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Purpose: Several diagnostic algorithms exist to detect sarcopenia in older adults. We compared the prevalence of sarcopenia according to the selected diagnostic algorithms. Methods: This cross-sectional study compared the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) 2010, updated EWGSOP 2019, the Foundation for National Institutes of Health (FNIH) and the International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) criteria in 778 outpatients of the Geriatric Clinic aged 60 to 89 years. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to estimate muscle mass, hand-held hydraulic dynamometer to measure muscle strength, the TUG test and gait speed to assess physical function were used. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia varied from 0% to 6.43% depending on the algorithm. For the majority of associations between the different definitions of sarcopenia the agreement was null or fair (Cohen’s kappa between 0.2 and 0.4). Moderate agreement (Cohen’s kappa between 0.4 and 0.6) was found for only three relationships. Nevertheless, for these three relationships, McNemar’s test has given different results, indicating that even in the moderately agreeing algorithms, the shared diagnoses of sarcopenia concerned only part of subjects. Conclusions: According to diagnostic algorithms the prevalence of sarcopenia is low in independent community-dwelling older adults. The agreement between the different definitions is poor.

The study analyzes the relationship between nutritional status and depression symptoms severity in the older population. A total of 1975 older outpatients (1457 women and 518 men, median age 75) were included in the study. Depression symptoms severity was assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Participants were divided into two subgroups according to GDS score. Group A: 0–5 points—without depression symptoms (1237, W:898, M:339), and group B: 6–15 points—with depression symptoms (738, W:559, M:179). The nutritional status of the patients was assessed with Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and basic anthropometric variables (waist, hips, calf circumferences, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist to height ratio (WHtR)). Education years and chronic diseases were also noted. Women with higher depression symptoms severity had significantly lower MNA scores [A: 26.5 (24–28) (median (25%−75% quartiles)) vs. B:23 (20.5–26)], shorter education time [A:12 (8–16) vs. B:7 (7–12)], smaller calf circumference [A:36 (33–38) vs. B: 34 (32–37)], and higher WHtR score [A:57.4 (52.3–62.9) vs. B:58.8 (52.1–65.6)]. Men with depression symptoms had lower MNA scores [A:26.5 (24.5–28) vs. B:24 (20.5–26.5)], shorter education [A:12 (9.5–16), B:10 (7–12)], and smaller calf circumference [A:37 (34–39), B:36 (33–38)]. In the model of stepwise multiple regression including age, years of education, anthropometric variables, MNA and concomitant diseases nutritional assessment, and education years were the only independent variables predicting severity of depression symptoms both in women and men. Additionally, in the female group, odds were higher with higher WHtR. Results obtained in the study indicate a strong relationship between proper nutritional status and education level with depression symptoms severity in older women and men.

The aim of the present study was to compare two widely recommended short nutrition assessment tools&mdash, Nutrition Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002) and Subjective Global Assessment Form (SGA)&mdash, with other Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) measurements. The study included 622 consecutively hospitalized older subjects, aged 81.7 &plusmn, 7.8 years. The criteria to participate were the ability to communicate and given consent. Both NRS-2002 and SGA were inversely related to anthropometric measurements, functional assessment tests, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and positively associated with the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13) score. Results of SGA and NRS-2002 were not related to sex and 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score. Comparison of well-nourished subjects and patients with suggested problems with nutrition according to NRS-2002 (0&ndash, 2 vs. 3&ndash, 7) and SGA (A vs. B + C) gave comparable results. Both nutritional scales at given cut-off points similarly discriminated anthropometric data and other CGA tools in the populations of well-nourished vs. malnourished hospitalized older subjects. In conclusion, we can recommend using both NRS-2002 and SGA to detect malnutrition or risk of malnutrition in a routine clinical practice of the geriatric department ward.

Aim: While the effect of antidepressants on platelet functions is relatively well studied, there are few studies comparing platelet parameters, such as platelet count, between elderly patients with unipolar depression and non-depressed elderly subjects. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine if there are differences in platelet count in elderly patients with unipolar depression (DEP) compared with non-depressed elderly patients (nonDEP) using case-control analysis. Methods: We measured platelet count in 582 (DEP: n = 291, nonDEP: n = 291) Caucasian in-patients aged ≥60. The mean age of the study subjects was 77.2 years, there were 243 (83.5%) women in both study groups. Results: The mean platelet count was significantly (p = 0.02) lower in the DEP group (241.6 ± 82.0) compared with the nonDEP group (263.6 ± 107.2). We also found that platelet count was not correlated with age. Conclusions: Compared with non-depressed controls, elderly patients with depression have decreased number of platelet cells. This, combined with the known effect of antidepressants on platelet agreeability, may translate into an increased risk of bleeding complications in the course of antidepressive treatment in elderly patients. Careful monitoring of platelet parameters is therefore recommended in the clinical population of elderly depressed patients.

