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The aim of this study was to assess the anti-anxiety and CNS depressant properties of hydro-alcoholic extract of Pongamia pinnata leaves (HALEPP). Standard methods were used to screen the HALEPP's phytochemicals, which showed that the extract contains Flavones, alkaloids, glycosides, proteins and amino acids, gum and mucilage as well as flavonoids, saponins, and steroid hormones. Even at the dose level of 1000 mg/kg body weight, the HALEPP showed no signs of toxicity or mortality in the acute toxicity report. The anti-anxiety behaviour of was studied using light and dark model methods in rats. The CNS depressant action was studied using the extract and actophotometer (Rolex) in rats. The research group (HALEPP 200 gm/kg treated) animals displayed strong anti-anxiety and CNS depressant behaviour similar to the control group (diazepam treated) animals in the current study. The study's findings suggest that the hydro-alcoholic Pongamia pinnata leaf extract has strong anti-anxiety and CNS depressant properties. Keywords: Pongamia pinnata, Anti-Anxiety & CNS depressant

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has created a stressful environment of fear, isolation, and economic instability. This study quantifies rates of self-reported increases in use of anxiety-related m...

Behavioral tests are very useful to understand the Neuro-psychotic disease and also helpful in finding the treatment of the particular disease. Nowadays various tests are available to evaluate the anxiolytics effect of a new entity or even for comparative studies with the standard drug. As per the ethics, a new compound or drug believes to have possible pharmacological effects should be tested on animals before tested on humans which have similar physiology than humans. First, rats were used for behavioral test for evaluation of anti-anxiety drug but later on the various strain of mice were added for evaluation of anxiolytics because of better genetic possibilities than rats. In this review article, we have discussed the most commonly used behavioral tests used to evaluate the anti-anxiety effect. Anxiolytics are the agent which are used to elevate anxiety effect produced due to any cause. The various parameter will be undertaken for the better and precise evaluation of anxiolytics.

Anxiety is a common, universal disease caused by psychological and environmental factors. There are medications available to treat anxiety disorders, but these are accompanied by problems such as addiction and withdrawal difficulties. Suanzaoren Prescription (SZRP) is often used to treat anxiety disorders in traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice. However, its therapeutic mechanism remains unclear. This work aims to identify potential core therapeutic targets and predict major bioactive compounds by means of network pharmacology, screen compounds that may bind to anxiety targets by molecular docking methods, and validate and evaluate possible therapeutic mechanisms of compounds for anxiety in vitro cell experiments. Datebase TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM, ETCM, TCMGeneDIT and TCMID was used to obtain SZRP compounds, while TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM and ETCM were used to obtain target of compounds. The targets of anxiety disorders were obtained through database TTD, OMIM, PharmgKB, CTD, DrugBank and Metacore. The network diagram is drawn by Cytoscape 3.7.2 software and STRING. Biological process and KEGG pathway analysis were conducted by MetaCore and NIMNT. AutoDock Vina software was used to conduct molecular docking. The calcium Flux assay was employed to detect the activation of compounds on CNR1 in cell line CHO-K1/CNR1/Gα15. The 545 compounds in SZRP were collected. We found there were 1050 potential targets of these compounds in SZRP which involved in brain disease, mood disorder, endocrine system disease, bipolar disorder, etc. There were 117 potential targets of SZRP against anxiety (such as DRD2, BDNF, COMT, SLC6A4, HTR1A, etc.), which played the roles in regulation of membrane potential and synaptic transmission, nicotine addiction, retinol metabolism, GABAergic and serotonergic synapse, etc. The results of molecular docking indicated there were the biggest affinity between Jujuboside B and DRD2, BDNF, COMT, SLC6A4, Anemarsaponin B_qt and HTR1A, n-methylasimilobine and MAPK3. Based on cell CHO-K1/CNR1/Gα15 and calcium flux technique, we found Chrysophanol, Kaempferol and Emodin have activation effects on CNR1 with EC50 138.3µM, 52.28µM and 56.86µM respectively. These results indicated that the effects of SZRP against anxiety were correlated with synaptic transmission, substance addiction and retinol metabolism, especially targeted on CNR1. It suggested that the therapeutic mechanism of SZRP treating anxiety might be due to the weak action of multiple compounds on multiple pathways and biological processes.

