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Aesop's Fables is an enduring collection of short stories with morals that is credited to Aesop, a slave who lived in early Ancient Greece about 2600 years ago. Undoubtedly many later ancient Greek philosophers such as Pythagoras, Socrates, Aristotle and Archimedes were told Aesop's fables in their youth. In a race described in ‘The Tortoise and the Hare’, one of the most famous of Aesop's fables, a tortoise, running in a steady constant manner, beats a hare that is racing irregularly. The lesson of the fable is often interpreted as ‘slow but steady wins the race’ or ‘consistent, effective effort leads to success’ (see [1]) and is applicable to many human activities. The fable illustrates the general problem of working toward an objective when the rate of work is either constant or varies randomly.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of Apollonian in ballet criticism and the theory of Akim Volynsky. Methodology. This scientific study was conducted based on the analysis of the historiography of the problem, primary sources (critical articles by Volynsky and his theoretical work “Book of Jubilation”), application of chronological and culturological approaches, comparison of the Dionysian-Apollonian concept of the ancient Greeks and approaches to its interpretation Volynsky. Scientific novelty. The Apollonian intentions of ballet criticism and the theory of Akim Volynsky were analyzed for the first time. Conclusions. The formation of the ideological and aesthetic foundations of A. Volynsky’s ballet criticism and theory was significantly influenced by F. Nietzsche with the idea of the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy and the idea of a superhuman. A. Volynsky connected the birth of a new person at the beginning of the twentieth century with the path from the Dionysian – chaotic, Bacchic, material, permissive, to the Apollonian – strong-willed, intelligent, self-sufficient, spiritual, ideal. A. Volynsky considered the culture of Ancient Greece to be the basis of philosophical and historical comprehension of the genesis and development of classical dance, although the worldview of the ancient Greeks was determined by two modes of being – Chaos and Cosmos; their thinking was distinguished by internal contradiction as a combination of two principles: the irrational-spontaneous (Dionysian) and rationally harmonious (Apollonian). For Volynsky, classical dance is the embodiment of ideal beauty, a continuation of the ancient sacred dance tradition. In his critical articles, he encourages the search for a sacred beginning in contemporary ballet performances. We assume that developing the theory of classical dance, Akim Volynsky proceeded from the cosmogonic concept of the ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles, who attached special importance to the elements of fire and earth. According to Volynsky, the spirit represents fire (jump), and the body – the earth (parterre movements).

It is not difficult to find in mythological narratives of Ancient Greece, episodes in which music plays a fundamental role. There are numerous mythological beings considered musicians or who have musical attributes, with greater or lesser relevance to their mythological trajectory. This paper presents an introduction to these relations between music and mythology, based on representations in ceramic vases. Based on a short course developed to promote the first contact with the study of the relationship between music and mythology in Ancient Greece, the text presents some discussions about the interpretations of musical theme iconography in Greek ceramics, the social relations involved in image and the formal evolution of mythological instruments and characters. Thus, it is intended to demonstrate the importance of mythology for the study of ancient Greek music and vice versa, and the importance of this relationship to understand the technical, theoretical and social aspects of music in Greek antiquity.

Greece, one of the oldest civilizations of the world, fundamentally contributed to the establishment and evolution of medicine and surgery. Undoubtedly, the foundations of the orthopaedic science are dated back to antiquity. The journey of the orthopaedic art was inaugurated with the poems of Homer and incarcerated through the practices of Hippocrates and Galen. Their deep knowledge of the musculoskeletal conditions and their treatment was generously bequeathed to humanity. This heritage acted as the catalyst for the establishment of orthopaedics in the modern Greek era. In this article, we tried to illustrate the evolution of the orthopaedic art in Greece from antiquity to modern times, reviewing the available evidence from scientific articles, books, historical manuscripts, old newspapers, and biographies. We summarize the most important events, and we identify the pioneers that shaped this new surgical branch, creating the modern Greek orthopaedic discipline.

The writings of ancient Greece and Rome and of biblical Israel are filled with descriptions of food. The narratives in Greek and Roman mythology and poetry often describe violent and repulsive behavior associated with food. The biblical narratives, in contrast, tend to view food in a respectful and purposeful manner. We compare and contrast some of these stories with regard to the specific themes: restraint, respect, purpose, and order. In each comparison, patterns of eating described in biblical laws and narratives will be contrasted with those emerging from Graeco-Roman stories and customs.

The tradition of school sports facilities has its roots in ancient civilizations, primarily in ancient Greece. The preserved ruins of gymnasiums at Delphi, Olympia, Millet, Priene, Dedina, Pergamon, Ephesus or Thermessos, document well that sports facilities were a major part of the education system. They served not only for students and sports training but were opened to the public, used for social gatherings, political meetings and disputes. Contemporary school sports facilities derived from the 19th-century concept of the school’s educational program. It also included the indoor and outdoor physical education classes and facilities used for ‘body-building exercises’ - as it was named. In Poland, according to the current basic curriculum of the Ministry of National Education, the goal of physical education is to shape the long life habit of physical activity. The school activities should develop the appropriate interests and attitudes of students. Therefore, school activities should meet the needs, interests and abilities of the individual student as fully as possible. The present regulations of the Ministry of Education demand, that such classes should take place in a well-equipped sports hall or on a school playground.

