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Background. In the structure of gynecological diseases, endometriosis ranks II after inflammatory diseases of the genitals and uterine myoma. The incidence of genital endometriosis is 92–94%, with an annual incidence ranging from 0,1% to 0,3%. The disease is characterized by tumor-like type of growth, affection of adjacent organs, and severe complications that lead to disability in patients. Aim. To study the informative value of ultrasound examination of the reproductive system organs in recurrent external genital endometriosis. Material and methods. Forty-eight patients with recurrent external genital endometriosis were examined. The mean age of the patients was (34,96±1,1) years. The history of endometriosis was in the range of (10,0±1,41) years (9–11). Recurrence rate averaged (2,02±0,44) years (1–4). The duration of remission averaged (6,1±0,84) years (1–15). All the patients underwent ultrasound examination with a transvaginal transducer. The length, width, anteroposterior uterine size, M-echo, and length and width of both ovaries were determined. Echographic features of endometrioid ovarian cysts and retrocervical endometrioid infiltrate were evaluated during ultrasound examination. The findings were compared with the echographic findings in women (n=20) with no history of endometriosis (comparison group). Results and discussion. Transvaginal ultrasonography in recurrent external genital endometriosis showed a significant increase in the echographic dimensions of uterine length (54,3±0,41) mm, width (47,9±0,13) mm, anteroposterior dimension (56,1±0,18) mm, endometrial thickness (6,6±0,09) mm, and increased echographic dimensions of both ovaries (p

Background. In recent decades, the increase in life expectancy has led to a significant increase in the duration of the postmenopausal period. Prolonged estrogen deficiency contributes to an increase in the incidence of chronic somatic diseases, including neurovegetative, metabolic-endocrine, and psycho-emotional disorders that define the menopausal syndrome. Aim. To study the prognostic and diagnostic significance of hormone parameters in endometrial abnormalities in the postmenopausal period. Material and methods. Forty-seven women with various clinical manifestations of endometrial pathology in the postmenopausal period were examined. The mean age of the examined women was (58,43±1,1) years. All the patients had luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and serum sex hormone-binding globulin measured by enzyme immunoassay. The results obtained were subjected to statistical processing using standard computer programs «Statgraph» designed for parametric and nonparametric methods of calculating mean values. We calculated mean and standard deviation (M±Se), as well as minimum-maximum values for the sample. Differences were considered significant at p

International audience; AimsDilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a complex disease where genetics interplay with extrinsic factors. This study aims to compare the phenotype, management, and outcome of familial DCM (FDCM) and non‐familial (sporadic) DCM (SDCM) across Europe.Methods and resultsPatients with DCM that were enrolled in the prospective ESC EORP Cardiomyopathy & Myocarditis Registry were included. Baseline characteristics, genetic testing, genetic yield, and outcome were analysed comparing FDCM and SDCM; 1260 adult patients were studied (238 FDCM, 707 SDCM, and 315 not disclosed). Patients with FDCM were younger (P < 0.01), had less severe disease phenotype at presentation (P < 0.02), more favourable baseline cardiovascular risk profiles (P ≤ 0.007), and less medication use (P ≤ 0.042). Outcome at 1 year was similar and predicted by NYHA class (HR 0.45; 95% CI [0.25–0.81]) and LVEF per % decrease (HR 1.05; 95% CI [1.02–1.08]. Throughout Europe, patients with FDCM received more genetic testing (47% vs. 8%, P < 0.01) and had higher genetic yield (55% vs. 22%, P < 0.01).ConclusionsWe observed that FDCM and SDCM have significant differences at baseline but similar short‐term prognosis. Whether modification of associated cardiovascular risk factors provide opportunities for treatment remains to be investigated. Our results also show a prevalent role of genetics in FDCM and a non‐marginal yield in SDCM although genetic testing is largely neglected in SDCM. Limited genetic testing and heterogeneity in panels provides a scaffold for improvement of guideline adherence.