Objective This study was conducted to study the anxiety scores among undergraduate university students in Jordan during COVID‐19 pandemic and to assess the relationship between quarantine and shifting to distance learning resulted from the governmental strict isolation measures and severity of anxiety among students. Methods A cross‐sectional design was conducted to meet the study objectives. A convenience sample of 736 undergraduate university students in Jordan was recruited, and anxiety was assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Results The results indicated that anxiety score was 22.76 and 40.6% of the participant experienced moderate to severe anxiety, whereas 23.5% experienced mild to moderate anxiety and 35.9% experienced mild anxiety. Factors like suffering from chronic illnesses, having chronic medications, grade point average, shifting to distance learning, quarantine during the pandemic, study duties, the newly developed evaluation methods and the experience of students towards the use of anti‐anxiety drugs and herbs had significantly increased the anxiety scores. Conclusion Our findings indicate that quarantine and shifting to distance learning during COVID‐19 pandemic have negatively affected the anxiety scores of the university students which should be taken in consideration by the policymakers in Jordan in order to support this vulnerable group.

Aim : To assess the knowledge attitude and practice of usage of anti-anxiety drugs among the general dentalpractitioners.Background: Anti-anxiety drugs can act as effective way to manage patients with anxiety and dental fearmainly children. Adequate knowledge is necessary for using anti-anxiety drugs. Usage of anti-anxiety drugscan help to treat the patients in an effective way.Material and Methods: Questionnaires consisting of 15 questions was distributed to 80 general dentalpractitioners practicing in private dental hospitals and clinics in Chennai city in June 2017. The questionnairewas designed to enquire about the knowledge and usage of anti anxiety drug in childrenResults: 83.75% of dentists are aware of the pharmacological means of anxiety reduction. 51.25% are awareof the side effects and over dosage reaction of using anti anxiety drugs. 12% of dentists are aware of themethod of managing side effects and over dosage reaction of using anti anxiety drugsConclusion : Anti-anxiety drugs can act as a better alternative and also an adjunct to the conventionalbehaviour management. Proper knowledge about its mechanism of action, dosage, adverse effects areessential for the dentist to use anti-anxiety drugs in an effective way. Hence the usage of anti-anxiety drugscan be recommended and encouraged among dentists provided they have a sound knowledge about the drug

The chapter on anti-anxiety medicines and hypnotics discusses and reviews the use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates, medicines without abuse potential used for the treatments of anxiety (such as buspirone, propranolol, clonidine, prazosin, hydroxyzine, pregabalin, gabapentin, and quetiapine), as well as newer hypnotics including “z-drugs” considered for insomnia and sleep. It reviews their mechanisms of action, clinical characteristics, potential medication interactions, adverse effects, as well as their risks of dependence and misuse. It also briefly discusses complementary and alternative pharmacotherapies such as melatonin and cannabidiol. The chapter includes an in-depth discussion of the clinical use of these medications for anxiety and insomnia. It also discusses the use of anxiolytics in women of childbearing age, notably for pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations. Finally, the chapter includes a table of commonly used anti-anxiety medicines and hypnotics that includes each medicine’s generic and brand names, usual adult doses, pertinent clinical comments, black box warnings and Food and Drug Administration indications.

The present research aims to evaluate the anti-anxiety activity of ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata (L.) (Amaranthaceae). The study was performed using Albino mice of either sex. Ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata was administered at a doses of 100mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight (p.o). The elevated plus maze (EPM) and Light dark transition (LDT) tests were used to determine the anti-anxiety activity. The results of the present study demonstrated that the mice treated with the Aerva lanata (L.) extract produced significant anxiolytic effect in both the animal models of anxiety, when compared to the control group.