The study is devoted to the analysis of methods and techniques of mythologization in the novel The Ground Beneath Her Feet written by the British author of Indian origin S. Rushdie. The paper explores the narrative organization of the novel, in which images and motifs of ancient mythology are used as a special code for artistic interpretation of European culture of the second half of the 20th century. The article examines the artistic reality of the novel, which combines the modern history of rock culture and classical mythology of Ancient Greece. S. Rushdie addresses problems related to the nature of creativity using as the main plot-forming motifs such mythologemes as the love story of Orpheus and Eurydice, the myth of alldevouring Tartarus, twin myths. The study shows that a typical technique for creating expressive threedimensional multivocal images in Rushdie's novel is a combination of real facts from the world of rock culture and mythological allusions, intertwining, overlapping and collision of various motifs and plots of Greek mythology, which, taken all together, generates the original artistic reality. The article analyzes how the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice acquires a cultural dimension in the novel and what techniques are used by the author to activate the extensive cultural memory of the Orphic myth. The concentration and interpretation of iconic images and motifs of ancient mythology are used in the novel for artistic analysis of the state of culture in the second half of the 20th century and of its attempts to counter the catastrophic tendencies of destruction and death of the modern civilization.

En la antigua Grecia, la palabra parasito se refería, originalmente, a los altos funcionarios encargados de verificar la cosecha del trigo. Ser parásito era un gran honor, porque a estos seres se les consideraba sagrados. Sin embargo, en algún momento, esta figura comenzó a tener mala fama y fue adoptada por los antiguos dramaturgos grecolatinos para describir personajes cómicos que viven a expensas de otros. Este trabajo analiza la figura del parásito como metáfora de la naturaleza humana en las obras de Plauto y Terencio, así como en la famosa película Parásitos de Bong Joon-ho. Se trata de una propuesta que también se apoya en los postulados de Thomas Hobbes, Jaques Derrida y Michel Serres, para quienes el hombre tiene una condición que encuentra ecos con la de los parásitos: la de los lobos.

The article shows that the character of Odysseus in Sophocles’ Ajax and Philoctetes constitutes a crucial element for the redefinition of the concept of ‘nobility’. This figure has already been seen to promote a new definition of the concept, but previous analyses have tended to focus only on one or the other of the two plays, as Odysseus appeared too dissimilar to be considered from one and the same viewpoint. However, a closer analysis reveals that he in fact defends the same values and is endowed with the same non-elite features in both plays. Among those values is the idea that nobility has nothing to do with descent, but rather with the ability at proving helpful to the social group to which one belongs. The perception other characters have of Odysseus, however, changes between the earlier and the later play. The paper shows that this change can be linked to the evolution of fifth-century Athenian society. With the development of democracy, non-elite citizens redefined concepts such as eugeneia to make them their own. The variation in the staging of Odysseus was not only caused by this evolution, but also used to promote it and at the same time to show its dangers.

Rhetoric, rhetorical theory, and rhetorical criticism from their earliest days as a scholarly endeavor in ancient Greece and the Roman Republic developed as an art. In fact, rhetoric, along with gr...

The article discusses the history of the costume in conjunction with the historical and cultural reality of everyday life. The authors highlight the moral, ethical principles that influenced the creation of sportswear. The history of sportswear of Ancient Greece is studied, it is determined that its creation was influenced by historical conditions, moral maxims of the era, which were in dialectic relationship with Olympic values. The era of Hellenism, with the relevant moral, cultural norms, has become the sphere of origin of the type of sportswear corresponding to it. Medieval culture and morality determined, in many ways, within the framework of the phenomenon of chivalry, the formation of sportswear. Since the era of the New Age, in connection with economic changes, the emergence of such a thing as mass sport, the changed moral and moral criteria of social life, sportswear has been changing and improving. The article reflects the interaction of fashion, sports and sportswear in the modern era.

Amaurosis is the sudden and acute loss of sight. Followers of Hippocrates in ancient Greece described amaurosis as a symptom of several ophthalmological pathologies, such as tumours or trauma. To treat it, surgery often was performed.TheTheAncient Greeks studied cranial anatomy and understood the main principals of internal bleeding and inflammation. They treated some of the neurological symptoms that resulted from these conditions with surgery.

To summarize the available information from mythology, archeology, and classical literature aiming to compose the image of Asclepieia, Asclepius, and the Asclepiads, and to depict the atmosphere of medicine in its infancy. A thorough literature search was undertaken in PubMed and Google Scholar as well as in physical books in libraries to summarize the pharmacies and pain practices used for trauma in ancient Greece. The antiquity of medicine is confirmed by the worship of God Apollo and Asclepius, who were the persons who possessed the knowledge of medicine and surgery, and delivered it to mortals. The available archaeological data, stone offerings, and inscriptions from Asclepieia were the first testimonies of divine and human knowledge and provide insights on individual cases of patients cured by the Asclepiads. Sparse descriptions offer a first glimpse of the methods and means used by the first priests-physicians for wound healing and diseases treatment. Asclepieia established the roots of medicine and the first step of human knowledge, and contributed to the field of surgery and pharmacology that gave birth to the rational medicine. With Hippocrates and his research, the circle of Asclepieia ended, and the era of the organized medical schools with theories and experiments on every aspect of medicine begun.

Connections between mathematics and music have been recognized since the days of Ancient Greece. The Pythagoreans' association of musical intervals with integer ratios is so well known that it occl...