В последние десятилетия в клиническую нейроэндокринологию внедрен новый термин — «дисфункция эндотелия». Она играет существенную роль в генезе многих цереброваскулярных заболеваний головного мозга. В большинстве исследований данный термин используется как синоним дисбаланса эндотелиального синтеза NO, который является сигнальным фактором, участвующим в опосредовании его функции. NO способен как ингибировать, так и активировать апоптоз, усиливать процессы ангиогенеза, неоангиогенеза, повышать уровень пролиферации и метастазирования опухолевых клеток. В обзоре рассматривается возможная патогенетическая роль дисфункции эндотелия в развитии неактивной аденомы гипофиза.

Objective: comparison of general anesthesia (GA) and intravenous conscious sedation during left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO).Materials and Methods. The study included 120 patients from LAAO Register at the National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, who were divided into GA (n = 100) and intravenous sedation (n = 20) groups. In-hospital outcomes were assessed, as well as outcomes and data of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at 45 days and 6 months.Results. 3 patients required intraoperative conversion of the anesthetic method to GA. The duration of the procedure, the time of fluoroscopy, the amount of contrast medium, and the technical success did not differ signifcantly between the two groups. The incidence of in-hospital complications in the GA group was 10%, and 15% in the intravenous sedation group (p = 0.453). There were no statistically signifcant differences between the groups in long-term outcomes and TEE data after 45 days and 6 months.Conclusion. Combined intravenous sedation with local anesthesia is an effective and fairly safe method of anesthesiological support for implantation of the occluder of the left atrial auricle. It can be used in patients with a high risk of GA, with predictable difculties of tracheal intubation, as well as if the patient wishes accordingly. The limitations of the use of intravenous sedation in combination with local anesthesia are anatomical variants of SFM that are difcult for occluder implantation, as well as the patient's low tolerance to ECG in consciousness.

Purpose of the article: analysis of the process of Internet design in the modern educational environment. Methodology: The article presents the results of a survey of students of higher educational institutions “Assessment of the impact of Internet projects on professional self-development", about the dynamics of the participation of students from professional educational institutions in the design of the Internet for three years. Conclusions. According to the research, the number of participants in Internet projects is growing, and the popularity of such contests is increasing. Participation in the Internet project provides the student an opportunity for promising employments.

Examined are the main development trends in the field of higher education, the originality of their manifestation in Russian society. The specificity of the continuity of learning is revealed, the directions of transformation of the educational process in the context of digitalization are determined. The topic of the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative methods in educational activities, such as case-method, tutoring, interactive training, was touched upon. The duality of the study is noted, since the introduction of innovative methods into the educational activities of Russian universities, on the one hand, has a positive effect on the state of the educational system, on the other hand, it gives rise to a tendency towards an increase in social and digital inequality in education and society as a whole, and also presupposes changes in requirements. to the teaching staff, which is now required first of all to be motivated and ready to master and use modern innovative methods in educational practice.

The article examines the competencies of entrepreneurs that are necessary in modern conditions for young people to ensure their successful career, analyzes the areas in which business initiatives of young people are most often used. The competencies necessary for graduates, specific areas of employment in modern conditions of digital transformation are analyzed. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamics of changes in key competencies that are important for business success in modern conditions of economic development. The results of an operational survey of managers are presented, which make it possible to identify new requirements and new qualities: digital development management, data management and use, application of digital technologies, "adoption and implementation of employee initiatives". The groups of transformations that have occurred due to the introduction of digital technologies in small businesses are highlighted. The aim of the work is to highlight those of them that have received the greatest development in the context of digitalization, and to establish the impact on them of the COVID-19 pandemic. To conduct the study, the methods of systemic, comparative and morphological analysis and synthesis of the general set of factors that determine changes in the business competencies of youth were used. The basic elements of the article can be offered as practical recommendations to state and municipal authorities on the development of youth entrepreneurship in the North Caucasus Federal District and the improvement of youth policy in the regions. The formed problems in the studied area can become the basis for the formation of a system of stimulating youth business. The study showed that in a crisis it is not individual qualities that are important, but their totality, with complementary characteristics.

The article is devoted to the development off-farm employment such as storage, processing and marketing of agricultural products, rural trade, agrotourism, folk crafts, domestic and socio-cultural services for the rural population, harvesting and processing of wild fruits and berries and etc. in the rural environment.