Numerous patients experience anxiety before minor medical procedures [1]. Because patients' experiences are highly individualized, their distress may range from mild to moderate. For a decade, music-based complementary therapy has received increased attention because of the therapeutic and healing environment it creates for patients undergoing invasive procedures [13]. The purpose of this structured literature review is to assess the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of music as an intervention that decreases anxiety for patients undergoing minor medical procedures in outpatient healthcare settings.

Not all depression patients effectively respond to repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We tested whether the intrinsic functional connectivity (FC) strength between the stimulated left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and left nucleus accumbens (NAcc) might predict effects of rTMS. Twenty-two medication-naïve depression patients received rTMS on left DLPFC for 2 weeks and underwent baseline functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We compared the amplitude of the low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the stimulated target (the cortex region directly stimulated by rTMS) located in the left DLPFC, and the left NAcc, as well as the intrinsic FC of the DLPFC–NAcc between early improvers and non-improvers. We evaluated the association between the baseline brain imaging features (ALFF, ReHo, and FC) and improvements in depression and anxiety symptoms. We found that the pretreatment ALFF and ReHo in the stimulated DLPFC and left NAcc did not significantly differ between the subgroups. The early improvers displayed increased negative FC strength between the stimulated DLPFC and left NAcc with respect to non-improvers. The stimulated DLPFC–NAcc FC strength negatively correlated with improved depressive and anxious symptoms. This study is the first to demonstrate that the resting-state FC of the stimulated DLPFC–NAcc, rather than regional brain activity or local synchronization in the stimulated target, might predict the anti-depression and anti-anxiety effects of rTMS for depression.

In this study, an analytical methodology was developed for the determination of psycho-active drugs in the treated effluent of the University Hospital at the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS – Brazil. Samples were collected from point A (Emergency) and point B (General effluent). The adopted methodology included a pre-concentration procedure involving the use of solid phase extraction and determination by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The limit of detection for bromazepam and lorazepam was 4.9 ± 1.0 ng L −1 and, for carbamazepine, clonazepam and diazepam was 6.1 ± 1.5 ng L −1 . The limit of quantification was 30.0 ± 1.1 ng L −1 , for bromazepam, clonazepam and lorazepam; for carbamazepine was 50.0 ± 1.8 ng L −1 and was 40.0 ± 1.0 ng L −1 for diazepam. The mean concentrations in the Emergency and General effluent treated currents were as follows: for bromazepam, 195 ± 6 ng L −1 and 137 ± 7 ng L −1 ; for carbamazepine, 590 ± 6 ng L −1 and 461 ± 10 ng L −1 ; for diazepam, 645 ± 1 ng L −1 and 571 ± 10 ng L −1 ; for lorazepam, 96 ± 7 ng L −1 and 42 ± 4 ng L −1 ; and for clonazepam, 134 ± 10 ng L −1 and 57 ± 10 ng L −1 . A preliminary risk assessment was conducted: carbamazepine and diazepam require considerable attention owing to their environmental toxicity. The occurrence of these psychoactive-drugs and the environmental risks that they pose demonstrated the need for a more efficient treatment system. As far we are aware, there have been no comparable studies to this on the hazards of hospital effluents in Brazil, and very few that have carried out a risk assessment of psycho-active drugs in hospital effluent in general.