When studying the Hippocratic Medicine and the Traditional Chinese Medicine in parallel, one cannot miss some intriguing similarities between them. In this article, we sought to describe the most pertinent similarities that arouse during our research. We reviewed the two main resources of Hippocratic Medicine available in the literature and compared its doctrines with those of the Traditional Chinese Medicine. Given the length of time that has elapsed since the abandonment of Hippocratic practices, it is quite difficult to retrieve accurate information on its medical practices and the recipes of his “medicines”. On the other hand, the Chinese Medicine doctrines seem to have survived, more detailed and robust through the ages as they are still practiced in vast in the Far East populations. The phlebotomy and cauterisation sites proposed by Hippocrates and the meridian paths of the Chinese Medicine look quite analogous in their conceptualisation, as well as in spatial locating. There are also a lot of topographically common sites in the acupuncture nomenclature and the sites for intervention that Hippocrates proposed for most of the painful syndromes. Some similar bases in the treatment of pain may have their origin in possible cultural exchanges between the fifth and tenth century BC but are still lacking the relative affirmative data. Multiple similarities seem to exist between these ancient but distinct medical schools. The likelihood of potential interaction between their hosting civilizations cannot be proven, yet it seems quite possible.

The article highlights the role of Lesya Ukrainka's idiolect in the history of the Ukrainian literary language. The writer enriched her artistic, scientific and journalistic styles, supplemented her epistolary and translated literature. Lesia Ukrainka's idiolect significantly expanded the expressive possibilities of literary language, took it beyond Ukrainian realities, and brought the Ukrainian reader closer to classical and European literature: translations of works by Homer, Dante, Byron, Shakespeare, and others. The linguistic aesthetics of Lesya Ukrainka's poetry was formed on the basis of vernacular and folk poetic language in combination with the literary and written traditions of the Ukrainian classics. The vocabulary of Lesya Ukrainka's poems demonstrates a high level of the Ukrainian literary language development. Lesya Ukrainka's poetry conveys complex concepts of art, aesthetics, science, including philosophy, psychology, history, art, and aesthetics. We can find verbal incarnations of the image of the Word in the idiolect of the writer. Most of the events in Lesya Ukrainka's plays take place in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Spain, Egypt, Germany, North America and other countries. Lesya Ukrainka's dramas are rich in aphorisms - individual-author maxims. Most of the aphorisms concern the artistic theme of slavery, slavery - freedom, liberty. Various socio-political topics are among the civic interests of the writer, which are reflected in her journalistic works. Lesya Ukrainka is the author of literary-critical and scientific works. The idiolect of the writer significantly complements her epistolary legacy. She adhered to Eastern Ukrainian language traditions and consistently used lexical and grammatical language forms of Western Ukraine.

What role did altered states of consciousness play in the life of ancient Greek society? With consummate skill and scholarship, Yulia Ustinova answers this question in her book, Divine Mania: Alteration of Consciousness in Ancient Greece. It appears that the secret of the extraordinary creativity of the ancient Greeks was their receptivity to, and approval of, a particular altered state of consciousness they cultivated. Mania is the name for this but it must be qualified as “god-given.” Mania is a word that touches on a cluster of concepts: madness, ecstasy, and enthusiasm, engoddedness, to use Ustinova’s more vivid coinage. It seems a paradox that this special, strange and often quite frightening state of dissociation should be so closely linked to one of the most creative civilizations. Unlike the Roman and Egyptian, the Greek approved and recognized the value of god-inspired mania. Plato makes Socrates say in the Phaedrus that through mania we may obtain the “greatest blessings.” Whereas resistance to divine ecstasy can end in disaster, as Euripides illustrates in The Bacchants when Pentheus, a repressive authoritarian, tries to inhibit a posse of women from their ecstatic mountain dances. He is torn to shreds by his mother and her maniacal cohorts. This mindset of the ancient Greeks may have long ago petered out, but similar tendencies are constants, expressed in one form or another, throughout history.

