel frame structure with bolted connections. The wavelet coefficients of the acceleration response for the healthy and loosened connection structure were calculated at each measurement point. The difference of the wavelet coefficients of the response of the healthy and loosened connection structure is selected as an indicator of the damage. At each node of structure the norm of the difference of the wavelet coefficients matrix is then calculated. The point for which the norm has the higher value is a candidate for location of the damage. The above procedure was experimentally verified on a laboratory-scale 2-meter-long steel frame. The structure consists of 11 steel beams forming a four-bay frame, which is subjected to impact loads using a modal hammer. The accelerations are measured at 20 different locations on the frame, including joints and beam elements. Two states of the structure are considered: healthy and damaged one. The damage is introduced by means of loosening two out of three bolts at one of the frame connections. Calculating the norm of the difference of the wavelet coefficients matrix at each node the higher value was found to be at the same location where the bolts were loosened. The presented experiment showed the effectiveness of the wavelet approach to damage detection of frame structures assembled using bolted connections.

An experimental and analytical study of the relation between local defect, in a steel structure, and its higher frequencies and higher modes is discussed. The structure is a plane steel frame, assembled of beams, joined together with bolted connections. Removing some bolts from a given connection simulates the damage. In the experiment, an impulse force induced structural vibrations. Effects of vibrations were shown by data from gages, measuring accelerations with a high accuracy. From the data, it could be observed, that mode shapes, for the healthy and damaged structures didn’t show any differences for low frequencies. Only modes around thirteen showed significant gap between picks of Frequency Response Functions, for healthy and damaged frame. Moreover, looking at mode shapes, it could be observed that structural configuration may have some influence on defects to be observable. This aspect is discussed in a separate section. The experiment performed on the whole structure allows finding the place where the defect is localized. However, it can’t give detailed information on the defect itself, here defect of a bolt. For finding it, an ultrasonic measurement of pre-tensioning forces in bolts was applied. It allowed not only to determine stresses in the bolt, but also to verify, if in the process of assembling the structure was not pre-stressed.

The paper deals with non-linear analysis of a telecommunication tower with circular flange-bolted connections (CFBCs). They are composed of two flanges, welded to the structural tubes, and then connected together with pre-tensioned bolts. A rigorous FEM analysis is performed for finding the connection stiffness in two cases. One deals with all bolts undamaged and the second one with one or more bolts broken. The analysis, which includes contact and friction forces, shows that when joints are under tension, the bolts are not only subjected to axial forces, but also to bending moments due the prying effect. The value of stresses caused by bending depends strongly on the bolt pre-tension and flange thickness. Removing one of the six connection bolts significantly increases stresses in the remaining bolts. Knowing the behaviour of the connection, it is possible to study the behaviour of the whole structure. This is achieved by applying the multilevel substructuring approach. The first levels is related to the flanges and bolts, whereby the connection model is simplified, and compared with the rigorous one, the second level is related to the assembly of the whole tower. The paper is illustrated with several examples of connections of different thicknesses, and different bolt pre-tensions. The considered tower comes from a real design.

This study aimed to analyze and assess the spatial and temporal trends in distribution of reserves and production of igneous and metamorphic dimension stones and crushed rocks in the Lower Silesia region, which with 90% of total supply is the key source region of these rock raw materials in Poland. The research utilized descriptive statistics to examine temporal variations of production, as well as to determine sufficiency of these resources for four different scenarios and seven main lithological groups of rocks. Spatial statistics in the geographic information system was used to map changes in spatial distribution of production with the density function, as well as to determine areas of highest concentration in the 2010&ndash, 2018 period. Then, 169 communes in the region were assessed using the multicriteria analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique to identify local communities prospective for development of this mining sector. Strong, positive correlation (r = 0.645) between year to year production change with annual rate of gross domestic product was determined. Sufficiency of economic reserves was estimated, in four scenarios, as being the lowest for melaphyre and porphyry (25&ndash, 49 years), and the highest for marble (380&ndash, 389 years). Reserves of basalt and amphibolite should last for approximately 50 years (32&ndash, 60 and 36&ndash, 67 years, respectively), granite for 82 to 110 years, and gabbro and gneiss for over 100 years (78&ndash, 159 and 76&ndash, 189 years, respectively). Maps revealed a possible trend of increasing production in quarries located in the central and eastern parts of Lower Silesia, whereas multicriteria analysis allowed for the identification of nine communes with the highest potential for rock raw material quarrying. The practical outcome of this study is a knowledge database for authorities, upon which sustainable management of regional rock raw materials can be based in the context of economic, social, and environmental impacts of their extraction.

The Lower Silesia area in SW Poland is characterized by a geological structure that is conducive to mining activity. The exploitation of rock raw materials plays an important role in this sector of the economy. By the end of 2017, there were in total approximately 400 current concessions for the exploitation of rock raw materials in the analysed area (Polish Geological Institute, MIDAS database&mdash, Management and Protection System of Polish Mineral Resources). The conducted mining activity results in waste, which in the greatest amount occurs in the process of obtaining crushed road and construction aggregates, natural aggregates, carbonate raw materials for the cement and lime industry, as well as stone elements for construction and road engineering. At the end of 2016, the mining plants accumulated 26,569,600 Mg of waste. As part of the European Regions Toward Circular Economy (CircE) project, research was conducted on the volume and composition of the mining waste of rock raw materials in the years 2010&ndash, 2016 within Lower Silesia. This research used the methods of statistical, descriptive and spatial analysis to identify mining plants with the highest potential for using their wastes. In the course of this study, 6 mining plants with the highest potential of using their waste for industrial production purposes were selected. In order to objectively select these plants, the methodology of qualitative multi-criteria analysis was developed, and 7 criteria were selected for assessing the economic potential of using waste from the mining of rock raw materials. An additional result of this research is a database and graphical presentation of changes in the spatial distribution of generated waste in the Lower Silesia region in the years ranging from 2010 to 2016.

