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The people-centered development philosophy is not an abstract, abstruse concept. We will not restrict ourselves to lip service or idle reflection but put it into practicein all areas of social and economic development.

From now until 2050, China faces an important period of strategic opportunity in relation to its development. China has laid a solid foundation for innovation-driven development, and now has the greatest pool of human resources in the world. Given this unprecedented period of strategic opportunity, China is accelerating its efforts to develop a modern economic system and to build the world’s largest domestic market. Meanwhile, China is actively creating important strategic opportunities for the rest of the world, including Chinese markets, tourists, innovation, green energy initiatives, investment, development aid, plans for global governance, and peaceful diplomacy. All of these opportunities have, for the first time, created the conditions necessary for China to achieve its second centenary goal and build a community with a shared future for mankind.

Health is the foundation of the all-round development of human beings and of the great significance to safeguarding national security, social stability and unity, and the economic development. Human resources are the first resource of China’s economic and social development. Health human resource is the health guardian of the people and an important support for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, a healthy China and realizing the basic medical and health services for all. Health human resource status determines the level, ability and effectiveness of health service, and is the first resource for the undertaking of hygiene and health. Building a health human resource team of sufficient number, high quality, structure of optimization, and reasonable distribution is the foundation of our country’s continuous development of hygiene and health undertaking, and an important task to protect the health of the people. Strengthening the construction of health human resources is the overall requirement to implement the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development. In particular, with the deepening of the reform of medical and health system, the decisive position and role of the health talents are fully recognized, and the need to strengthen the construction of the health personnel team is becoming more and more urgent. The first is that with the development of economy and the changes of residents’ lifestyle, as well as the development of aging and urbanization, the demand for health services such as chronic diseases, public health, rehabilitation, elderly care and maternal and child health care is increasing. The second is that with the establishment of the hierarchical system of medical diagnosis and treatment, and the rapid development of information technology, the medical and health service mode and service level are deeply affected. The third is that with the globalization of health and the implementation of “One Belt and One Road” development strategy, higher requirements are put forward for international cooperation in the field of hygiene and health. All these changes have put forward the new requirements for health human resources. The talent problem is inevitable in further development of hygiene and health industry, for health talent is the health service provider and the powerful promoter of healthy China strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to further improve policies, strengthen human resources construction, arouse enthusiasm, and continuously meet the growing needs for health services of the people.

During the 12th 5-Year Plan Period, the State Council issued National Fitness Program (2011–2015) and the local governments above county level also issued Implementation Program for National Fitness. With the implementation of these programs, the national fitness campaign was widely carried out and people’s physical fitness and health kept on improving, which were mainly revealed in the following aspects

With rapidly increased number of medical institutions and ward beds as well as expanded scale of medical institutions, great achievements have been made in the medical and health service systems during the 12th 5-Year Plan period. While strengthening the construction of the medical insurance system, government has also continuously enhanced the construction of the public medical care delivery systems by various means, both providing support to medical care delivery systems and satisfying people’s needs, which created a favorable funding environment for the development of the health system. The increased medical professionals were 960,000 during the period between 2007 and 2010, with an average annual growth of 240,000, and 1673,600 during the period between 2010 and 2015, with an average annual growth of 334,700. Public funding also soared to a greater height during the same period. Government payment as a share of total health increased by 129 billion yuan from 2004 to 2007, 315 billion yuan from 2007 to 2010 and 674.28 billion yuan from 2010 to 2015. The increased percentage was from 22.3% in 2007, to 28.7% in 2010 and 30.4% in 2015.

The first is the challenge brought about by continuous decline in economic growth. Correspondently social security revenue and financial support to social security will also shift from rapid rise to stable and limited growth. With increasing rise in the need for social security and rapid increase in medical cost, pressure on social security funds is increasingly tremendous which will challenge social security continuously. The second is the challenge intensified by increased aging population. Aging population and low birth rate will impose impact on both revenue and expenditure of the old-age insurance and the medical insurance, leading to lack of medical insurance funds and weakened security capacity on the one hand, rapid rise in the need for medical care and dramatic increase in the expenditure of medical insurance funds on the other hand, which will pose increasingly serious risks for the sustainable development of the medical security system. The third is the challenge caused by increasingly accelerated pace of urbanization. Urbanization will not only give rise to rapid increase in demands for social security, which imposes pressure on social security funds, but also demands unity of urban and rural social security. Urbanization, together with its growing mobility of the population, poses a new challenge for the management service of social security. The fourth is the challenge posed by the multiple methods of medical service delivery and the application of network information technology. Multiple medical service delivery methods and tremendous impact of Internet+ will greatly change the service delivery modes and organizational structure, which will have fundamental influence on the operation of medical institutions and medical service practice and present huge challenges for medical security management.