salix herb to mediate the effect of sedation, anti-spasmodic and analgesic in Europe traditional medicine and most countries have had a special status and also in Iran since ancient is used as herbal extract, as well as salix extract has many therapeutic properties. Because this plant hasmany alkaloids, phenols andflavonoidsare constantly used for reducing the nerve pressure, treatment of chronic insomnia, depression, create a calming effect and appealed to the restoration of skin.With noticeof synthetic drugsside effects and economic issues we sensed to need that to compare of anti-anxiety and pre anesthetic effects of the extracts of this plant with the synthetic drugs. Methods: In different groups of Wistar male rats, the extract ofSalix Aegyptiacawith doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and diazepam with 1.2 mg/kgwere injected andDimethyl sulfoxide with the same volume 30 minutes prior to the assessment of the effects of sedation and anesthesia (sleeping period induced with ketamine) with the dose of 40 mg/kg was injected and for evaluating of the anti-anxiety effects ''Elevated plus maze''was used. Results: The achieved results represent a significant increase for sleeping that induced by ketamine, as well as a significant increase in the time expired in the open arms in the treated group with 200 mg/kg of extract.Conclusion: The results showed that the salixextract with a dose of 200 mg/kg has the effects of pre-anesthesia, and anti-anxiety.

The Methanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus leaves at the dose of 200 mg/kg increased the percentage of time-spent and the percentage of arm entries in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and decreased the percentage of time-spent in the closed arms of EPM. Moreover, it prolonged the ketamine-induced latency to sleep but had no significant effects on total sleeping time induced by ketamine. Also, the locomotor activity was affected but not to the same extent as observed for diazepam. The anxiolytic effects of methanol extract Cymbopogon citratus leaves may be related to their content of flavonoids. This study validates the traditional use of the plant in management of anxiety.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the behavioral effects and the changes in the anxiety level of adults before and after administration of Alprazolam. Material and Methods: A total of 40 patients were included in the study, twenty in each group. Subjects were then randomly assigned to receive 0.25 mg oral alprazolam (experiment 1) or no drug (experiment 2). Norman and Corah questionnaire was given to each patient to check their anxiety levels once they entered the clinic. The drug was administered 30 minutes before the oral surgical procedure. Subjects in experiment 1 and 2 subsequently underwent surgery for removal of third molars. Blood pressure and pulse rate was measured both before and during the surgery. The subjects completed anxiety questionnaire before administration of the drug. Results: The questionnaire results showed that 50% of the patients were tensed, 40% were anxious and only 10% patients were relaxed. The blood pressure after giving Alprazolam was not statistically significant. The pulse rate after giving Alprazolam was statistically significant. Conclusion: From this study we conclude that Alprazolam can be given for ASA I patients to control their anxiety levels by decreasing their pulse rate.

Background: Due to the adverse effects produced by the present conventional medicines for anxiety disorders, research for newer drugs is still desirable. From the literature it is evident that NMDA receptors play a key role in animal models of anxiety. Aim: The present study is done to evaluate the antianxiety effect of memantine in swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was conducted from November 2014 to January 2015. Animals were divided into four groups. Twelve mice were randomly allotted in each group. Animals in the first group received normal saline as a control 10ml/kg, lorazepam 0.5mg/kg was administered to second group, memantine 3mg/kg as a test drug was given to the third group and memantine 3mg/kg + lorazepam 0.5mg/kg was administered to the fourth group. All the drugs were given for 7 consecutive days by intraperitoneal route. Results: Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Post-hoc Tukey’s test. On the 1st day, memantine treated group did not show statistical significant anxiolytic effect in both the behavioural paradigms when compared to control group. On the 8th day, the animals showed significant decrease p

Etizolam, an anti-anxiety agent which is an antagonist of platelet-activating factor receptors, was administered to patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) after hematoma removal to assess the effectiveness for preventing recurrence compared with control patients not given the drug after surgery. The remaining volumes of subdural hematomas on brain computed tomography were measured approximately 1 month after removal. Volume in the etizolam group (15 patients) was significantly smaller than in the control group (24 patients). Hematoma recurrence was not detected in the etizolam group 3 months after surgery, but occurred in the control group. The difference was significant. Etizolam administration may be useful for the prevention of recurrence of CSH.