The main purpose of our project was the emergence of the beneficial and social offer to education and culture of the Laconian benefactors, donators and legators and their offer to Greece and their hometown but also of the emigrants, who offered to the new land in which they were settled in. Our pursuit was the overall investigation and the record of the Laconian benefactors without regard to their offer, big, small or very small, to the process of the configuration of education and culture, from the creation of the Greek State until today. We have tried to show the temporal continuity that there is in donations, sponsorships and benefactions since 1821up to the present time. The existence of an important number of Laconian benefactors and donators since 1821 up to now highlights the timelessness and the timeliness of the Laconian benefaction. An effort was made for the emergence of the dimension and size of the Laconic benefaction in relation to the specific location and time. A basic question that occupied us was the reasons that led the Laconian benefactors and donators to make transactions of donation for the reinforcement of education and culture. We tried to attempt a delineation of the personality of the Laconian benefactors – donators and their actions. The Greek State and Laconia thanks to the participation of benefactors developed faster, since the benefactors funded educational and infrastructure projects generally. Having as a basic motive the development of Laconia, the common people and the wealthy native Laconians as well as of the dispersion gave their entire properties or a part of them in donations to the State and especially in functions concerning education, health, the public utility projects, charity. It was given leadenness to the small donation and offer by people who were coming from the lower socioeconomic layers of people, because most of the times – if not all – this donation was effortless, it expressed attitude and ideology but it was also very significant due to the large number of small donators. It occupied us the direction of the donation of the local benefactors and donators. We looked for the motives of the benefaction of the Laconian benefactors – donators, the causes of the phenomenon of the benefaction as well as the economic importance of the offers. Many of the Laconian benefactors, due to their longtime absence from their hometown, were led to acts of benefaction which came from the nostalgia of the returning to it, as well as from the realization of the necessity of the reconstruction of the infrastructure of the south mainland of the Greek territory. 385 wills and notarial deeds were studied in respect of the time, the motives, the origin, the purpose of the benefaction, the specific origin of the donator, his profession, his sex, his social and economic status. The record of the above actions was made in tables. Moreover, 1.752 acts of donation were recorded. The project is consisted of four main parts. In the first part, we were referred to the concept of benefaction and donation, to the terms “benefactor – donator”, to the local benefactors and the value of the small offers, to the criticism concerning the benefaction. Also, there was a reference to the benefaction in the ancient Greece and the Byzantium, to the benefaction since 1821 and onwards and to the contemporary forms of benefaction as well as and to the historical frame of Laconia with emphasis on its development since 1821 and onwards. In the second part, we were referred to the Laconian benefactors – donators and we presented them through their wills. We were referred to the benefactor and the destiny of the bequest, to the adventure of the donation, which could be altered under premises, to the time that it reached the receiver, to the delay. We tried to explore the destiny of the bequests. Also the geography of the benefaction, to those who were found and in a second country and benefited both countries. A special reference was made to the Laconian expatriate benefactors and donators and namely to those who were situated and offered to the land that hosted them. We mentioned the biographies of Laconian donators, their professional action and their charitable activity. We referred to the motives of the benefaction and especially to those, which were associated with education. The duty that they were feeling towards the country, the influences and the standards of the benefactors , their marital status, their posthumous fame, and the recognition and their nomination as benefactors. In the third part, we were occupied by the donation to specific sub-sectors of education. To the primary, secondary, professional, higher education as it was stated above. We were referred to the construction and maintenance of schools, to the donations that made for teaching aids, libraries, scholarships. In the fourth part, we were referred to the direction of the donation to cultural issues, as the creation of public and municipal libraries, donations to museums, galleries. Moreover, we were referred to donations to churches, hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes, hospices, to offers for sport, for charity, to offers for projects of public interest, to the State, to municipalities and communities, to clubs. Our project was completed with the general conclusions of the foregoing.

The article discusses the ancient idea of voluntary departure from life from the perspective of its influence on Shakespeare’s works. The author of the article singles out the texts that influenced the views of the English playwright on suicide due to both the general enthusiasm of the Elizabethans for antiquity and Shakespeare’s habit of taking ready-made plots from favourite books, including ancient works, and also his passion for introducing mythological and historical allusions into dramaturgy and poetry. The author dwells on the issue of direct sources relying on the authoritative opinion of such Shakespeare scholars as J. Beit, W. Baldwin, J. Bullough, R. S. Miola, C. Muir, W. Rolf and others, and notes the significance of the so-called cultural sources which could be read or perceived indirectly. In Shakespeare studies, the question of the extent of cultural influence on the works of the English playwright is viewed as open and relevant. The article refers to the ideas and examples of suicide expressed in The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, Letters to Lucius by Cicero, On Life… by Diogenes of Laertius, On the Death of Peregrine by Lucian, Phaedo and The Laws by Plato, Comparative Biographies by Plutarch, Moral Letters to Lucilius by Seneca. The material is classified to single out main approaches to the idea of suicide revealing the diversity of philosophical thoughts about voluntary departure from life in antiquity, the complexity of the suicide discourse in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, which was borrowed by Shakespeare in great extent. Shakespeare’s works demonstrate suicide as a pessimistic escape from the hardships of life, an improper challenge to the gods, a hero’s noble departure from the irreversible wheel of Fortune, despair of a coward, choice of a wise man, etc.

The article makes an attempt to reveal a number of the most significant features of the Israeli-Judah prophecy (VIII–VI cent. BCE), which in effect turned out to be the key worldview phenomenon of the first half of the “axial epoch” in the history of mankind, when “man of such a type appeared, which has survived to this day” (K. Jaspers). The mission of the Hebrew prophet is much broader than a simple prediction of the future, for his prophecies touch upon the whole basic spectrum of man’s spiritual and material life: questions of life and death, theology and worship, ethical norms, problems of domestic and world politics, social and economic antagonisms, legal conflicts, family relationships, he develops elements of eschatology, etc. It is possible that the phenomenon of prophecy in Ancient Israel and Judah correlates with the processes associated with the appearance of a new type of state in the historical arena – the empire. Comparison with the types of prophecy, common in Ancient Greece, demonstrates the difference in the areas that are subject to the prophetic wisdom of Greece and Israel. Only in the image of Socrates, created by Plato, we see the traces of prophetic and mediumship chosenness, which gives him wisdom precisely in the spiritual realm of human existence. However, despite the strong influence that Plato’s texts had on the evolution of European philosophy and culture, they did not become the “style” of Western thought. Starting with Aristotle, it clearly distinguishes the discourses of “mythologists” and “theologians” from the “first philosophy”

The article is devoted to the analysis of the origin of psychological clinical terminology and the impact on its development of historical, mythological and cultural realities/characters of Ancient Greece and Rome. Concerning that clinical terminology’s development took much time it has obviously made it harder to understand than those terms, that were recently composed. The application and understanding of «phobia» and «mania» in ancient authors’ original texts were analyzed to clarify whether the meaning and usage changed throughout the years. Among those text were works of the physicians Hippocrates and Areteus of Cappadocia, historian Pausanias and even philosophers Plato, Seneca, to see if the attitude to each term of those authors has changed in modern pathopsychic terminology. All the results of this study are summarized and represented in 10 categories, depending on the meaning of their attributive components, the origin of the term is analyzed and the corresponding linguistic and cultural commentary is given to it. Comments are related to mythological reality, which can make meaning of the term not clear to those, who are not aware of that specific myth and the historical and cultural features of Ancient Greece and Rome, which influenced the formation of each individual term. In addition, this article contains rare terms, that have -mania and -phobia component, and a similar first element. However, the language sources (Ancient Greek/ Latin) are different, that certify the development of this group of terms, for Latin is used in clinical terminology more rarely, than Greek.