The aim of the study is to determine the role of geochemical factors (the content of Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb in soils and natural waters of the plain zone of Dagestan) in the prevalence of essential arterial hypertension (EAH) among the population of children. Materials and methods of research: an observational cross-sectional (one-step) study of the prevalence of EAH in the child population was carried out. The prevalence rates of EAH among children in the plain zone of the Republic of Dagestan are calculated for 100,000 children 0–17 years old, without taking into account gender differences. The content of elements (Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb) in the environment (soil, natural waters) was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) of indicators of the content of metals (Mg, K, Ca, Zn, Pb) in the regions and objects (soils, natural waters) of the study revealed a statistically significant difference in the data (for soils: F=81,06772, p

Network research in organizational contexts faces ethical challenges related to revealing the identity of participants, managing power relations, and managing the interests and potential harms of the different stakeholders. In this article, we review the ethical issues associated with the investigation of the personal and organizational networks of travel agents in Moscow. In our case study, we interviewed 32 tourism agents from Moscow and its region, obtaining information on 45 people with whom they have regular relation as part of their work; and relational data, with a 2-mode matrix, on 15 organizations with which the agency could be linked in the Russian-Andalusian tourism market. Our results highlight the utility of presenting the information of personal networks in an aggregate manner. It also demonstrates the value of cultural adaptation strategies and adjustment to the characteristics of the community. Moreover, the central role of power relations in organizations, within a cultural context with a greater distance to authority was also found.

Background. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent form of endocrine pathology and occurs in 5–10 % women of reproductive age and makes up 80 %, and according to some data, even 90 % of all forms of hyperandrogenism. The information about pathogenesis of PCOS is contradictory. The main step of the SPCO pathogenesis is hyperproduction of LH of by the hypophysis, revealed in 40–80 % patients. According to one of numerous theories, an increase secretion results in the increase of LH by the hypothalamus of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH), secreted in the discrete mode under control sexual steroid hormones, monoamines and opioid peptides. The aim of the investigation is to study the functional status of hypophysis — gonads axis for women with SPCO. Material and methods. In the department of neuroendocrinology of the Center of Endocrinology of Health Ministry of the Republic of Uzbekistan in a period from September 2015 till July 2016 120 outpatients of fertile age with PCOS were inspected. Mean age of patients was 25.5 ± 4.3 years. The duration of the disease hesitated from 7 months to 9 years. 20 healthy women of corresponding age made a control group. The complex of researches, including clinical, biochemical (glycemia, glucose tolerance test), hormonal (LH, FSH, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrostendion (ДGEA), 17-oxyprogesterone, аntimuller hormone (АМH), insulin) was performed in all patients, ultrasonic examination of uterus and ovaries (transabdominal and transvaginal) on the 14th day of cycle with folliculometria in dynamics, and also magnetically-resonant tomography of hypophysis and questionnaire of patients were carried out. Results. Patients were divided into two groups: with primary sterility (94 cases) and with secondary sterility (26 cases). In the first group of patients with primary sterility the reliable decline of both pituitary and ovarian hormones was determined on a background of hyperandrogenemia and hyperprolactinemia. So, as compared to the group of control on the 14th day of cycle LH, FSH, and estradiol, progesterone, while free testosterone, DGEA were enhanced as compared to control data. In the second group of patients the reliable decline of pituitary hormones was also educed on a background of hyperandrogenemia and hyperprolactinemia while an ovarian function was within the normal limits. So, as compared to the group of control on the 14th day of cycle the LH, FSH, here free testosterone, DGEA and АМH levels were enhanced as compared to control data. The neuroimaging of hypophysis in patients with PCOS educed hyperplasia (adenomatosis) of hypophysis in 49 from 120 (40.8 %), that can be explained by ovarian insufficiency in these patients. On the second place by incidence there was the syndrome of the empty sella (26 cases, 21.6 %), and on the third — the microadenoma of hypophysis in 16 persons (13.3 %). Conclusions. In the first group of patients with primary sterility the reliable decline of both pituitary and ovarian hormones was marked on a background of hyperandrogenemia and hyperprolactinemia. In the second group of patients the significant decline of pituitary hormones was also educed on a background of hyperanrogenemia and hyperprolactinemia, while an ovarian function was within the normal limits. In both groups of patients hypogonadotropinemia occurred combined with moderate hyperprolactinemia and hyperandrogenemia. Thus, the most expressed violations of the system of pituitary — ovarian function were found out in the first group of patients with PCOS with primary sterility, at that the significant decline of the functional status of pituitary — gonads axis was marked, namely decline of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone levels on the 14th day of menstrual cycle, that was confirmed by ultrasouns examination of uterus and ovaries by impoverishment of follicle vehicle of ovaries, anovulation signs. Thus, the most expressed violations of the system of pituitary-ovarial function were found out in the first group of patients with PCOS with primary sterility, at that the significant decline of the functional state of hypophysis-gonads was marked, namely decline of LH, FSH, estradiol and progesterone levels that was confirmed by ultrasound investigation of uterus and ovaries.