Geographic information systems (GIS) have been increasingly used in augmenting studies of mining and post-mining areas such as surface deformation analyses, risk assessment associated with old mining sites, identification of old mining sites and other. Up-to-date and complete geodatabase is an indispensable element of any geoinformation system facilitating such geospatial analyses. In this paper the process of verification and integration of Walbrzych Hard Coal Mines geodatabase and project of enhancing the Deformation Information System for these mines with web map application of underground workings and query tools developed with free and open source software (FOSS) have been described. The interactive map allows users to interact and obtain precise information on location and characteristics of underground mining and the query tools streamline pre-processing operations necessary for geospatial analyses.

Summary We present an efficient and robust damage localization method. Its applications therefore include defect location in shear buildings and beam structures. The proposed method is based on the knowledge of the difference of curvatures, computed for a structure before and after damage occurs. However, instead of using modal shapes for this purpose, as is frequently performed, the present method computes the curvature directly from acceleration signals, without identifying modal shapes of the structure. Additionally, the accelerations are subjected to averaging, which reduces measurement noise, and logarithm extraction, which renders the method independent of the amplitude of the loading impulse used for damage location. Another important feature of the method is that it does not require any calibration of numerical models, because it is solely based on measurement data. The presented method of damage location is illustrated with two examples, which involve experimental tests on laboratory-scale structures. The first example concerns defect location in a shear-building structure, and the second one in a spatially excited simply supported steel beam. Both cases confirm the effectiveness of the method, and its robustness to measurement noise. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mining and subsequent transport of rock minerals may cause environmental and social conflicts. Distribution of documented rock mineral deposits, being a derivative of geology, is usually uneven and inconsistent with demand areas. With the aim to facilitate modelling of potential conflicts and analysing the spatial distribution of source and demand areas, procedures have been developed in the geographical information systems (GIS). These tools can be used by public administration authorities, responsible for mineral resource management, to plan optimum development of available rock minerals resources taking into consideration costs and benefits in accordance with sustainable development requirements. A pilot geo-information system for selected two counties (Swidnicki and Wroclawski) in the Lower Silesia region (SW Poland) characterised by large and differentiated rock mineral resources has been developed, based on the proposed methodology and functionality. The system facilitates storage, management and distribution of spatial data related to rock mineral resources, mining and transport and the implemented functions can be used to solve planning, environmental and logistic problems connected with rock mineral management in a given space. The presented studies have been carried out within the frames of the “Strategies and Technological Scenarios of Management and Utilization of Natural Stone Deposits” Project financed from European Regional Development Fund within the Innovative Economy Operational Programme.

The purpose of this study is to present an optimal design procedure for elasto-plastic structures subjected to impact loading. The proposed method is based on mode approximation of the displacement field and assumption of constant acceleration of impacted structure during whole time of deformation process until the plastic displacement limit is reached. Derivation of the method begins with the application of the principle of conservation of linear momentum, followed by determination of inertial forces. The final stage of the method utilizes an optimization technique in order to find a minimum weight structure. Eventually, effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed method is demonstrated on the example of a planar truss structure subjected to dynamic loading caused by a mass impacting the structure with a given initial velocity.

This paper presents the measurement and model updating of a pedestrian’s center of mass trajectory. A mathematical model proposed by the authors is updated using the actual trajectory of a pedestrian. The mathematical model is based on the principle that a human’s control capability tries to maintain balance with respect to the pedestrian’s center of mass (CoM), independently of the surface type. In this research, the human is considered as a mass point concentrated at CoM. The parameters of the models are updated using experimental identification of the human walking trajectory on a rigid surface. The proposed measurement technique uses a depth sensor, which enable skeletal tracking of the pedestrian walking on rigid or flexible structures. Experiments were performed using a mobile platform with the time-of-flight commercial camera Microsoft Kinect for Windows 2.0. The velocity of the mobile platform is set to maintain a 1 m separation from the pedestrian in order to provide high resolution. The results of the measurement technique allowed the identification of the human’s CoM trajectory. The results of the model updating process present the probability density function of the parameters which could be used for modeling the CoM’s trajectory of the pedestrian.

The paper is concerned with a minimum weight design of composite floors subjected to dynamic loading, deriving from the rhythmic activity of a group of people. The floor structure consists of concrete slab cast, on thick trapezoidal deck, which is supported by a grid of steel beams. The structure is vibration-prone and exhibits a number of natural frequencies, which are within a range of loading function. Mini-mum weight design consists in assigning, from catalogues of prefabricated plates and beams appropriate elements assuring fulfillment of imposed constraints on dis-placements and accelerations. Applied, practical discrete optimization method is based on graph theory and finite element analysis. Efficiency of the proposed de-sign is demonstrated in an example of real-world engineering structure.