Blood lipids are widely used in monitoring the risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, atherogenic indices are more precise markers. The aim of the study was to determine differences in atherogenic indices in elderly patients with unipolar depression (DEP) compared with nondepressed elderly patients (nonDEP) using case-control analysis.Fasting serum lipid profiles were measured in 564 (depressed: n = 282, nondepressed: n = 282, 83.7% (n = 236) women in both groups) Caucasian inpatients aged ≥60, with mean age 76.9 years. Patients from both groups were matched for age and sex. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was calculated as logHDL levels were significantly decreased in depressed patients (48.2 ± 14.4 mg/dL vs. 54.5 ± 17.7 mg/dL). No other differences in lipid profile were found. We found that all three analyzed atherogenic indices were increased in depressed patients (AIP: 0.41 ± 0.28 vs. 0.33 ± 0.27, AIAll three atherogenic indices were increased in elderly patients with depression. Since depression and age are associated with elevated risk of cardiovascular events, elderly patients with depression should be carefully monitored for abnormal lipid status to reduce their cardiovascular risk. The role of lipid abnormalities in the pathogenesis of depression requires further studies.

Introduction: Aging in mammals, including man, is accompanied by deep changes in hormone secretion. In the majority of cases, hormone secretion (mostly of gonadal steroids and adrenocortical hormone dehydroepiandrosterone — DHEA) undergoes pronounced decrease. This decrease is thought to contribute to the progression of aging. In contrast, the secretion of gonadotropins is sharply increased in older adults, as a result of gonadal deficiency. Recent data indicate that gonadotropin excess may also, by itself, influence the aging process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mutual relation between steroid hormones and gonadotropins and their effect on body mass indices in older people. Material and methods: In a group of 100 patients (61 women and 39 men) aged over 75 years, blood serum concentrations of folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH), oestradiol (E2), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAs), and cortisol were measured. All the patients were measured for the following: body weight (kg), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m 2 ), and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR). The differences of the numerical data were evaluated by Student’s t-test and the correlations between them by means of Pearson’s test. Results and conclusions: The most interesting finding of this study was to show that FSH and LH are negatively correlated with body mass and indices such as BMI and WtHR in older women. Because in older women the mediation of ovary is unlikely, we conclude that gonadotropins may influence the body mass by their direct extra-gonadal action.

Objectives The study is a case-control analysis of whether depression impairs physical and cognitive functioning and quality of life, and whether there is a relationship between nutrient deficiencies and these adverse changes. Patients and methods A total of 130 older subjects participated in the study: 65 with diagnosed depression (16 men and 49 women) and 65 age- and sex-matched controls without depression. All patients underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment. Nutritional state was assessed with the Mini Nutritional Assessment, cognitive performance was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination and physical functioning by the Timed "Up & Go" test and handgrip strength. The pattern of consumption of various nutrients was analyzed in detail. Results The differences in cognitive functioning observed between the groups were related to specific nutrient intake, as was handgrip strength to some extent. The differences in nutritional status, several functional tests and muscle strength were related to both the presence of depression and inappropriate consumption of certain nutrients. Conclusion The incidence of falls and poor quality of life may be partially associated with the presence of depression. The inappropriate intake of selected nutrients may impair the functioning and quality of life of older adults with depression, such as the excess consumption of sucrose and insufficient consumption of protein, fiber, eicosapentaenoic acid, niacin and vitamin B6. Particular nutrients should be translated into dietary patterns which allow the individual patient to address these nutrient deficiencies.