Background. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children and adolescents is a complex problem throughout the world. The onset of the disease at an early age and development of acute and chronic complications already at young age encourage searching the most optimal methods for treating this serious disease. The purpose of the study was to assess the qua­lity of life in children and adolescents with type 1 DM on pump insulin therapy, considering the carbohydrate value in Uzbek national foods. Materials and methods . In the study, it was used a Russian version of a short form of the Diabetes Quality of Life for Youth (DQOLY-SF) questionnaire. Results . The results of the conducted study demonstrate reliably that the use of mo­dern technologies is accompanied by the improvement of not only glycemic control, but also the quality of life. The obtained data allow us to conclude that the use of structured training programs is effective for improving the degree of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism and increasing quality of life in patients using pump insulin therapy. Conclusions. The use of pump insulin therapy has a positive impact on all aspects of the quality of life registered by the DQOLY-SF questionnaire. With the use of the square bolus and double wave bolus, conside­ring the tables of bread units in dishes of Uzbek national cuisine, there was a tendency to improve the quality of life compared to those who used only a simple bolus.

Мета дослідження — вивчити частоту й особливості перебігу субклінічного синдрому Кушинга в жінок із синдромом полікістозних яєчників (СПКЯ). Матеріали та методи. Під спостереженням перебували 120 пацієнток фертильного віку із СПКЯ. Середній вік хворих становив 25,5 ± 4,3 року. 20 здорових жінок відповідного віку становили групу контролю. Усім хворим виконувався комплекс досліджень, що містив загальноклінічні, біохімічні і гормональні методи, ультразвукову діагностику матки і яєчників із фолікулометрією, а також магнітно-резонансну томографію турецького сідла й анкетування пацієнтів. Результати. Пацієнтки були розподілені на три групи: із первинним СПКЯ (19 %), із вторинним СПКЯ при ожирінні (74 %), із вторинним СПКЯ і субклінічним синдромом Кушинга (7 %). У групі пацієнток із первинним СПКЯ відзначалося вірогідне зниження як гіпофізарних, так і оваріальних гормонів на тлі гіперандрогенемії. У групі пацієнток із вторинним СПКЯ і субклінічним синдромом Кушинга було виявлено вірогідне зниження вмісту гіпофізарних гормонів на тлі гіперандрогенемії, однак оваріальна функція була в межах норми. При цьому відзначалася гіперінсулінемія. Висновки. Найбільш виражені порушення гіпофізарно-оваріальної функції були виявлені в групі пацієнток із СПКЯ і субклінічним синдромом Кушинга, у яких відзначалося вірогідне зниження функціонального стану системи «гіпофіз — гонади», а саме зниження рівня лютеїнізуючого, фолікулостимулюючого гормона, естрадіолу і прогестерону плазми крові на 14-й день менструального циклу на тлі гіперандрогенемії і гіперкортизолемії. Частота субклінічного синдрому Кушинга серед жінок із СПКЯ становить 6,6 %.