The paper presents the concept of the deformation information system (DIS) to support and facilitate studies of mining-ground deformations. The proposed modular structure of the system includes data collection and data visualisation components, as well as spatial data mining, modelling and classification modules. In addition, the system integrates interactive three-dimensional models of the mines and local geology. The system is used to calculate various parameters characterising ground deformation in space and time, i.e. vertical and horizontal displacement fields, deformation parameters (tilt, curvature, and horizontal strain) and input spatial variables for spatial data classifications. The core of the system in the form of an integrated spatial and attributive database has been described. The development stages and the functionality of the particular components have been presented and example analyses utilising the spatial data mining and modelling functions have been shown. These include, among other things, continuous vertical and horizontal displacement field interpolations, calculation of parameters characterising mining-ground deformations, mining-ground category classifications, data extraction procedures and data preparation preprocessing procedures for analyses in external applications. The DIS has been developed for the Walbrzych coal mines area in SW Poland where long-time mining activity ended at the end of the 20th century and surface monitoring is necessary to study the present-day condition of the former mining grounds.

Tilt (T), curvature (K) and horizontal strain (ε) in ground subsidence troughs are the basic deformation parameters, which are used in the assessment of mining effects on surface infrastructure. The parameters can be determined from mathematical functions describing the continuous displacement field. The latter can be obtained by the least squares fitting of selected displacement functions to results of three-dimensional monitoring of horizontal and vertical displacements at discrete points. A methodology based on spatial data modelling in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) facilitates the above process as demonstrated on the example of a mining area in Canada. Polish guidelines regarding classification of mining risk categories based on the values of these parameters have been used in the example.

STRESZCZENIE Konieczność wyznaczenia obszarów funkcjonalnych strategicznych złóż kopalin i ich uwzględ- nienia w planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego, wynikająca z dokumentów rządowych takich jak KPZK2030 powoduje, że niezbędne staje się opracowanie kryteriów delimitacji takich obszarów oraz związane z tym przeprowadzenie analizy uwarunkowań w obszarach udokumentowanych złóż węgla brunatnego, uwzględniających pełen zakres kryteriów (geologicznych, górniczych, przestrzennych, środowiskowych, społecznych oraz gospodarczych i innych) z zastosowaniem metody, która charak- teryzowałaby się jak największym obiektywizmem ich oceny. W pracy zaproponowano wykorzys- tanie metodyki opartej na wielokryterialnej analizie hierarchicznej (Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP) w celu określenia istotności uwarunkowań środowiskowych i planistycznych w generowaniu konfliktów z ochroną i potencjalną eksploatacją złóż węgla brunatnego. W szczególności w celu wskazania uwarunkowań i obszarów najbardziej i najmniej konfliktowych w granicach udoku- mentowanych złóż. Badania, poprzedzone charakterystyką uwarunkowań środowiskowych, analizą ustaleń studiów uwarunkowań i kierunków zagospodarowania przestrzennego gmin oraz pokrycia obszarów złóż miejscowymi planami zagospodarowania przestrzennego wykonano na przykładzie dolnośląskich złóż węgla brunatnego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem złoża Legnica. Stwierdzono, że do najistotniejszych uwarunkowań środowiskowych i planistycznych ograniczających możliwość ochrony i eksploatacji złóż węgla brunatnego należą przyrodnicze obszary chronione (waga 0,19), zabytki kultury (waga 0,14), obszary zabudowane (waga 0,09) oraz wody podziemne i powierz- chniowe (wagi po ok. 0,09). Rezultaty te mogą posłużyć do wyznaczenia obszarów charaktery- zujących się największą (współwystępowanie różnych i najistotniejszych form przeznaczenia terenu) i najmniejszą konfliktowością, a przez to do wspomagania prowadzenia zrównoważonej polityki przestrzennej na wszystkich poziomach administracji publicznej.

The issue of monitoring surface motions in post-mining areas in Europe is important due to the fact that a significant number of post-mining areas lie in highly-urbanized and densely-populated regions. Examples can be found in: Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, as well as the subject of this study, the Polish Walbrzych Hard Coal Basin. Studies of abandoned coal fields show that surface deformations in post-mining areas occur even several dozen years after the end of underground coal extraction, posing a threat to new development of these areas. In the case of the Walbrzych area, fragmentary, geodetic measurements indicate activity of the surface in the post-mining period (from 1995 onward). In this work, we aimed at determining the evolution of surface deformations in time during the first 15 years after the end of mining, i.e., the 1995&ndash, 2010 period using ERS 1/2 and Envisat satellite radar data. Satellite radar data from European Space Agency missions are the only source of information on historical surface movements and provide spatial coverage of the entirety of the coal fields. In addition, we attempted to analyze the relationship of the ground deformations with hydrogeological changes and geological and mining data. Three distinct stages of ground movements were identified in the study. The ground motions (LOS (Line Of Sight)) determined with the PSInSAR (Persistent Scatterer Interferometry) method indicate uplift of the surface of up to +8 mm/a in the first period (until 2002). The extent and rate of this motion was congruent with the process of underground water table restoration in separate water basins associated with three neighboring coal fields. In the second period, after the stabilization of the underground water table, the surface remained active, as indicated by local subsidence (up to &minus, 5 mm/a) and uplift (up to +5 mm/a) zones. We hypothesize that this surface activity is the result of ground reaction disturbed by long-term shallow and deep mining. The third stage is characterized by gradual stabilization and decreasing deformations of the surface. The results accentuate the complexity of ground motion processes in post-mining areas, the advantages of the satellite radar technique for historical studies, and provide information for authorities responsible for new development of such areas, e.g., regarding potential flood zones caused by restoration of groundwater table in subsided areas.