Objective To compare the Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13) scale, a screening tool for older patients, with four other popular indicators that describe the physical and mental state of patients, the Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and to determine which cut-off points of the VES-13 scale will be useful for health services. Methods The study included 864 older Caucasian people (mean age 80.9 ± 8.2 years, 615 female) who were hospitalized in the Geriatric University Clinic. The VES-13, ADL, IADL, MMSE and GDS were conducted in all the patients. A “gold standard” was created as a composite reference value assuming a non-vulnerable person with satisfactory results of all the reference tests: ADL (≥5), IADL (≥7), MMSE (≥24) and GDS ( Results Significant statistical correlations between the VES 13 and age (r = 0.59), ADL (r = −0.53), IADL (r = −0.66), MMSE (r = −0.47) and GDS (r = 0.37) were found. The sensitivity and specificity in detecting risk of functional vulnerability were 91.2% and 2.3%, 91.9% and 48.7%, 80.6% and 70.8%, 76.8% and 74.9%, and 71.6% and 82.2% for VES-13 scores of ≥3, ≥4, ≥5, ≥6, and ≥7, respectively. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) for the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) was 82.6%. Conclusion The VES-13 demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity in detecting functional deficits in older subjects. High correlations with other measures of Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment make it a valuable screening tool for older patients. A cut-off point of 6 seems optimal for screening purposes by health services.

A 65-year-old male was admitted to the emergency department with a suspected stroke, presenting with asymmetry of muscle strength and consciousness disorder. According to his family, the first signs had begun three months before hospitalization and had significantly worsened during the previous month. He had been fully independent and still working physically at the time of hospitalization. No head trauma, alcohol abuse, infections or past intoxications were reported. Single-phase computed tomography of the head revealed diffuse periventricular hypodensity and significant cortico-subcortical brain and cerebellum atrophy, with no signs of ischaemia or intracranial bleeding. Subsequently, the patient was admitted to the psychiatric ward, where behaviour disorganization, bradykinesia, massive memory disorders and somnolence were observed. During the first few days of hospitalization, the patient refused food intake did not comply with commands nor recognized his family members. However, no psychotic symptoms were observed. Due to tremors of the upper and lower limbs, increased muscle tension in the upper limbs and muscular weakness of the left arm, the patient was consulted neurologically and diagnosed with cerebellar syndrome of undetermined cause.

OBJECTIVES Assessment of the work and life conditions of 60 to 65-year-old seniors with regard to type of work and quality of life (QoL). METHODS The European Foundation for Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Questionnaire and the EuroQol 5D were used to evaluate work and life conditions and QoL in the three age- and sex-matched 60 to 65-year-old groups (white-collar, manual workers, and unemployed subjects, 100 each group, 50% of women). RESULTS Manual workers and unemployed subjects had lower QoL score (0 to 100 point scale) than white-collar workers (accordingly 72.2; 71.2; 76.2; P

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine whether cardiovascular risk factors may differ according to occupational status and whether physical activity related to total energy expenditure (PA-EE) and related to health-related behaviours (PA-HRB) is associated with common cardiovascular risk factors or metabolic syndrome in pre-elderly subjects.MethodsThree hundred subjects aged 60–65 were recruited and divided into three equal groups of white-collar, blue-collar workers and unemployed subjects; 50% were women. The subjects were tested for major cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid levels, glucose, uric acid and homocysteine. PA-EE and PA-HRB were assessed with PA questionnaires.ResultsBlue-collar workers displayed higher anthropometric indices, blood pressure and higher PA-EE in comparison with other two groups. PA-HRB had a positive impact on body mass indices, lipids, glucose, uric acid and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, with no such relationship observed for PA-EE.ConclusionsThe greatest cardiovascular risk was observed in the blue-collar workers group. Only PA-HRB had a positive association with cardiometabolic risk profile. No relationship was observed for PA-EE. Thus, promoting everyday life and leisure time PA behaviours is crucial for preventing cardiometabolic risk in pre-elderly subjects, even in blue-collar workers with high work-related EE.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is the major acute-phase plasma protein. Studies show that patients with depression have elevated levels of CRP. The aim of the study was to determine differences in CRP serum level in elderly patients with unipolar depression (DEP) compared with non-depressed elderly patients (nonDEP) using case-control analysis.Serum level of CRP was measured in 404 (DEP: n = 202, nonDEP: n = 202) Caucasian inpatients aged ≥60 (350 women, 86.7%; mean age = 76.7 years).Mean CRP level in the study groups was: DEP 2.67 ± 2.56 mg/dL, nonDEP 2.41 ± 2.19 mg/dL, the difference was not significant (p = 0.96). The overall rate of being above the high level of CRP (set at 3.0 mg/L) was 33.2% for DEP and 29.2% for nonDEP groups (p = 0.39). It was also found that, in the whole study group, CRP level was not correlated with age (p = 0.10).Elderly patients with depression have no increased CRP levels. A high percentage (∼30%) of all subjects had a CRP level3 mg/L, which is the cut-off point for increased cardiovascular risk.