Major diseases refer to the illnesses that severely endanger public health and life safety of the people, severely affect the national economy and the development of society, and severely impair national security and our international image. Based on the characteristics of the present stage, five categories of 18 major diseases are selected as the representatives of major diseases, i.e. infectious diseases (AIDS, TB, hepatitis B, schistosomiasis, malaria, plague, cholera, echinococcosis, brucellosis), chronic diseases (hypertension, cerebral apoplexy, diabetes, lung cancer, liver cancer), mental diseases (severe psychonosema), occupational disease (pneumoconiosis) and endemic diseases (iodine deficiency disorders, Kaschin-Beck disease).

Strengthening organization and implementation to build a healthy China, is a major strategic task to cover modernization construction of our country. Strengthening organization and implementation is the key to ensuring the effective implementation of the goals and tasks of the Healthy China construction, and the key to transforming the blueprint into the effective improvement of people health. For the goal of on building moderately prosperous society by 2020, it has great significance to realize the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese dream of the great rejuvenation of China. The Outline proposed that organization and leadership should be strengthened, and the evaluation system of health impact assessment should be established, to create a good social atmosphere and carry out the conduct monitoring work.

Firstly, the rapid development of urbanization has led to an increasing population of agricultural transfer. In 1978–2015, the urbanization rate in China increased by around 1.03 percentage points annually on average. In 2015, the total number of rural migrant workers reached 277.47 million, an increase of 35.24 million over 2010 (Fig. 3.1).

Health and longevity are not only the core objective of human development, but also the common wishes of people of all ethnic groups in our country. Healthy China is the China where the people can enjoy health and longevity and also the China where the people’s health and health service capacity have reached the world advanced level. From the following three dimensions—healthy life, quality of health and health capacity, Healthy China will provide the behavioral guidance and policy basis for individuals, families, health-related institutions, government departments and other entities to jointly construct a healthy China where people can enjoy health and longevity and where the economy and the society can carry each other.

With the construction of health information service system in the past 10 years or so and the rapid development of information technology and the Internet, the development trend of cross-border integration has been highlighted. Many new industry types have emerged such as smart manufacturing, online consumption and mobile healthcare. These new industry types are profoundly influencing and changing the organization of large-scale social production and people’s lifestyles. In the next 15 years, the cross-border integration of information technology and the Internet will continue, but what will be the trend? What changes in people’s health needs will take place when this trend is superimposed on the steady increase in urban and rural income levels, moderate population growth, aggravating population aging problems and other factors? What impact will these changes have on the health service supply and the development of the whole health industry? To sort out these issues will be of great significance to advancing the construction of “healthy China” and to the coordinated development of China’s economy and society and the attainment of the goal of “200 Years.”

Making improving the drug supply security system as an important task, the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan requires to deepen the reform of the drug and device circulation system and to improve the national drug policies. The construction of drug supply security system is one of the key tasks of the new round of healthcare reform and, together with the medical service system, the medical security system and the public health service system, it serves the goal of providing basic medical and health services for everyone. The national essential drug system was initially established during the “11th 5-Year” period, which has laid the foundation for the formation of a drug supply security system. During the “12th 5-Year” period, positive progress has been made in consolidating and improving the essential drug system and promoting reform in the field of drug production and circulation.

From now to 2030, China’s economic level, service consumption, population development, scientific and technological progress will undergo profound changes, which will present the following main features

In different development stages, a society will have different development tasks, themes, and priorities. China continues to pursue socialist modernization, maintaining Chinese characteristics in its choice of development paths and the planning of development strategies. During different development stages, China has had different development tasks, and has guided by different development concepts. With the development of practices, the concept of development is constantly evolving, staying current in the changing times. It constantly guides practices with a more scientific concept, and enables China to constantly move forward.

The race between industrial robots and human, not only for the developed countries, but also for emerging market countries, especially China, is widely discussed among economists and policy makers. China, as the largest industrial nation, is struggling for structural transformation and industrial upgrading with the disappearance of demographic dividend. And the large scale application of industrial robot in China would influence employment and productivity undoubtedly in this time period. Based on China Employer-Employee Survey (CEES), which is a new longitudinal study of manufacturing firms and workers in China, we use propensity score matching method and machine learning method to estimate industrial robots' substitution effect on labor force in Chinese manufacturing enterprises. Our empirical results indicate that manufacturing enterprise's investment in industrial robots cause 12%-16% decline of employment in 2014 in Guangdong province, and this replacement effect is Heterogeneous among different type of labors where workers would suffer the greatest impact. Besides we also examine robot's effect on enterprise performance and worker wage. We find that for the enterprise performance, robot's investment can promote their productivity and profit, and for workers, robots could promote their wages. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first paper to provide empirical evidence of industrial robots’ impact on labor and enterprise performance in China,and our findings have several policy implications.Firstly, our findings may help scholars to reassess technology progress impact on Chinese labor market and industrial transformation. Secondly, for the policy makers, especially in the process of Made in China 2025, our research may remind them of the balance between efficiency and unemployment.