The article describes the research on the analysis of the economic use of mining and processing waste produced and stored on the premises of active mining plants exploiting rock raw materials in the context of the reduce-recycle-reuse (3R) concept. To assess the potential economic applications of the investigated wastes, a two-stage methodology based on a multicriteria analysis using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) algorithm was proposed. Preliminary research produced an inventory of active mining plants storing mining and processing waste on their premises (62 locations). Then, preliminary qualitative analysis was carried out to assess mining waste locations at the environmental and social level consistent with the idea of circular economy&mdash, CE (20 locations). Next, in the first stage of the multi-criteria analysis, six directions of economic use of the investigated waste were analyzed and their significance was determined. These directions are use in road and railroad construction, construction, agriculture, reclamation and development of post-mining areas, food industry, and storage at landfills of mining and processing waste on the premises of a mining plant. In the result of the assessment of potential economic applications of mining waste, recommendations for directions of economic use were obtained for the six highest classified mining waste sites. The recommendations were determined in the second stage of multi-criteria analysis by deriving the local preferences (waste sites) for the alternatives (waste uses).

Real-time structural health monitoring is very important for truss structures especially those having large-spans.In recent years, many methods have been proposed for damage monitoring of truss structures. However, damagesensitivity of these methods is still required to be improved. In this work an efficient damage localizationtechnique for truss structures is proposed, which is based on the LDLT decomposition of the flexibilitydifference matrix and the Damage Locating Vectors (DLV) method. Compared with the present Stochastic DLV(SDLV) method, the proposed method is modified in two ways. First of all, the way of calculating the damagelocating vectors is modified by using LDLT decomposition instead of Singular Value Decomposition. Secondly,in order to compute the flexibility, the mass matrix which is obtained from the finite element model is used tomass-normalize mode shapes identified from ambient excitations. As a result, the proposed LDLT-DLV methodhas a higher sensitivity to damage for different types of truss members. The effectiveness of the proposed LDLTDLVmethod is validated with the numerical example of a laboratory-scale Bailey truss bridge.

In terms of method of extracting mineral from deposit, mining can be classified into: surface, underground, and borehole mining. Surface mining is a form of mining, in which the soil and the rock covering the mineral deposits are removed. Types of surface mining include mainly strip and open-cast methods, as well as quarrying. Tasks associated with surface mining of minerals include: resource estimation and deposit documentation, mine planning and deposit access, mine plant development, extraction of minerals from deposits, mineral and waste processing, reclamation and reclamation of former mining grounds. At each stage of mining, geodata describing changes occurring in space during the entire life cycle of surface mining project should be taken into consideration, i.e. collected, analysed, processed, examined, distributed. These data result from direct (e.g. geodetic) and indirect (i.e. remote or relative) measurements and observations including airborne and satellite methods, geotechnical, geological and hydrogeological data, and data from other types of sensors, e.g. located on mining equipment and infrastructure, mine plans and maps. Management of such vast sources and sets of geodata, as well as information resulting from processing, integrated analysis and examining such data can be facilitated with geomatic solutions. Geomatics is a discipline of gathering, processing, interpreting, storing and delivering spatially referenced information. Thus, geomatics integrates methods and technologies used for collecting, management, processing, visualizing and distributing spatial data. In other words, its meaning covers practically every method and tool from spatial data acquisition to distribution. In this work examples of application of geomatic solutions in surface mining on representative case studies in various stages of mine operation have been presented. These applications include: prospecting and documenting mineral deposits, assessment of land accessibility for a potential large-scale surface mining project, modelling mineral deposit (granite) management, concept of a system for management of conveyor belt network technical condition, project of a geoinformation system of former mining terrains and objects, and monitoring and control of impact of surface mining on mine surroundings with satellite radar interferometry.

Underground coal mining causes surface changes such as subsidence and land transformation. The knowledge of the character of subsidence in the past and in the present provides useful information for example for spatial development. In this paper the methodology of determining surface height changes based on cartographic modelling in geographic information system (GIS) is presented. It has been applied to two test areas in a former coal basin in the Walbrzych region (SW Poland) that is characterised by complex geological conditions. In the result of a set of interpolation and map algebra operations surface height changes have been determined and the character of subsidence in a period of over 120 years (1886-2009) has been assessed. These results have been compared with the results of predictions based on the empirical Knothe theory of subsidence calculations using spatial statistics parameters. It has been found that theoretical modelling when applied in areas of complex mining and geological conditions produces lower subsidence values and more uniform subsidence surface than the applied method based on actual elevation data. The calculated surface height changes in the analysed period have been presented graphically and described.