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of Spermacoce hispida (EESH) in swiss albino mice.Methods: Forty eight adult Swiss albino mice weighing 25-30grams were selected. 24 were allocated to Elevated plus maize test and the remaining 24 to Bright and dark box test models. In each model, there were 4 groups. The control group received normal saline (10ml/kg), the standard, Diazepam (1mg/kg) and test groups received ethanolic extract of Spermacoce hispida (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o. respectively) 1h prior to the acute study. In chronic study the drugs were given orally once a day for 10 days and the last dose was given 1h before the experiment. The antianxiety activity of the test drug was evaluated using EPM test and Bright and dark box test experimental models of anxiety. All results were expressed as mean±standard error mean (SEM) and analysed by one-way ANOVA. Post-hoc comparisons were performed by applying Dunnet’s test. P

Background: To find out a new agent with a high therapeutic index for the treatment of anxiety, an indigenous medicinal plant Eucalyptus terteticornis was screened for its effect on anxiety in experimental animal model. Methods: Thirty six adult Wistar albino rats of both sexes weighing 175-200g were divided into three groups: Group I: DMSO 10% (0.1ml/200g), Group II: hexane extract of leaves of Eucalyptus terteticornis (ETHE) (100mg/kg/body weight), Group III: Diazepam (1mg/kg orally). All test compounds were administered orally for ten days. On tenth day, after one hour of test compounds administration, Wistar rats were taken for elevated plus maze (EPM) and light dark arena (LDA) tests. Statistical comparisons among the groups were performed by One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey Krammer test. Results: The results showed that ETHE treated animals (Group II) significantly (p

Persistent and unrelenting stress often leads to anxiety and unhealthy behavior. Benzodiazepines are used as a first line of treatment however difficulties with pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders such as dependence and low response rate encourage researchers to find new approaches. A number of studies have been done on antianxiety activity of medicinal plants but major constraint is non suitability of the tested plant material for human use and non availability of plant materials in bulk at economical rates. This study entails to development of safe anti-anxiety economic drug of easy availability. In normal course aromatic oils from plant are being used however authors selected four varieties of plant Citrus paradisi available worldwide and tested the anti-anxiety activity of leaf extracts as leaf extracts can be made available at commercial scale. All the selected varieties have demonstrated a potential diazepam like effect in methanolic extracts at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight using elevated plus maze model. The results strongly justify the use of Citrus paradisi leaf extracts for treatment of anxiety. Further studies are in progress to find out active component involved in the anti-anxiety effect.

Turnera aphrodisiacaWard (Turneraceae) has been traditionally used for the treatment of anxiety neurosis, and as an aphrodisiac. Mother tinctures (85% ethanol extracts) ofT. aphrodisiacahave also been used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. In the present investigation,T. aphrodisiacamother tinctures formulated by three reputed manufacturers of homoeopathic medicines (NLK, DWSG and SBL) were evaluated for their anxiolytic activity. Dried mother tinctures ofT. aphrodisiacawere subjected to anxiolytic activity evaluation at various doses, i.e. 50, 75, 100, 125 or 150 mg/kg p.o. in mice using elevated plus maze apparatus. Dried mother tinctures exhibited significant anxiolytic activity at 50 mg/kg (NLK), 75 mg/kg (DWSG) and 125 mg/kg (SBL), respectively, with reference to control as well as standard (diazepam, 2 mg/kg p.o.). Mother tinctures ofT. aphrodisiacaavailable in the market, have significant anxiolytic activity. Amongst the three mother tinctures ofT. aphrodisiacaanalyzed, the dry residue of NLK possesses the highest amount of anxiolytic constituent(s). To ensure uniformity and consistency of biological effects in herbal formulations, these should be standardized on the basis of bioactive markers. The authors are actively involved in isolating the bioactive constituent(s) fromT. aphrodisiacaso that the plant can be standardized on the basis of biologically active constituent(s).