This essay focuses on James Joyce's "The Dead" in the context of Menippean Satire—a philosophical literary mode that emerged in the Hellenistic period. It shows that the final story of Dubliners presents an intertextual dialogue with the Saturnalia composed by the Roman philosopher and grammarian Macrobius in the early fifth century A.D.. Living in a time when the culture of ancient Greece and Rome is about to be displaced by the rise of the Christian world picture, Macrobius applies the Menippean tradition as "a kind of encyclopaedia" to keep the pre-Christian world from oblivion. By rewriting the Saturnalia as a memorial storehouse of the ancient world, Joyce's "The Dead" reconstructs the pre-Christian roots of western civilization in terms of cultural archaeology. Since the essay shows that the Saturnalia serve as a structural backbone of "The Dead," one may say that the final story of Dubliners may be considered an early sample of what T. S. Eliot calls "the mythical method" of Ulysses: the intertextual use of a structural scaffold from the past as "[a] way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history."

Bu makalede, Nietzsche'nin Tragedyanın Doğuşu eserindeki tanrılar Apollon ve Dionysos'un içeriğinin kitaptan yola çıkarak ve kitabın bağlamında açımlaması yapıldı. Bu eserin görüşüne göre, iki kardeş tanrı Apollon ve Dionysos, yunan tragedyasını oluşturan unsurlardır. Yunan tragedyası, Nietzsche'ye göre ''Apollon'' ve ''Dionysos'' sentezi ile bir kültürün oluşturabileceği ideal sanat için bir örnektir, ve eserin alt metninde de bu sanatı oluşturan kültürden yola çıkarak bir kültürün ve dolayısıyla kişinin Antik Yunanistan'dan neler öğrenebileceği sorgulanır. Tragedyanın Doğuşu, düşünürün ilk eseri olarak sanatın değerini, ve cüretkârca bilimin özünü derinlemesine sorgular, filozofun düşüncelerinin temelini gösterir bize., In this article, I made a certain explication of Apollon and Dionysus, on the basis of and in the context of the work of Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy. The two brother gods Apollon and Dionysus, as this work sees, are two main elements of greek tragedy. The greek tragedy, according to Nietzsche, is an exemple of the ideal art that a culture can create with the synthesis of ''Apollon'' and ''Dionysus''. And in his work, he examines the culture that has created this form of art. This examination of Nietzsche, in it's sub-text, sees what can a culture and hence an individual can deduce from Ancient Greece. As a first work of an intellectual, The Birth of Tragedy questions the value of art, and in a daring way the essence of science by showing us the fondements of the ideas of the philosopher.

It is not easy to define precisely the epistolary genre, and the ancient theorists' classifications are far from satisfactory. In general, a letter is a piece of writing from sender(s) to recipient(s), the former being physically separated from the latter. Keywords: ancient Greece; classical languages; cultural history

he article is devoted to the study of the Boiotians’ myths. These legendary stories were a basis of the imagined past. So myths had formed the mentality of the Ancient Greek society. The main for Boiotian people was a myth about the own migration. We can find this tale in the “History” by Thucydides. But it was only a later retelling of the myths of the epic text. The first version of the tale we need to look for in the epic texts such as Homer’s “Iliad” and Hesiod’s poems. So myth about migration of Boiotians was the basis of the imagined past of the people of this region. Main role of the tale was played by Boiotians, who became eponym of the people. The author tried to recover myths about the polis of Thebes. Differences between regional and polis tales may answer the question: what was a real role played by polis of Thebes in the imagined past of Boiotian people. Ancient Greeks created a great number of myths about Thebes. A lot of these tales were a basis for Attic classical tragedy. But none of the earliest mythological narratives of Thebes intersect with myth of the Boiotians origin. The biggest polis of the region didn’t play any role at the imagining past of the Boiotian people. But imagined past could be changed. One of the examples we can find at Corinna’s poems. This source told us that first king of Thebes was a son of Boiotos. It was the newer tradition than an epic migration story. This tale appeared at the period of Thebes’ hegemony. And it has sense only as propaganda of polis of Thebes in the region. Mythological origin genealogy was softly rewriting of the imagined past. A new reality was created by using a poem in ritual. So, Thebes had a political motive to change imagine past and used for that soft mythical genealogy. The repeating through the ritual should have justified this new tradition. This research is based on the ancient written sources and academic studies. The article is an attempt to understand how myths were created and influenced the life of Ancient Greeks.