During 1996–2015 years, 53 patients with stage locally-advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx with stage N3 were treated in N. N. Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology. Depending on the treatment method, patients were divided into 2 groups: concurrent (n = 26) and induction (n = 27) chemoradiotherapy. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (option 1) was given using: cisplatin 100 mg/m2 – every 3 weeks, or carboplatin 1.5 AUC weekly, or cisplatin 100 mg/m2 with 5-fluorouracil 1000 mg/m2 every 24 hours, in continuous infusion for 96 hours (PF). Induction chemotherapy (option 2) was performed in 2 modes: TPF (docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) or PF (cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil). Radiation therapy was performed on a linear accelerator for 2 Gy daily up to SD 68–70 Gy for the primary tumor and 66 Gy for the affected lymph nodes. According to the results of our retrospective study, the 3 year overall and relapse-free survival rate depending on the chemoradiotherapy option was 37 and 32 % (option 1), 62 and 56 % (option 2). A promising option for chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx is induction chemoradiotherapy.

The development of a new direction in anticancer medical therapy – the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/ PD-L1 and CTLA-4 – has significantly changed the approach to tumor treatment in the last few years. The PD1 blocker nivolumab in major registered clinical trials improved overall survival, including in metastatic melanoma, with a favorable toxicity profile. However, its efficacy in patients with brain metastases from melanoma was poorly studied, since the inclusion criteria for most clinical trials do not envisage recruiting such patients. The immune-mediated toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors is currently well enough studied. However, cases of cutaneous toxicity are quite rare and present certain difficulties for differential diagnosis and treatment. This article presents two cases of effective nivolumab treatment in patients with generalized BRAFwt and BRAFmut cutaneous melanoma. The first case is of interest due to the presence of brain metastases in the patient. Nivolumab therapy helped achieving complete regression of intracranial metastases with the long-term effect. The second case, in addition to effective treatment, demonstrates a rare manifestation of skin toxicity – vitiligo on the face and upper extremities.

The diagnosis and treatment of systemic amyloidosis remains a significant clinical problem for physicians of various specialties. Infectious complications and sepsis account for up to 8% of deaths in amyloidosis patients. This clinical case describes the development of an initially asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathy of unclear significance into systemic AL-amyloidosis, which was complicated by the formation of a renal carbuncle after the first cycles of chemotherapy. There was a significant discrepancy between the severity of the patient’s overall clinical state and changes in laboratory parameters. There were no objective factors for the ascending spread of urinary tract infection or hematogenous dissemination from other foci, so a primary bacteremia was assumed.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy currently occupies its place in the complex treatment of cancer patients with liver metastases. It is assumed that certain groups of patients with breast cancer can benefit from the use of this method, which can be converted into improved overall survival and survival rates without signs of progression of the process. Purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of stereotactic radiotherapy in patients with breast cancer metastases in the liver. We have analyzed the results of using stereotactic radiotherapy in 25 breast cancer patients with 43 liver metastases. The treatment was carried out in 3 fractions with a fraction dose of 10-15 Gy and a total dose of 30-45 Gy. Growth of the irradiated lesions was recorded only in 1 case out of 43 metastases (2,3%) and 25 (4%) patients. 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates from the moment of stereotactic radiotherapy were 82,9%, 62% and 38,7%, respectively. Long-term post-radiation adverse events were observed in 8% of cases and did not have a significant effect on the quality of life and the possibility of antitumor treatment. So stereotactic radiotherapy can be recommended as a relatively safe and highly effective method of elimination of breast cancer liver metastases. Taking into account the high achieved local control, further studies on dose escalation in this group of patients are not required.