BACKGROUND:Herba Rhodiolae is a traditional Chinese medicine used by the Tibetan people for treating hypoxia related diseases such as anxiety. Based on the previous work, we developed and patented an anti-anxiety herbal formula Fu Fang Jin Jing Oral Liquid (FJJOL) with Herba Rhodiolae as a chief ingredient. In this study, the anti-hypoxia and anti-anxiety effects of FJJOL in a high altitude forced-swimming mouse model with anxiety symptoms will be elucidated by NMR-based metabolomics. METHODS:In our experiments, the mice were divided randomly into four groups as flatland group, high altitude saline-treated group, high altitude FJJOL-treated group, and high altitude diazepam-treated group. To cause anxiety effects and hypoxic defects, a combination use of oxygen level decreasing (hypobaric cabin) and oxygen consumption increasing (exhaustive swimming) were applied to mice. After a three-day experimental handling, aqueous metabolites of mouse brain tissues were extracted and then subjected to NMR analysis. The therapeutic effects of FJJOL on the hypobaric hypoxia mice with anxiety symptoms were verified. RESULTS:Upon hypoxic exposure, both energy metabolism defects and disorders of functional metabolites in brain tissues of mice were observed. PCA, PLS-DA and OPLS-DA scatter plots revealed a clear group clustering for metabolic profiles in the hypoxia versus normoxia samples. After a three-day treatment with FJJOL, significant rescue effects on energy metabolism were detected, and levels of ATP, fumarate, malate and lactate in brain tissues of hypoxic mice recovered. Meanwhile, FJJOL also up-regulated the neurotransmitter GABA, and the improvement of anxiety symptoms was highly related to this effect. CONCLUSIONS:FJJOL ameliorated hypobaric hypoxia effects by regulating energy metabolism, choline metabolism, and improving the symptoms of anxiety. The anti-anxiety therapeutic effects of FJJOL were comparable to the conventional anti-anxiety drug diazepam on the hypobaric hypoxia mice. FJJOL might serve as an alternative therapy for the hypoxia and anxiety disorders.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity of Sarasvata choorna. The anxiolytic activity was evaluated in elevated plus maze (EPM) and the anti-depressant activity was evaluated in forced swimming test (FST). The efficacy of Sarasvata choorna was compared with the standard anti-anxiety (diazepam 2 mg/kg) and anti-depressant (imipramine - 5 mg/kg) drugs. It was observed that Sarasvata choorna at the dose of 390 mg/kg is as effective as standard drugs used in anti-anxiety and anti-depressant activities in mice by increasing time spent in open arm and entries to open arm in EPM model and increasing immobility time in FST model respectively. Hence it can be concluded that Sarasvata choorna may be used as a potent therapeutic agent in treating anxiety and depressive disorders.

SummaryAs with other drugs it is necessary to look for changes induced by anxiolytics on vital signs, laboratory parameters and adverse events. In return, in a more specific way for anxiolytics, we will look at side effects at the central nervous system level with psychological and physiological battery tests. We will also assess the safety of use of anxiolytics in certain specific conditions, such as overdose or withdrawal and in certain populations such as the elderly, neonates and children. The assessment of safety and side effects, whatever the drug type studied, must come early in the developing process of a drug (phases I, II and III).

The effect of etizolam, a thienodiazepine, was compared with that of a placebo in a double-blind controlled study of patients with vertigo.1) The final global improvement rate in the etizolam group was moderate to excellent in 52.4%, and slight to excellent in 81.0%.The final global improvement rate in the placebo group was excellent in 18.8% and slight to excellent in 56.3%, and worsening of vertigo occurred in 12.5 % of the placebo group. The difference between the two groups are significant.2) Etizolam was significantly more effective than placebo in treating patients with anxiety.3) Etizolam was significantly more effective than placebo for non-rotatory vertigo in the first and second weeks of treatment.4) Side-effects were observed in 12.5% of the etizolam group and in 25.0% of the placebo group, not a significant difference. None of the side-effects were severe.5) The global utility rate of etizolam was significantly greater than that of placebo.