Religious ritual in ancient Greece regularly incorporated music, so much so that certain instruments or vocal genres frequently became associated with the religious veneration of specific gods. The Attic cult of Pan and the Nymphs should also be included among this group: though little is often known about the specific ritual practices, the literary and visual evidence associated with the cults make repeated reference to music performed on the panpipes—and to auditory and sensory stimuli more generally—as a prominent feature of the worship of these gods. I consider the Vari Cave, sacred to Pan and the Nymphs, together with the surviving marble votive reliefs from that space, to explore the sounds and sensations associated with the veneration of the rural gods. I argue that the sensory experience offered by the cave and the images within it would have enhanced the worshiper's experience of the ritual and the gods for whom they were performed. In this way, visual and auditory perceptions blurred together to create a powerful experience of the divine.

The importance of science fiction in contemporary cultural studies can hardly be underestimated, no more than it can be denied. Many narratives emerging out of the world of science fiction have become fully integrated within the contemporary cannon of popular understanding, mythology and reference. Amongst these narratives, perhaps no story is more fully integrated with contemporary culture than the original Star Wars saga. More current in the contemporary social imagination than the norse sagas, or those of ancient greece, Star Wars shares many of their epic qualities. The focus on the heroic characteristics of individuals, for example, against the backdrop of a great conflict between forces of good and evil, in which the righteous and the virtuous prevail is the standard narrative of many epic cultures. Indeed, this is the origin of classic notions of virtue, which stay with us to this day (MacIntyre, 2007). In that sense, this saga could be understood as yet another permutation of a story which has been told since time immemorial. Yet, as with the classical sagas, one must be sensitive to problematic aspects within their narratives; to the version of morality which they promote, and the ways in which they do so. This main focus in this essay will be just one such problem: the (mis)use of memory within the narrative of the original Star Wars saga, and deception as it relates to the myth of the Jedi.

The writings of ancient Greece and Rome and of biblical Israel are filled with descriptions of food. Tellingly, the narratives in Greek and Roman mythology and poetry often describe violent...

Current ideas about the aims and value of scientific work and knowledge may be part of our inherited legacy from Greco-Roman antiquity. While financial rewards were important in the past and are important today, when we look at individual ancient Greeks and Romans known for their scientific ideas and achievement, we see that a number of these were avowedly pursuing science for a gain which was very specific, but not financial. Motivations might include intellectual curiosity and a desire for personal improvement, including increased understanding, as well as an interest in gaining reputation and influencing posterity. In Greco-Roman antiquity there were various ways in which an individual’s scientific achievements could be celebrated, commemorated, honoured and memorialised; several are considered here.

In ancient Greece, the harvest was a time of high stress and intense labour, when farmers engaged in continuous work to reap, transport, and process their agricultural yields. For the harvest to be...

Resumen: El presente trabajo aborda la temática de la temporalidad ligada a la producción de relatos de memoria en la antigua Grecia, cuando esta tarea era encomendada a la creación de palabra en boca de los poetas. Mediante un estudio de las odas y de los epinicios de Píndaro ( 518 a .C.- 543 a . C) -tanto en el contexto de su surgimiento como a través de interpretaciones filosóficas posteriores-, los relatos plausibles de conformar una memoria aparecen ligados a un acto de composición selectivo, donde el poeta decidirá qué acontecimientos serán dignos de Elogio y cuáles, en cambio, de Vituperio. En un contexto que se asume complejo, constituido por fuerzas ambivalentes, las producciones de palabra al servicio de un sostenimiento de la memoria deberán sortear siempre la opacidad de las circunstancias que la confunden, la ironizan, la amenazan de olvido. La palabra, así, en boca de los poetas, tendrá la eficacia capaz de dar cuenta de una economía de lo verdadero que ya va trazando la memoria de las paradojas de su propia historia. Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of temporality linked to the production of memory narratives in ancient Greece, when this task was entrusted to poets and their creation of words. Through a study of Pindar (518 BC - 543 BC) Odes and Epinicia - both, in the context of its emergence as through further philosophical interpretations- plausible stories to form a memory appear linked to a selective act of composition , where the poet decides what events will be worthy of Praise , and which , instead, of Shame. In a context that is assumed complex, consisting of mixed forces, word productions serving a sustaining memory must always overcome the opacity of the confusing circumstances, the irony, and the threat of oblivion. Words, in the voice of the poets, will become the efficacy marks of some kind of economy of the ruth that is already mapping the paradoxal memory of its own history. Fil: Sferco, Senda Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

This article discusses alcohol use throughout history. The discovery and cultivation of wine and beer and distillation of spirits are explored. The article spans prehistory, Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Europe, and the Americas; and the religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Also explored are the history and distillation of rum, gin, and champagne. Effects of alcohol use on society are discussed.

Background: The ancient Greek term "apoplexy" as is repeatedly mentioned by the Hippocratic School of Medicine, included a cluster of diseases, mainly those concerning the central nervous system. The term was wrongfully infiltrated in Western European medicine as synonymous to what is called today a "stroke" of the brain. Objective: While in "Corpus Hippocraticum" the definition of the stroke was rather ambiguous; our study aims to unveil those fragments referring to it, in order to compose the Hippocratic theory of what it stood for "Acute Brain Suffering" (Greek: Οξeίeς Οδύνeς του Eγκeφάλου) during the Classical era of ancient Greece. Method: A bibliographic research of the "Hippocratic Collection" was conducted during our study in order to connect all fragments from the original ancient Greek text, and reconstruct the "Hippocratic Stroke Theory". Three editions have been used as reference. French edition by Littre, and two Greek ones by Kaktos and Pournaropoulos. Results: The "Acute Brain Suffering" seems to be the entity we call "Stroke" in modern clinical practice. Edema (collection of fluids-humours theory) was considered to be the most significant element which though could have been addressed by a cranial decompression for the symptoms to improve. The symptoms in question were, acute brain pain, diplopia, vertigo, ataxia, saliva, and urine loss as well as feces incontinence. Conclusion: Both therapeutic approach and symptomatology exhibited significant similarities with the modern concept of the stroke. The Hippocratic School was a scientifically advanced sect of medicophilosophers who promoted global medicine.

