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Objetivo: Evaluar los procesos de una intervención de actividad física durante el embarazo y postparto. Métodos: En el contexto de un programa social que combate la pobreza extrema, las beneficiarias (n=927) recibieron una intervención que consistió en la promoción de la práctica de actividad física, a través de consejería, talleres y materiales educativos. En 2008-9, 2010 y 2012 se visitaron unidades de salud urbanas y rurales, seleccionadas aleatoriamente, de cuatro entidades federativas de México. Se recolectó información de procesos a través de prestadores de servicios de salud, observación en consulta y aplicación de encuestas de salida a beneficiarias. Se estudiaron cuatro indicadores de implementación de la intervención: fidelidad a actividades planeadas; dosis entregada a la población; alcance de la población objetivo; y recepción de la intervención por embarazadas y en el posparto de las participantes. Resultados: Se visitaron unidades de salud en la etapa inicial (n=91), intermedia (n=47) y final (n=82) del estudio. La dosis liberada presentó un nivel del 81-86% de implementación. La fidelidad presentó

Although actions have been taken to improve breastfeeding in Mexico, trends over the last decade and their associated factors have not been analysed. We estimated trends in breastfeeding practices at the national, rural/urban, and regional level indigenous ethnicity and socio‐economic level, and their associated factors using the National Demographic Dynamics Survey (2006, 2009, 2014 and 2018). We assessed breastfeeding indicators of women with children

Background Evidence suggests that inadequate hospital practices, as well as sociocultural and community factors have detrimental effects on timely initiation as the first breastfeed within first hour after birth, and exclusive breastfeeding. The purpose of the study was to examine the factors that influence timely initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at birth and 1 month postpartum in Mexican women delivering in public and private hospitals. Methods Mixed methods were conducted between May and July 2017, including surveys (n = 543) and semi-structured interviews (n = 60) in the immediate (7 h) and intermediate (30 days) postpartum periods. Participants were women aged 15–49 years, in public and private hospitals, of urban and rural municipalities of Chihuahua and Puebla, Mexico. Results Timely initiation was reported by 49.4% of mothers, and 34.7% reported that their children received infant formula at the hospital. Only 44.8% of women reported exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum. Timely initiation of breastfeeding was higher in women with vaginal delivery (62.1 vs 35.5%; p p = 0.018). Exclusive breastfeeding at 1 month postpartum was related to older maternal age (OR 1.05; p p = 0.0001). Infant formula use was less associated with timely initiation (OR 0.46; p = 0.001). Participants in qualitative data identified the emotional, physical and economic benefits of breastfeeding, however, the perception about insufficient production of human milk, and the belief that infant formula is recommended, persists. Conclusions Modification of hospital practices, such as decreasing the number of cesarean and the use of infant formula, as well as the support of the initiation and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding by health personnel and family members, could help increase breastfeeding practices in Mexican women.

Aim We aimed to examine the advertising and marketing of breast milk substitutes (BMS) through the internet, social media and television in Mexico. Methods We recorded the programming of four main TV channels at peak times to identify BMS advertisements. In addition, we identified the main BMS products and companies present on the internet, as well as related home pages and social networks (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). After that, we examined current BMS' marketing practices using the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes ('the Code') as a framework for ethical marketing. Qualitative and statistical analyses are presented. Results BMS manufacturers have a presence on television, social media and the internet. Violations of the Code, as well as promotional practices unforeseen by the Code, were identified in all the studied media. These include text and images idealising the use of BMS, as well as mechanisms for boosting sales and making contact with consumers. Conclusions The Mexican population is exposed to BMS advertisements that breach the Code on the internet, on social networks and on television. Emerging challenges related to the use of electronic means to market BMS may call for new strategies for monitoring and enforcing the Code through local regulations.