Passiflora incarnata Linn. has been used to cure anxiety and insomnia since time immemorial. Despite the worldwide use of P. incarnata, the pharmacological work on this plant had been inadequate, inconclusive and wage as the earlier reports were unable to infer the mode of action of the plant as well as the phytoconstituents responsible for the much acclaimed anxiolytic and sedative effects of P. incarnata. An attempt has been made to isolate and identify the bioactive phytomoiety of P. incarnata by resorting to bioactivity directed fractionation and chromatographic procedures. A fraction derived from the methanol extract of P. incarnata has been observed to exhibit significant anxiolytic activity at a dose of 10 mg/kg in mice using elevated plus-maze model of anxiety. This fraction comprises mainly two components which are visible as blue and turquoise colored fluorescent spots at 366 nm of the UV light. The possibility of a phytoconstituent having benzoflavone nucleus as the basic moiety being responsible for the bioactivity of P. incarnata is highly anticipated.

Interest in alternative medicine and plant-derived medications that affect the "mind" is growing. The aim of present study was to explore the anti-anxiety activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Coriandrum sativum (Linn.) using different animal models (elevated plus maze, open field test, light and dark test and social interaction test) of anxiety in mice. Diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) was used as the standard and dose of hydroalcoholic extract of C. sativum fruit (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) was selected as per OECD guidelines. Results suggested that extract of C. sativum at 100 and 200 mg/kg dose produced anti-anxiety effects almost similar to diazepam, and at 50 mg/kg dose did not produce anti-anxiety activity on any of the paradigm used. Further studies are needed to identify the anxiolytic mechanism(s) and the phytoconstituents responsible for the observed central effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. sativum.

9045 Background: 30% of the 200,000 U.S. women diagnosed each year with breast cancer (BCa) suffer significant distress at some point in their illness trajectory. Beyond medical and functional cons...

Objective:There appears to be no dose-response effect for pregabalin at doses of 300-600 mg, and a modest dose-response effect in the range of 150-300 mg. The goal of the current investigation was to determine the effect of the starting dose on the speed of onset of anxiolytic efficacy.Methods:Data were analyzed from 7 trials of outpatients with DSM-IV GAD and a HAM-A total score ≥18. Starting doses of pregabalin ranged from 100 mg (N=301) or 150 mg (N=104), to 200 mg (N=167) and 300 mg (N=388). Assessment of early improvement included the HAM-A total score and CGI-Severity and Improvement scores.Results:The mean Week 1 HAM-A change score was similar for a starting dose of 200 mg/d with no titration (-8.24) when compared to patients who started on 200 mg/d and then titrated up to 400 mg/d on Day 4 (-8.64). The mean Week 1 HAM-A change score was somewhat higher for patients started on 300 mg/d, and then titrated to 450 mg/d on Day 4/5 (-8.84) when compared to patients started on a lower (100/150 mg/d) dose and titrated on Day 5 to 400/450 mg/d (-7.32). Starting on a dose of 300 mg/d with no titration resulted in an intermediate Week 1 change score (-7.87). The interaction of starting dose and titration schedule with baseline anxiety severity will be summarized in detail.Conclusion:The initial dose of pregabalin appears to have only a weak effect on the speed of onset of anxiolytic improvement.

Although the widely used benzodiazepines for control of anxiety have met with high patient acceptance, there is a hesitation about long-term use owing to the possibility of dependence. The new azaspirodecanedione compounds such as buspirone (Buspar) are free from dependence but raise the spectre of tardive dyskinesia since they are derivatives of the butyro-phenones. Furthermore, the azaspirodecanediones have a limitation in that the onset of the anti-anxiety benefit might take a week or two. Therefore, ondansetron, a novel compound with antianxiety properties, was studied in outpatients who met the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III (DSM-III) criteria for generalized anxiety disorder with or without panic attacks. This report is on the methodological difficulties encountered in such a clinical investigation.