Introduction. Using cytochemical methods, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO), as well as the content of cationic proteins, glycogen and lipids in the blood neutrophils of pregnant women with diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) was studied in a comparative aspect.Goal. To study the dynamics of changes in the cytochemical parameters of neutrophils in women's blood during physiological pregnancy, as well as in pregnant patients with DTG.Material and methods. The study included 82 pregnant women aged 20-40 years old with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and graves' disease. The subject of the study was the determination of immunological indicators: the level of autoantibodies to TSH, TPO and TG; the content of populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes, and cytochemical indicators of blood: MPO activity; cationic protein content; glycogen content; lipid content. Results. The activity of MPO in the blood neutrophils of women with a physiological course of pregnancy (comparison group) is similar to that in the control group. In the first trimester of pregnancy, the percentage of neutrophils with a moderate to high content of colored granules tends to decrease, which is reflected in the value of the average cytochemical index.Conclusion. It should be noted that significant shifts in the content of components of the phagocytic defense system were found in the blood neutrophils of pregnant women with thyrotoxicosis syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to assess the properties of left ventricular myocardial deformation in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with various degrees of coronary lesions. Methods and Results: The study included 74 patients with stable angina pectoris Class II-IV aged between 40 and 70 years. All patients underwent the following examinations: assessment of traditional risk factors, physical examination, general clinical and laboratory blood tests, 12-lead ECG, 24-hour ABPM, transthoracic echocardiography, two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), and coronary angiography (CAG). The SYNTAX score was calculated retrospectively according to the SYNTAX score algorithm. All patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1 included 21 patients with a low SYNTAX score (0–22), for whom standard drug therapy was recommended; Group 2 included 28 patients with an intermediate SYNTAX score (23–32), to whom PCI was recommended; Group 3 included 25 patients with a high SYNTAX score (≥33), to whom CABG was recommended. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained using the modified biplane Simpson's method was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Groups 1 and 2 (P=0.001); it should be noted that this indicator was within the normative values in Groups 1 and 2, and belonged to the gradation “mild dysfunction.” A more objective quantitative assessment of the contractile function of the LV myocardium was obtained by assessing the GLS and SR. The comparative analysis of the LV myocardial deformation properties in the three studied groups showed that in Group 3 the GLS and SR indicators were significantly lower than in Group 1 (P=0.000 and P=0.0020). Moreover, GLS (global longitudinal strain) and SR (strain rate) were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P=0.0001 and P=0.0133, respectively). GLS significantly correlated with LVEF (r=0.57; P

Background The European Atherosclerosis Society Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) global registry provides a platform for the global surveillance of familial hypercholesterolaemia through harmonisation and pooling of multinational data. In this study, we aimed to characterise the adult population with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia and described how it is detected and managed globally. Methods Using FHSC global registry data, we did a cross-sectional assessment of adults (aged 18 years or older) with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia at the time they were entered into the registries. Data were assessed overall and by WHO regions, sex, and index versus non-index cases. Findings Of the 61 612 individuals in the registry, 42 167 adults (21 999 [53.6%] women) from 56 countries were included in the study. Of these, 31 798 (75.4%) were diagnosed with the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and 35 490 (84.2%) were from the WHO region of Europe. Median age of participants at entry in the registry was 46.2 years (IQR 34.3-58.0); median age at diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia was 44.4 years (32.5-56.5), with 40.2% of participants younger than 40 years when diagnosed. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors increased progressively with age and varied by WHO region. Prevalence of coronary disease was 17.4% (2.1% for stroke and 5.2% for peripheral artery disease), increasing with concentrations of untreated LDL cholesterol, and was about two times lower in women than in men. Among patients receiving lipid-lowering medications, 16 803 (81.1%) were receiving statins and 3691 (21.2%) were on combination therapy, with greater use of more potent lipid-lowering medication in men than in women. Median LDL cholesterol was 5.43 mmol/L (IQR 4.32-6.72) among patients not taking lipid-lowering medications and 4.23 mmol/L (3.20-5.66) among those taking them. Among patients taking lipid-lowering medications, 2.7% had LDL cholesterol lower than 1.8 mmol/L; the use of combination therapy, particularly with three drugs and with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors, was associated with a higher proportion and greater odds of having LDL cholesterol lower than 1.8 mmol/L. Compared with index cases, patients who were non-index cases were younger, with lower LDL cholesterol and lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases (all p, Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning Change [16157823]; Amgen; Merck Sharp Dohme; Sanofi-Aventis; Daiichi Sankyo; Regeneron; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, UK; NIHR; Czech Ministry of Health [NU20-02-00261]; Canadian Institutes of Health Research; Austrian Heart Foundation; Tyrolean Regional Government; Gulf Heart Association, The EAS FHSC is an academic initiative that has received funding from a Pfizer Independent Grant for Learning & Change 2014 (16157823) and from investigator-initiated research grants to the European Atherosclerosis Society-Imperial College London from Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi-Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron. KKR acknowledges support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, UK. KID acknowledges support from a PhD Studentship from NIHR under the Applied Health Research programme for Northwest London, UK (the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, the NIHR, or the Department of Health). TF was supported by a grant from the Czech Ministry of Health (NU20-02-00261). JG receives support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The Austrian Familial Hypercholesterolaemia registry has been supported by funds from the Austrian Heart Foundation and the Tyrolean Regional Government. The Gulf Familial Hypercholesterolaemia registry was done under the auspices of the Gulf Heart Association.