After the founding of New China, it was necessary to find an economic model that truly conformed to the basic national conditions and adapted to the various development stages. The relationship between the public ownership economy and the other economies had to be set. After 60 years of practice and repeated trial and error, a basic socialist economic system was created, with public ownership at the helm and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side. China’s basic economic system is unique in the world, and is a major string to the Party’s bow. Its advantages lie in giving full play to the respective advantages of diverse forms of ownership, and in fully mobilizing the creativity of each aspect. It is the world’s most dynamic and competitive economic system by far, but it has not been plain sailing.

The Decision of the Central Committee of the C.P.C. on Comprehensively Deepening Reform of Several Major Issues (hereinafter referred to as the Decision) made at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the C.P.C. put forward a series of major theoretical perspectives and practical guidelines for deepening economic reform, based around the decisive role of the market in the allocation of resources. This augured a new era in China’s economic reform. Economic reform formed the basis of wider reforms.

Since ancient times in China there has been a unity of nature and humanity. Having respect for nature, protecting nature, and conforming to the laws of nature have long been mainstream elements of traditional Chinese culture. However, the agricultural civilization of China is actually dependent on the weather. With China’s expanding population, the ecological deficit in traditional agricultural production has increased. In this regard, the recent forest deficit has been the greatest in the 5000-year history of Chinese civilization. China has gone from being a richly forested nation to a poorly forested nation, with the level of forestation dropping to 8 % in 1948, the lowest in the nation’s history.

China’s road to green development has combined strategy innovation with concept innovation and innovation in development practices as part of an innovative green development plan. The ongoing greening of the five-year plans has lent strong impetus to the overall greening of China. Therefore, the five-year plan represents a dominant advantage for China since it is able to depict a grand blueprint for short-term development as well as embodying an action program to achieve development goals.

In China, the agricultural civilization is a loess civilization; industrial civilization is a black-and-brown civilization; and ecological civilization is a green civilization. Human development has always made the progression from positivity to negativity and then back to positivity; it has progressed from unity of nature and humanity to humanity conquering nature, and then back to harmony of humanity with nature.

There is an ancient Chinese fable called “The Foolish Old Man Who Removed the Mountains.” We must persevere and work unceasingly, and we too will touch God’s heart.

PurposeInvestigating the characteristics of the transformation of China's agricultural growth and the institutional reforms during the whole transition period in the 1980s will help to understand China's economic and agricultural reform and offer some successful experiences to other developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to answer the following questions: Has China's agricultural output experienced a structural break toward a more stable state? When did the break point happen? What factors did play key roles during the transformation?Design/methodology/approachThis study applies the nonlinear structural break regime switching analysis which includes two different models: one with the structural break only in the variance and one with the structural break in both shift parameters and the variance.FindingsThe empirical results showed that it took five years for agricultural development in China to finish the reform that began in 1980. The agricultural growth had become more stable after the break point which was around 1985‐1986. Both the primary industry and agricultural sector had transformed from a “low growth rate, high volatility” state to a “high growth rate, low volatility” state. Among the different driving factors, the Household Responsibility System (HRS) and preferential policies for agricultural products played the most important roles in the early stage of the economic reform.Originality/valueThe authors first study the structural break of China's agricultural output by the regime switching model. From the empirical results, the structural break point was determined to be around 1985‐1986, after which China's agricultural output had become more stable.

The development of China's iron and steel industry (ISI) is an important indication of China's industrialization. This paper analyses the industry from the perspectives of historical retrospect, international comparison and sustainable development. We find that China's ISI has made huge progress at the technical level. During the same period of time its over-consumption of resources and impact on the environment has dropped. However, compared with other main developed steel producers, there is still a big gap. Besides, its openness is still much lower than those of other countries.

Collective division of work and cooperation allows members of the Political Bureau Standing Committee to assume overall responsibility for the whole party and execute their core function of coordinated leadership. They achieve this both by representing different institutions and managing different areas of work, and by coordinating their efforts in order to promote the overall decision-making process.

The basis of human civilization has transformed from hunting to agriculture and then to modern industry; now a new ecological civilization, or green civilization, is needed. Although industrial civilization has achieved great things with “more massive and more colossal productive forces than…all preceding generations,” it has also adversely impacted nature more than all preceding generations, and the dissonance between humanity and nature is larger than ever. What is the biggest challenge for human development in the 21st century? We face unprecedented and serious natural crises, extreme climate change, unprecedented shortages of resources and energy, and continuing degradation of the global ecological environment. The question is one of survival as human development reaches a new crossroads: Which path will the world follow? What role will China play? The only correct answer is to resolutely develop an ecological civilization.