The concept of culture exists in almost all languages and is used in a wide range of situations, with a huge number of meanings in different areas of human activity. In its original sense, the word "culture" has never referred to any particular object, condition, or content. The notion of culture first appears in Latin. Poets and scholars of Ancient Rome have used it in their treatises and letters to mean "to cultivate" something or "cultivate" it to improve it. In ancient Greece, a close relative of the term culture has been paideia, which refers to "internal culture" or, in other words, the "culture of the soul". In Latin sources, the word first appears in a treatise on agriculture by the Roman statesman and writer Marcus Porcius Cato (234-149 B.C.), whose Latin translation of the title sounds something like this: agroculture. Hence, the word "culture" is originally used as an agronomic term.

Background/Aims Peripatetic teaching originated in the Aristotelian school of ancient Greece and refers to the action of walking, discussion and deep learning. A pilot study was carried out to evaluate the educational impact of peripatetic teaching in clinical medical education. There has been no previous evaluation of this form of teaching within medical education. Methods A pilot study was carried out to evaluate small group clinical sessions encompassing peripatetic teaching. Results A total of 56 post teaching questionnaires were completed and evaluated (return rate ~95%). High levels of satisfaction (n~4.7/5) were reported from this method of teaching. On average, a total of 1420 steps were taken during each teaching session, identifying additional exercise benefits for all. Conclusions This article identifies educational and health benefits to peripatetic teaching. The authors present a simple framework to structure each teaching session using the mnemonic FIRM – Feedback, dIscussion, Reflection and Mentorship. From this pilot study, the authors conclude that there are perceived benefits for teacher and learner from this teaching method.

Epilepsy is an ancient disease, which has fascinated and frightened scientists and laymen alike. Before the working knowledge of the central nervous system, seizures were shrouded in mystery. In antiquity, this disease was accredited to gods and demonic possession, causing those with epilepsy to be feared and isolated. Epilepsy patients continued to face discrimination through the mid-20th century. This discrimination ranged from lack of access to health insurance, jobs, and marriage equality to forced sterilizations. Despite the strides that have been made, there are still many misconceptions globally regarding epilepsy. Studies show that patients with epilepsy in communities that understand the pathology and cause of seizures are generally more successful in social and educational environments. While there has been progress, there is more work which needs to be done to educate people across the globe about the pathology of epilepsy.

This paper delves into the question of the potential addresses of ancient Greek novels. After shedding some light on the matter (based on ancient sources which account for the sociocultural underpinnings of the new genre), a classification is established in an attempt to provide a deeper understanding of alleged homogeneity in readership. The entire bibliography demonstrates a discontinuation in the conception prevalent decades ago, which, based on subjective and anachronistic interpretations, would find reinforcement in the silence of ancient sources. To make matters more intricate, the surviving information regarding how the novel was viewed in ancient times appears not to point to a prestigious status thereof. All things considered, should these presumptions alone lead us to consider the novel as a low-quality genre in terms of literary and stylistic standards? Ancient Greek novel might well be one of those cases in which literary or cultural creations have called for reassessment and revaluation several centuries following their conception., This paper delves into the question of the potential addressees of ancient Greek novels. After shedding some light on the matter (based on ancient sources which account for the sociocultural underpinnings of the new genre), a classification is established in an attempt to provide a deeper understanding of alleged homogeneity in readership. The entire bibliography demonstrates a discontinuation in the conception prevalent decades ago, which, based on subjective and anachronistic interpretations, would find reinforcement in the silence of ancient sources. To make matters more intricate, the surviving information regarding how the novel was viewed in ancient times appears not to point to a prestigious status thereof. All things considered, should these presumptions alone lead us to consider the novel as a low-quality genre in terms of literary and stylistic standards? Ancient Greek novel might well be one of those cases in which literary or cultural creations have called for reassessment and revaluation several centuries following their conception.

Interannual climate variability has for a long time been understood as a significant factor for agricultural production in ancient Greek city-states (poleis). The impact of climate change and variability over longer periods has, however, only recently been considered for ancient Greek agricultural economies, much due to the publication of high resolution palaeoclimate data from the Peloponnese. In the present chapter we compare the results from spatial analyses of survey data from the northeastern Peloponnese, with climate data provided by a number of Peloponnesian speleothems. The integrated analysis allows us to discuss the long-term effect of climate change on land use trajectories in the first millennium BCE. The results demonstrate that there is visible synchronicity between land use expansion and a more humid climate in the first millennium BCE but that these land use trajectories also need to be understood and contextualised in light of contemporary socio-economic processes.