BACKGROUND Gut dysbiosis is common in cirrhosis. AIM To study the influence of gut dysbiosis on prognosis in cirrhosis. METHODS The case-control study included 48 in-patients with cirrhosis and 21 healthy controls. Stool microbiome was assessed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing. We used modified dysbiosis ratio (MDR): [Bacilli (%) + Proteobacteria (%)]/[Clostridia (%) + Bacteroidetes (%)]. Patients with MDR more the median made up the group with severe dysbiosis, others did the group with non-severe dysbiosis. The follow-up period was 4 years. RESULTS The mortality rate of patients with severe dysbiosis was significantly higher than that of patients with non-severe dysbiosis (54.2% vs 12.5%; P = 0.001). The presence of severe dysbiosis was independent risk factors for death [hazard ratio = 8.6 × (1.9-38.0); P = 0.005]. The abundance of Enterobacteriaceae (P = 0.002), Proteobacteria (P = 0.002), and Lactobacillaceae (P = 0.025) was increased and the abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.025) and Clostridia (P = 0.045) was decreased in the deceased patients compared with the survivors. The deceased patients had a higher MDR value than the survivors [0.131 × (0.069-0.234) vs 0.034 × (0.009-0.096); P = 0.004]. If we applied an MDR value of 0.14 as the cutoff point, then it predicted patient death within the next year with a sensitivity of 71.4% and a specificity of 82.9% [area under the curve = 0.767 × (0.559-0.974)]. MDR was higher in patients with cirrhosis than in health controls [0.064 × (0.017-0.131) vs 0.005 × (0.002-0.007); P < 0.001], and in patients with decompensated cirrhosis than in patients with compensated cirrhosis [0.106 × (0.023-0.211) vs 0.033 × (0.012-0.074); P = 0.031]. MDR correlated negatively with prothrombin (r = -0.295; P = 0.042), cholinesterase (r = -0.466; P = 0.014) and serum albumin (r = -0.449; P = 0.001) level and positively with Child–Turcotte–Pugh scale value (r = 0.360; P = 0.012). CONCLUSION Gut dysbiosis is associated with a poorer long-term prognosis in cirrhosis.

The purpose of this study is to explore the role of data visualization in the media coverage of the 2016 presidential election in the United States focusing on data-visualization projects from the ...

The effects of septoplasty and sinus lifting simulation in rats on changes in the frequency domain of heart rate variability were compared. In the early postoperative period, the low-frequency component increases, and the high-frequency component decreases. The VLF range also increased. This indicates an increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and a shift in metabolism under the influence of post-surgical inflammation.

A system with heterogeneous servers, Poisson stream with Markov modulation, and instant feedback is studied. Primary requests are serviced in a high-speed server, and after servicing, each request, according to the Bernoulli scheme, either leaves the system or requires re-servicing. Repeated requests are serviced in a slow server; at the same time, after servicing, these requests also either leave the system or require repeated servicing in a slow server, according to the Bernoulli scheme. If at the moment of the arrival of the primary request the length of the queue of such requests exceeds a certain threshold value and the slow server is free, then the incoming request, according to the Bernoulli scheme, is either sent to the slow server or joins it when its turn to do so. It is considered that the lengths of the queues in front of each server are infinite. An adequate mathematical model of the system under study is constructed in the form of a three-dimensional Markov chain with an infinite state space. The ergodicity condition for this circuit is obtained, an approximate algorithm for calculating the stationary probabilities of the states is proposed, and its high level of accuracy is shown. The results of the numerical experiments are presented.