Summary The purpose of this work is the development of an efficient and high-sensitive damage localization technique for truss structures, based on the rank-revealing QR decomposition (RRQR) of the difference-of-flexibility matrix. The method is an enhancement of the existing techniques of damage detection, which rely on the set of so-called damage locating vector (DLV). The advantages of the RRQR decomposition-based DLV (RRQR-DLV) method are its less computational effort and high sensitivity to damage. Compared with the frequently used stochastic DLV (SDLV) method, RRQR-DLV offers higher sensitivity to damage, which has been validated based on the presented numerical simulation. The effectiveness of the proposed RRQR-DLV method is also illustrated with the experimental validation based on a laboratory-scale Bailey truss bridge model. The proposed method works under ambient excitation such as traffic excitation and wind excitation; therefore, it is promising for real-time damage monitoring of truss structures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (IHDIV, NSWC) CAD Engineering Division is conducting a program to evaluate the laser components which comprise the Canopy Fracturing Initiation System (CFIS) currently installed on the T-6A Texan or JPATS (Joint Primary Aircraft Training System) aircraft. The T-6A Texan is the first aircraft used by the military to train future pilots. The CFIS is an element of the pilot emergency escape system which weakens the canopy in the path of the ejection seat. The CFIS is comprised of three differing configurations (Internal, External, and Seat Motion) which generate a laser pulse that is distributed through a fiber optic energy transmission system. This pulse, in turn, initiates explosive components which weaken the respective canopies. All of the CFIS laser types are flashlamp-pumped, neodymium glass lasers which are located at various positions in the aircraft cockpit area. This paper builds on the previous 2008 SPIE paper (Conference 7070) and presents further CAD Engineering Division test results and analysis which were utilized to evaluate the functional performance of the three CFIS laser signal generators after their being installed fleet applications over a period of time.

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (IHDIV, NSWC) is sponsoring a program to design, develop, and implement a family of electronic time delay cartridges for a wide variety of aircrew escape and other cartridge applications throughout the U.S. Department of Defense. Currently, pyrotechnic cartridges, utilizing either a “pressed column” delay or a small column insulated delay (SCID), provide the time delays required for these applications. Implementing an electronic time delay (or digital delay) cartridge, which maintains the form, fit, and function as the current pyrotechnic cartridges while providing longer useful lifetimes and more precise time delays is the primary objective of this program. This paper presents the program approach adopted for this effort and the successes achieved by the selected contractor Special Devices, Inc. and its partner Scot Inc. to develop an electronic time delay cartridge family. BACKGROUND: Cartridge Actuated Devices and Propellant Actuated Devices (CAD/PAD) are utilized for various applications throughout the U.S. military. A cartridge is defined as an energy source utilizing one or more energetic materials. A Cartridge Actuated Device (CAD) is defined as a device releasing cartridge energy to perform a work function. A Propellant Actuated Device (PAD) is defined as a rocket powered device releasing controlled propellant energy to perform a work function. Also, an Aircrew Escape Propulsion Systems (AEPS) is a “PAD” specifically designed for aircrew systems applications. For example, on the F/A-18E/F aircraft, there are over sixty-six (66) cartridges, CADs, and AEPS (Figure (1) on the next page). As shown, the F/A-18E/F utilizes a NACES (Navy Aircrew Common Ejection Seat) ejection seat to provide the pilot escape capability during an emergency situation. In addition, as part of the overall escape system, delay cartridges are utilized to provide optimized timing for all required events. The MC50 Cartridge Actuated Initiator (Photo (1) and Figure (2)) provides supplemental ballistic pressure to the system after a 0.3 second delay. Photo 1: MC50 Cartridge Actuated Initiator For this initiator, ballistic pressure is used as the stimulus to actuate a percussion primer. This primer, in turn, initiates a pyrotechnic column that provides the required 0.3 second time delay before initiating the output charge which provides ballistic pressure to the remainder of the system. Figure 2: MC50 Cartridge Actuated Initiator Schematic 1 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit 8 11 July 2007, Cincinnati, OH AIAA 2007-5133 This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 43 AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE JPC AIAA 2007-5133 Figure 1: F/A-18 E/F CAD/PADs Currently, pyrotechnic cartridges provide the required time delays for a wide range of CAD/PAD systems. These cartridges contain energetic materials that burn in a column at a controlled rate and provide ballistic output after the required system delay has been achieved. These current cartridges fall into two basic categories: “pressed column” type cartridges and “small column insulated delay (SCID)” type cartridges. One example of the “pressed column” type cartridges is the CCU-40A/A (Figure (3)). This cartridge is used on the AV8B aircraft and provides a 0.575 second delay prior to generating ballistic pressure to deploy the ejection seat parachutes. Figure 3: CCU-40A/A Delay Cartridge As shown, the CCU-40A/A delay cartridge is 1.095 inches long and 0.379 inches in diameter. Included in this cartridge are the percussion primer, the delay column, and the output charge that generates the required ballistic pressure for system operation. The CCU-40A/A Delay Cartridge is the smallest of the family of current U. S. Navy and U. S. Air Force delay cartridges or initiators. By maintaining the physical envelope of the CCU-40A/A cartridge, the selected technology can be rapidly implemented into larger cartridge or initiator applications. Thusly, maintaining this physical envelope, while implementing an alternate electronic time delay technology, has been identified as the primary design challenge of this program. A critical secondary design challenge is the packaging of the sub-components that comprise the selected alternate technology. Both of these current types of delay cartridges are expensive to produce, provide imprecise delay times (a tolerance of 25% for the “pressed column” type cartridges and a tolerance of 8% for the SCID-type cartridges are considered acceptable over a standard aircraft environmental temperature range), and require change-out as often as every 18-months during the maintenance cycle for some aircraft applications. Implementing cartridges that replace the pyrotechnical delays with electronic technologies