The history of the new China tells us this: its greatest successes come from successful strategic decisions; its worst failures stem from poor strategic decisions. As Jiang Zemin observed, correct decisions on the part of the Standing Committee, and their comprehensive implementation, have a tremendous bearing on the party, the country, and the people (Zemin Jiang 2006a, p. 553).

What I term the “collective handover procedure” refers to the turnover of the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the selection, vetting, and confirmation of the new group leadership. As such, it stands in contrast to the leadership being passed on to some nominated individual successor. This collective handover procedure is an institutional arrangement, whereby governance of the CPC and state power are smoothly transferred from one collective leadership group to their successors. This arrangement is thus markedly different from the feudalistic approach that existed in the Mao Zedong era, in which an individual leader possessing supreme power was able to designate his successor. At the heart of the collective handover procedure is risk diversification in the transfer of power. The system requires that any CPC member aspiring to rise to the collective leadership must first gain experience as provincial secretary or leader. They then need to serve as assistants to members of the collective leadership, receiving in the process the pertinent training and skills. Only after they have demonstrated expertise in this capacity can they themselves be considered possible members of the leadership. This process is a vital institutional guarantee for ensuring a smooth transfer of power. It also guarantees the continuity of a stable collective presidency characterizing the leadership of the party and state power in China. The collective handover is thus achieved through standardized, institutionalized procedures by which the old leadership is changed for the new.

China is one of the largest countries in the world, her territory being about the size of the whole of Europe. In this vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing; mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forests and rich mineral deposits; many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and irrigation; and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas. From ancient times our forefathers have labored, lived and multiplied on this vast territory.

Since the reform and opening up of China more than 30 years ago, the country has been actively involved in the world economy. China has become the biggest beneficiary of economic globalization and has rapidly grown to become the second largest trader (climbing from its original position of 29th place). China will soon overtake the United States to become the world’s No. 1 importer and exporter and the bellwether of economic integration and trade liberalization, playing a significant role in the global economic system.

Fifty years ago, Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out prophetically, “The next fifty (2012) or hundred years (2062) from now will be an epic period of fundamental change in the social system of the world, an earth-shaking period, with which no past era can be compared.… Living in such a period, we must be prepared to carry out great struggles, differing in many respects from the forms of struggle of previous periods” (Mao Zedong 1999a). Three earth-shattering events then took place in China in the latter half of the twentieth century and these changes exceeded any previous historical events. The first significant event was the founding of a New China. The Chinese people stood up and a socialist system was established, with the people becoming the masters of their country for the first time in history. The second major event was the establishment of an independent and complete industrial system and a national economic system in 1949–1978. This paved the way institutionally, in human resources and industries, for the subsequent reform and opening up of China. The third major event was the reform and opening up after 1978, which fully realized China’s productivity, offering China’s people a better standard of living.

International competition has become fiercer with the onset of the twenty-first century. The essence of this competition lies in the area of science and technology. Whoever scales the peak of global science and technology innovation will become the leader in global economic development. China is now becoming a forerunner in such areas. In 2006, the Chinese government published the “Outlined Medium- and Long-Term Program for Scientific and Technological Development (2006–2020)”, drawing a grand blueprint for building an innovative country. The United States, Japan and the EU have since followed with similar directive documents regarding developments in science and technology.

The New China of the 1950s, not long after it was founded, was a backward, despised and wretched country. It was one of the poorest and most undeveloped countries in the world. It was at that time that Mao Zedong proudly told the delegates of the 8th National Party Congress

This paper introduces the experiences and models of land resources use in China. They are: (1) to protect farmland is as the basic state policy: (2) to carry out land resources survey and land use planning; (3) establishing a resource-saving agricultural production system with land saving as its priority; (4) to develop agriculture in the whole territory and explore food resources; (5) improving eco-environment and protecting land resources; (6) population control and moderate consumption to release the pressure on land resources; (7) the integrated development and experiment of the typical regions.

Sustainable development requires an open economy, and free trade is a basic condition for an open economy. This is true for all countries and regions. Free trade has become one of the most significant trends in world development. Currently, among 206 countries and regions in the world, 107 have signed free trade agreements (FTA) with other countries and regions.

The authors use a growth accounting framework to examine growth of the rapidly developing Chinese economy. Their findings support the view that, although feasible in the intermediate t erm, China’s recent pattern of extensive growth is not sustainable in the long run. The authors believe that China will be able to sustain a growth rate of 8 to 9 percent for an extended period if it moves from extensive to intensive growth. They next compare potential growth in China with historical developments in the United States and the European Union. They discuss the differences in production structure and level of development across the three economies that may explain the count ries’ varied intermediate-term growth prospects. Finally, the authors provide an analysis of “green” gross domestic product and the role of natural resources in China’s growth. (JEL L10, L96, O30)