Theater in ancient Greece and Rome was decidedly musical. In each major theatrical genre—tragedy, comedy, mime, and pantomime—actors sang, chanted, or danced to the accompaniment of a two-piped, double-reed instrument, called aulos in Greek, tibia in Latin. Metrical patterns in the plays reveal which passages were performed to accompaniment and tell us much about the rhythmic patterns of the songs. This evidence reveals that although its effects could be very serious, music had great ludic potential on the ancient Greek and Roman stage. By adding an unusual song early in his Frogs, for example, Aristophanes guaranteed his audience would appreciate that his version of the underworld is far from serious. The opening song of Sophocles’ satyr play Ichneutai played an important role in the relief it brought from the seriousness of the three tragedies that preceded it. In the so-called “Charition mime,” an exuberant combination of song or chant, dance, and instruments brings to a climax the play’s farcical burlesque of a tragic plot. In Mostellaria, by the Roman comic playwright Plautus, musical choices reinforce a sustained emphasis on the play’s ludic nature.

In this paper I examine the early formation and use of constellations in ancient Greece, firstly in broad terms as an exercise in mapping the sky for a variety of reasons—navigation, agricultural activities, religious timing—and then in more detail by analysing a part of the content of an early data set of star-risings and star-settings (a parapegma) attributed to Euktemon in the late fifth century BCE. I conclude that awareness of the movement of stars and constellations permeated ancient Greek everyday life and activities—the ability to make use of astronomical knowledge was not restricted to specific classes or groups in society. The elements of the night-sky were a kind of time device that could influence all activities, from those on which the subsistence of the community relied (e.g. agriculture and navigation), to those which guaranteed economic and civic stability, as well as the maintenance of the cosmic order through the performance of religious festivals at the correct time.

The Ancient Greek miracle is the synthesis of institutionally constrained free citizens seeking for their personal improvement within a democratically evolving law structure which guarantees public interest and social justice.

Sappho has always been regarded as one of the greatest lyric poets of ancient Greece. Her famous poem Fragment 31 V., also known as the "Ode to Jealousy", accurately describes the profound emotional reaction triggered by the sight of her beloved. The poet's precise description of each sign and symptom triggered by this arousal makes Sappho 31 V., to the best of our knowledge, the first analytical description of the acute stress response, the so-called "fight-or-flight" response, in human history. Here, Fragment 31 V. is re-read from a medical point of view, correlating the ancient Greek lyric text, the corresponding medical terms, and the underlying catecholamine mechanism of action.

We show that long-term and comparative studies are imperative if we are to identify the interlinkage between land use and climate and understand how vulnerabilities build over time and ultimately decide the societal outcomes of climate change. Using a long-term perspective, we study changes in both the extent and intensity of land use in NE Peloponnese, Greece, across more than two thousand years, from the end of the Middle Bronze Age to Roman times (~1800 BCE–330 CE). When set against a backdrop of paleoclimate information from the Peloponnese, the correspondence between changes in land use extent and climate is significant. Sequences of booms and busts in ancient societies have previously been connected to cycles of agricultural intensification and the balance between population and food supply. Our results suggest that climate can amplify such cycles, but also – importantly – that societies create their own futures in the way that they are able to balance agricultural strategies relative to climate and climate change. Climate conditions may facilitate additional expansion during boom periods, supported by socio-political control functions, but also introduce significant impediments to previously successful strategies and ultimately lead to a crisis through an overexploitation of existing resources. Domesticated Landscapes of the Peloponnese

Empedocles of Acragas is the master of the prophetic word in Ancient Greece and Rome and beyond. Many factors contribute to his attaining this unique position and influence. Thanks to the Lives of Eminent Philosophers written by Diogenes Laertius in the 3rd c. CE we know more about Empedocles’ life, spanning a large part of the 5th c. BCE (c. 492–432), than is usually the case with ancient authors. A remarkable life it was indeed, combining philosophical investigation and poetry with political activity and, apparently, the ability to exercise control, magically, on natural phenomena. This essay explores his thought through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s interest in it, above all because this ancient philosopher fulfilled for him several critical functions. His theories provide an important parallel for some of the more controversial tenets of psychoanalysis. They also attract the respect due to one of the founders of Greek philosophy, and yet they can be acknowledged without any sense of competition or emulation. Empedocles thus comes to stand as both an authority and a refuge, a matter this essay explores in order to come to a clearer sense of his influence on Freud – and, through him, on psychoanalysis more generally.

Soils are essential for life and civilization. They have a long history of political attention, documented at least since Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. Soil played a key political role in the founding of the USA but gradually lost its clout in the last hundred years. The recent IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land may symbolize a return of soils to the political arena. The renewed political interest should be harnessed to leverage sustainable land management, which can create synergies between climate-change mitigation and adaptation while attending to a nexus of additional environmental and socio-economic predicaments. This chapter provides a brief history of the political importance of soils, its links to climate change, and how vested economic and political interests perpetuate unsustainable agricultural practices. It ends on a positive note by outlining a pathway towards a sustainable agricultural future.

The digital rise of the far-right on the participatory web (social media, blogs, YouTube) poses a new threat to history educators. Technology has enabled the far-right to have a greater reach than in previous years. This problem has not been discussed, at least not in depth, at the higher education level. Rather than ignore the digital rise of the far-right as just racist musings on the internet, academics must be aware of how prominent and advanced our search algorithms have let the far-right become. This chapter focuses on the online far-right community and the potential impact that their misuse of history, specifically ancient history, can have on students and in particular, the far-right’s view that Ancient Greece and Rome were, in the majority, white societies. This chapter argues that one of the ways this issue can be combated is by including academic blogs in the classroom in order to generate a discussion regarding far-right appropriation. This chapter will examine two scholarly blogs that provide relevant and easily accessible information regarding this issue and may therefore be a faster and better alternative than peer-reviewed scholarship.