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (IHDIV, NSWC) has been involved with the laser initiation of energetic materials over the past 18 years. Specifically, the IHDIV, NSWC has been leading efforts in the basic research into laser ignitability of various energetic materials, developing cartridges and Cartridge Actuated Devices (CADs) incorporating this research, and ultimately implementing these new devices into a variety of aircrew escape system and weapon system applications. This paper presents an overview of one of these on-going programs: the effort to determine the laser ignitability characteristics of the MTV (Magnesium Teflon Viton) initiation material used in Mk 117 Mod 0 Jet Assisted Take-Off device. This example highlights one of the current efforts being conducted at the IHDIV, NSWC and supplements the previously presented technical papers offered at various the AIAA Conferences and other related symposia. The laser ignition capability is currently supporting several Department of Defense CAD/PAD programs. This paper will highlight the efforts underway to support an effort to determine the laser ignitability characteristics of the MTV (Magnesium Teflon Viton) and NOSIH-AA6 double base propellant used in the Mk 117 Mod 0 Jet Assisted Task-Off (JATO) device. This investigation is one phase of a larger investigation into several anomalies associated with this JATO and the BQM-74E Aerial Target system. FIELDED SYSTEM AND INVESTIGATION: BACKGROUND: This paper presents the IHDIV, NSWC current capability to study the laser ignition characteristics of various energetic materials used in various CAD/PAD (Cartridge Actuated Device/Propellant Actuated Device) applications. Determining the laser ignition characteristics of an energetic material greatly enhances the overall understanding of how this material reacts to a stimulus and supplements the standard mechanical, chemical, and ignition test parameters generated when an energetic material is studied. The IHDIV, NSWC approach to evaluating the laser ignition characteristics of energetic materials utilizes a 400 Watt Coherent, Inc. carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (10.6 micrometer wavelength) with a developed test methodology to generate two critical energetic material characteristics: a 50% ignition threshold level and identifying the time to first light (or ignition delay). The details of the test approach will follow. Photo 1: BQM-74E Aerial Target Launch The U.S. Navy has utilized the BQM-74E Aerial Target (Photo (1)) extensively for various training and weapon system tests over the past several years. The BQM-74E Target utilizes an on-board jet engine to provide over 200 pounds of thrust to sustain flight. The dual Mk 117 Mod 0 JATOs provide a combined thrust of approximately 7,000 pounds to launch the target both from land-based and from shipboard platforms. 1 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit 10 13 July 2005, Tucson, Arizona AIAA 2005-3517 This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Recently, the Navy has experienced several anomalies in which the JATO devices have either failed to ignite or have not provided continuous sustained thrust shortly after ignition. In these cases, the asymmetric thrust resulting from only one successful JATO have resulted in the complete loss of the aerial target (Photos (2), (3), and (4)). These photos were taken during a 3 May 2004 incident at the Naval Air Warfare Center – Weapons Division, Point Mugu, CA. e r Photo 5: JATO Initiator Configuration LASER IGNITABILITY TEST METHODOLOGY: In general, the test methodology adopted for all of the IHDIV, NSWC laser ignitability programs is very similar. Utilizing the carbon dioxide laser previously described, a mask with a 0.10-inch diameter hole in the center is used to limit the generated laser beam (normally the beam is 1.0-centimeters in diameter at the 1/e points). This 0.10inch beam delivers a controlled thermal input to the energetic material samples. For the NOSIH-AA-6 propellant, a series of 0.25-inch cube propellant samples were used. For the MTV ignition material, a series of short, extruded cylinders were used. All of these samples are centered in the test chamber in brass holders. These samples were prepared specifically for this investigation.

Canopy fragilization (or fracturing) systems are utilized on various military aircraft to provide sufficient escape path clearance for the ejection seat during a crewmember ejection. Recently, McCormick Selph Inc. (MSi) and the Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (IHDIV, NSWC) completed a qualification program to implement new non-lead sheathed linear explosive components into canopy fragilization systems of the AV-8B and T-45A aircraft. As part of this program, full-scale canopy fragilization system tests were conducted. These full-scale tests, in addition to the tests conducted on the Joint Primary Aircraft Training System (JPATS) and the NASA T-38 aircraft canopy fragilization systems, have established a baseline from which future test results can be evaluated. This technical paper presents a jointly developed test methodology, including the functional configuration, manikin/flight equipment positions, pressure transducers, and data reduction techniques to allow viable comparison of these previous results with those generated during future full-scale canopy fragilization tests. BACKGROUND: Canopy fragilization (or fracturing) systems are utilized on various military aircraft to provide rapid escape path clearance for the ejection seat during an emergency situation. Canopy fragilization systems have been traditionally used on Naval aircraft and are designed to minimize the amount of time required to safely eject a crewmember. The U. S. Navy AV-8B and T-45A aircraft currently are outfitted with canopy fragilization systems. The British Tornado and the Swedish Gripen (JAS-39), among others, also utilize canopy fragilization systems. The basic design of these aircraft and their challenging flight regimes do not allow the time required to jettison the canopy. Jettisoning the canopy is the alternate method to provide escape path clearance for other U. S. Navy and U. S. Air Force aircraft. The energy required to fracture a canopy is provided by explosive components such as Mild Detonating Cord (MDC) or Linear Shape Charge (LSC) (Figures (1) and (2)). These explosive components are comprised of a metal sheath material (lead or tin or copper, for example) surrounding an energetic material (HNS – Hexanitrostilbene, HMX, or PBXN-5). The amount of explosive material is determined by test and is usually quoted in grains per foot. These components are held in place either by epoxying a retainer (fabricated from silicone rubber, for example) which holds the components directly to the canopy or by containing the components in contact with the canopy by utilizing a structural retainer (comprised of fiberglass or metal, for example) which is usually located around the canopy periphery. These components are initiated through a manifold and the explosive output provides the energy to fracture or sever the canopy. Figure 1: Mild Detonating Cord (MDC) Figure 2: Linear Shape Charge (LSC) Energetic Material Metal Sheath Material Mild Detonating Cord