This study estimated the prevalence of violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (BMS) and subsequent resolutions of the World Health Assembly (Code) at health facilities, points of sale (POS), and on BMS labelling and media in Mexico. We carried out a cross-sectional survey among 693 mothers with children aged less than 24 months and 48 health providers at public and private health facilities in two states of Mexico. Observational assessment at 20 POS and the health facilities was conducted as well as an analysis of labels on BMS products for sale. Women attending public and private health facilities reported receiving free BMS samples in the previous 6 months (11.1%), and about 80% reported seeing BMS promotion in the mass media. Health providers reported contact with BMS manufacturer representatives in the previous 6 months (15.5%), and only 41.6% of the health providers had knowledge of the Code. BMS promotions were identified at nearly all POS. Analysis of 190 BMS labels showed that 30% included pictures/text idealizing the use of BMS, and all labels incorporated health and nutrition claims. Violations of the Code are prevalent within the health services, POS, and labelling of BMS products. The high percentage of health providers with no knowledge of the Code calls for action at national level to better disseminate and comply with the Code. A transparent, free from commercial influence, and continual monitoring system for Code compliance is needed, including a follow-up component on sanctions for contraventions of the Code.

The aim of this study was to assess the vitamin D status in preschool and school-age children in Mexico.25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) serum concentrations were measured using a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay commercial kit in a nationally representative sample of 1025 Mexican children ages 2 y to 12 y who participated in the 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey.Mean serum 25-OH-D concentration was 94.6 ± 47 nmol/L. Concentrations were lower in preschool children (2-5 y; 78.3 ± 37 nmol/L) than in school-aged children (6-12 y; 105.8 ± 51 nmol/L; P 0.001). Children living in urban areas had lower levels (89.8 ± 36 nmol/L) than children from rural areas (108.1 ± 75 nmol/L; P 0.05). Twenty-four percent of preschool children had vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D 50 nmol/L) compared with 10% of school-aged children (P 0.05). Thirty percent of preschool children had vitamin D insufficiency (25-OH-D 50-74.9 nmol/L) compared with 18% of school-aged children (P 0.05). In urban areas, 18% of children had vitamin D deficiency and 25% had insufficiency compared with 10% and 16% of children in rural areas, respectively (P 0.05). Prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency (25-OH-D 20 nmol/L) was extremely low (0.3%).Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are important public health problems in Mexican children.

Our objective was to identify and describe the major dietary patterns in the Mexican adult population and their association with being overweight or obese. Dietary intake was evaluated by a FFQ that was completed by 15,890 Mexican adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006. Dietary patterns were generated by cluster analysis based on the percent contribution to total energy intake from 30 food groups. We identified 3 major dietary patterns: refined foods and sweets (RS), traditional (T), and diverse (D). The T pattern was characterized by low dietary diversity, with maize and maize foods accounting for ~47% of energy intake. This pattern had the lowest contribution of most food groups, with the exception of beans (~4.0%). The RS pattern had the highest contribution of alcohol (9.4%), soft drinks (9.4%), white bread (7.7%), fast food, sweets, and snacks. The D pattern had the lowest contribution of maize (15.5%) and the highest contribution of whole-fat dairy (8.0%), rice and pasta, meat, poultry, eggs, saturated fat, fruits, and vegetables. After adjusting for age, gender, physical activity, socioeconomic status, area, and region, the RS and D dietary patterns were associated with 14 and 17% increased risk of being overweight (P < 0.01) and 20% increased risk of being obese, respectively, compared with the T dietary pattern (P < 0.001). These findings support an association of dietary patterns with being overweight or obese in a nationally representative sample of Mexican adults.

Obesity is considered a public health problem worldwide. Evidence from epidemiologic studies has shown that early undernutrition may be a determinant of obesity later in life. Longitudinal studies are scarce in the setting of low- and middle-income countries. In Pelotas, southern Brazil, a birth cohort has been followed since 1982. Between 2004 and 2005, 4297 members of this cohort were interviewed. The aim of this study is to describe the association between maternal anthropometry and offspring BMI and waist:height ratio (WHtR) at 23 y of age in individuals from the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort. Independent variables included maternal prepregnancy BMI and maternal height, obtained in 1982. The BMI and WHtR of the offspring at 23 y of age were the outcomes. The analysis was stratified by sex and restricted to those cohort members belonging to the lower income group. Multivariable linear regression was adjusted for potential confounding or mediating factors according to a hierarchical framework. For each unit of maternal prepregnancy BMI, the offspring BMI increased 0.65 and 0.63 kg/m(2) in men and women, respectively (P < 0.001). Maternal prepregnancy BMI was directly associated with offspring WHtR in both sexes (P < 0.001). On the other hand, maternal height was not associated with offspring BMI or WHtR. In conclusion, our study suggests that maternal anthropometry is associated with the offspring BMI and WHtR at 23 y of age.