This paper presents the current U. S. Navy program to characterize energetic materials for unlimited use in varied applications and offers two examples of new materials that have undergone or are undergoing test and analysis required to complete this program. CP (Pentaammine (5-cyano-2H- tetrazolato-N2) cobalt (111) perchlorate) and BNCP (Tetraammine-cis-bis (5-nitro-2H-tetrazolato-N 2 ) cobalt (111) perchlorate) are two chemically related explosive materials developed and used in various Department of Energy (DOE) applications. In recent years, the use of CP and BNCP has been expanded to include detonators for some U. S. Navy missile and aircrew escape applications. Certification of CP has been granted based primarily on DOE-supplied performance and safety test data and analysis. A program to complete the characterization testing and analysis of BNCP between IHDIV, NSWC and Pacific Scientific (the primary manufacturer) is scheduled for completion in early 2002. The characterization program and the testing and analysis curlcluc~ccl ij, bdli tlx CP aid BNCP cncrgctic materials are detailed in this paper.

The Cartridge Actuated Device (CAD) Research and Development Branch was tasked by the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division, In-Flight Escape Systems Branch to continue to investigate, develop, test, and evaluate the potential to implement a laser energy based Signal Transmission System (STS) for the Advanced Technology Ejection Seat (ATES) Program. ATES is a team program and previous results have been presented by The Boeing Defense and Space Group in April 1998 and by the U. S. Navy at the Safety and Flight Equipment (SAFE) National Symposium in October 2000. The primary objective of the STS phase of the program is to determine the potential for utilizing an electronic sequencer containing laser diodes capable of generating sufficient power to initiate escape system cartridges and CADs. The fiber optic lines selected to transmit the laser signal, the specialized fiber optic connectors, and the energetic devices, which accept the signal and perform required functions, were also evaluated under this effort. This paper presents the design approach, fabrication process, and the test results generated when investigating laser-diode sequencers capable of meeting all ATES requirements. The test results and analysis used to evaluate the capability of the fiber optic lines, specialized fiber optic connectors, and laser ordnance devices are also presented. In conclusion, an approach to conducting ATES system-level sled tests is offered. BACKGROUND The Advanced Technology Ejection Seat (ATES) program is a demonstration effort being managed by the In-Flight Escape Systems Branch at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division at Patuxent River, MD. All cartridge, Cartridge Actuated Device (CAD) and Signal Transmission System (STS) efforts are the responsibility of the IHDIV, NSWC CAD Research and Development Branch. The Boeing Company, Defense and Space Group in Seattle, WA, is the prime contractor for this effort. An Integrated Product Team approach has been implemented for this program to ensure an efficient evaluation and implementation of all concepts. The primary objective of this program is to integrate the controllable propulsion system developed as the Fourth Generation Escape System onto a modified AV-8B aircraft SIIIS Goodrich Universal Propulsion Company ejection seat. In addition, this program will demonstrate emerging Signal Transmission System (STS) technologies not previously evaluated under the Fourth Generation Escape System effort. The technical approach adopted by the team is to minimize development costs by adapting proven technology from other industries and programs where applicable, and then supplementing the technology gaps with small-scale development programs. To this end, the following ATES design has been selected by the team (See Conceptual Design (Figure (1)): Modified SIIIS (AV-8/B) seat platform with SIIIS baseline catapult Flight controller based on Boeing CREST and ACES II technology (new) Electronic laser sequencer (new) Laser/fiber optic signal transmission system (new) Laser Ordnance devices to accept input signal and generate ballistic pressure output (new) H-motor controllable propulsion system based on ACES II and NACES pintle nozzle technology (new) ACES II drogue and main parachutes (current) This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. 1 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics c)2001 American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics or Published with Permission of Author(s) and/or Author(s)' Sponsoring Organization. CATAPULT H MOTOR 9/1/98 ACTUATOR DRIVER SEAT BACK STRUCTUR

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (IHDIV, NSWC) is the lead service activity for cartridges, Cartridge Actuated Devices (CADs), and Aircrew Escape Propulsion Systems (AEPS) for the Department of Defense. In this role, the CAD Research and Development/Product Improvement Program'Branch has been actively investigating newly developed energetic materials for use in aircrew escape applications. Pacific Scientific, Energy Dynamics Division, has been active in the design, development, and production of detonators, cartridges, and CADs for these systems since 1968. Currently, Pacific Scientific is optimizing the production process for a new energetic material, BNCP, for use in these components. BNCP (Tetraamminebis (5-nitro-2H-tetrazolateo-N) cobalt (III) perchlorate) accepts an input stimulus and produces a detonation output. This paper presents a series of preliminary screening test results for a Government-owned electrical detonator design where BNCP has replaced the current ignition material. These test results supplement the prior findings which evaluated BNCP in an optical detonator configuration and were presented at the Joint Propulsion Conference in 1996 (AIAA Paper #96-2619)'.

The Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (IHDIV, NSWC) is conducting a qualification program for a laser-ignited, all-secondary (DDT) explosive detonator. This detonator was developed jointly by IHDIV, NSWC and the Department of Energy's EG&G Mound Applied Technologies facility in Miamisburg, Ohio to accept a laser initiation signal and produce a fully developed shock wave output. The detonator performance requirements were established by the on-going IHDIV, NSWC Laser Initiated Transfer Energy Subsystem (LITES) advanced development program. Qualification of the detonator as a component utilizing existing military specifications is the selected approach for this program. The detonator is a deflagration-to-detonator transfer (DDT) device using a secondary explosive, HMX, to generate the required shock wave output. The prototype development and initial system integration tests for the LITES and for the detonator were reported at the 1992 International Pyrotechnics Society Symposium and at the 1992 Survival and Flight Equipment National Symposium. Recent results are presented for the all-fire sensitivity and qualification tests conducted at two different laser initiation pulses.

Rock minerals such as dimension and crushed stones and sands and gravels (aggregates) are indispensable materials for the building and construction industries. The growth in demand for these resources causes intensification of mining operations (and their consequent environmental impacts) and transport problems in regions abundant in rock minerals. The balanced management of these resources by regional policy-makers is difficult as it requires, among other things, comprehensive and up-to-date information on the spatial distribution and temporal changes of available reserves, demand, production, and transport. This information can be provided by means of spatial and temporal analyses through geographic information systems (GIS). In this research, the focus is on the following aspects of rock mineral (aggregates) resources and mining management in the context of regional spatial planning in the example region of Lower Silesia in Poland: the spatial and temporal changes in distribution and intensity of mining, the availability of economic reserves in active mines, the magnitude and distribution of road transport flows of aggregates, the potential of railways as an alternative means of transport, and the valorisation of undeveloped aggregates deposits to assess their suitability for future use. For the purposes of this study, cartographic models have been developed using GIS to facilitate analyses of these mineral resources, mining, and transport. The results of these analyses provide current and comprehensive information on the state of aggregates mineral resources, production and transport in the Lower Silesia region. They also give an insight into availability of rock mineral resources for the future. Knowledge of these processes is important for spatial development planning, especially physical infrastructure, conducted by national, regional, and local governments.

The research aimed to assess the accessibility of a brown coal deposit for development with respect to environmental and land use functions of the terrain. A combination of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Weighted Linear Combination methodology was proposed to determine weights of environmental and spatial (land use) factors conditioning development of an open-cast mine project and to produce a composite accessibility map in a geographic information system (GIS). The environmental and spatial factors (criteria) were identified in a survey of a group of experts, and the weights were determined by pairwise comparison of criteria by the same group of experts. The following ones were identified as the most significant factors constraining development of a brown coal open-cast mining project: nature protection areas, cultural and historical monuments, populated areas, underground water reservoirs and surface waters. The research was done on a case study of the Legnica brown coal deposit located in the Dolnoslaskie Province in SW Poland. The identified criteria were mapped and standardized in GIS. The final composite map was obtained in the result of a weighted map overlay analysis with the weights determined in the result of AHP analysis. The results, presented graphically and statistically, show that the western area of the three analysed Legnica deposit coal fields is the least inaccessible with respect to the analysed criteria and that the northern one is the most inaccessible. The results can be used to support sustainable spatial policy and development on all levels of public administration.

The largest worldwide population screening for cancer family syndromes was initiated in January 2001 in the West Pomeranian Region of Poland with 1.7 m inhabitants. In the first step in the period January 2001 - May 2002 family doctors and nurses collected questionnaires asking about cancer family history among 1st and 2nd degree relatives from 1,258,401 of 1.5 m individuals (87%) who were insured in the West Pomeranian Regional Health Foundation. Up to now about 1.15 m questionnaires have been evaluated by geneticists/oncologists. According to questionnaire data around 2% of families fulfilled criteria to be suspected for cancer family syndrome. Family members (usually 1-2 representatives per family) from suspected families were invited for detailed examination. After pedigree and clinical examination as well as DNA/RNA analyses, high genetic predisposition to neoplasms was diagnosed in 10,525 families. Diagnosis of the following syndromes was established definitively or with high probability: 1. Hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome - 4121 families including 438 families with diagnosed BRCA1/2 mutation. 2. Familial syndromes of colorectal cancer: a) HNPCC - 568 families including 63 families with diagnosed MSH2/MLH1 mutation, b) FAP - 22 families, c) Late onset colorectal cancer aggregations - 459 families. 3. Other hereditary organ specific syndromes: a) hereditary stomach cancer - 1250 families, b) hereditary renal cancer - 565 families, c) hereditary laryngeal cancer - 206 families, d) hereditary prostate cancer - 170 families, e) NFI - 66 families, f) VHL - 36 families, g) Retinoblastoma - 4 families, h) Peutz Jeghers syndrome - 3 families, i) juvenile polyposis - 2 families. 4. Organ-specific familial aggregations: a) familial lung cancer - 242 families, b) familial leukaemia/lymphoma - 77 families, c) familial liver cancer - 68 families, d) familial cervical cancer - 30 families, e) familial pancreatic cancer - 73 families, f) familial melanoma - 44 families, g) familial bladder - 19 families. 5. Unspecified cancer family aggregations - 3319 families. Appropriate management has been introduced in all identified families with high predisposition to malignancies.