Radiation therapy as one of the main specific method of treatment is widely used to treat patients with laryngeal cancer. Currently, the main radiotherapy technique for the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer is linear electron accelerators that can provide individual, complex configurations of radiation volumes. The article presents new modern technologies of radiation therapy in the early and locally-advanced stages of the disease, principles of organ-preservation treatment in laryngeal tumors, indications for pre-and postoperative radiation, methods of prevention of post-therapeutic complications.

Relevance: The systematization of radiological signs of microcarcinomas will increase the frequency of detection of the disease at an early stage and maximize the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment.Purpose: To assess the key radiological characteristics of early forms of breast cancer (invasive tumors up to 1.0 cm and ductal carcinoma in situ).Material and methods: The key radiological characteristics were studied in 110 patients with verified early forms of breast cancer: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast cancer up to 1 cm in size according to the morphological examination of the surgical material in the absence of signs of regional and distant metastasis — stage p T₁ₐ₋bN₀M₀.Results: The main radiological signs detected in mammography (MG) in early breast cancer were the nodular mass without microcalcifications — in 26 cases (23.9 %), the nodule and microcalcifications — in 35 cases (32.1 %), in 27 patients (24.8 %) — microcalcifications without a tumor node. In addition, in 17 cases (15.6 %) there was a violation of the architectonics or focal asymmetry, and in 4 patients (3.7 %) no signs of a malignant process were revealed at all with MG. The revealed changes in the breast in most patients (83 cases, 76.1 %) were interpreted as BIRADS 5, which indicates an extremely high probability of the presence of a malignant neoplasm. In 9 cases (8.3 %) after mammography, the diagnosis was interpreted as BIRADS 4, in 16 (14.7 %) cases the category BIRADS 0 was assigned, which required additional examination methods, and only in 1 patient (0.9 %) the revealed changes were interpreted as benign.Conclusions: Mammography performed in 92 patients (84.4 %), based on the assessment of radiological signs, to establish the BIRADS 4/5 category, which served as the basis for performing a biopsy and verifying the diagnosis. However, in 15 % there were diagnostic difficulties in interpreting the data, which confirms the data of the world literature on the complexity of the differential diagnosis of microcarcinomas.

The aim of the study was to determine the compliance of the existing medical care system in Ukraine for pregnant and married couples planning a pregnancy (its organizational and financial capabilities), the need to reduce the high level of reproductive losses. Materials and methods. Methods of statistical and system analysis are used. The national programs of reproductive health, demographic data, data on morbidity (received from the national medical statistics for the period 2017–2018), reports of the national survey “Health Index of Ukraine” (2018), data on appeals for obstetric-gynecological, genetic care (in connection of reproductive losses, fertility) are analyzed. A comparison between the indicators of Ukraine and the Kharkiv region, as well as with other countries, according to the cost of the survey, requests for medical care for the examination of genetic and infectious diseases associated with reproductive losses, was made. The organization of outpatient care for pregnant and married couples who are planning a pregnancy has been analyzed in terms of availability and sources of payment for services. Results. The number of Ukrainian women planning their first pregnancy aged 35 and over is increasing. Naturally, the number of genetic pathologies increases. Indicators of infectious pathology remain high. At the same time, women visit less gynecologists and family doctors, which is due to the high cost of the part of medical care that patients have to pay for themselves. Insufficiently developed genetic screening programs for genetic diseases. The professional contacts of physician of various specialties need to be improved. These facts negatively affect the level of reproductive losses, complicate their prevention. Conclusions. To reduce reproductive losses, it is necessary to create a national disease monitoring center, increase the availability of obstetric-gynecological and genetic care for the population, increase coverage of genetic screening programs, and give birth to children at the optimal age of 20–34.

Aim. To study the ability of erythrocytes to deformability in patients with chronic diseases of the veins of the lower extremities. Materials and methods. From March to July 2019, we conducted a study of the deformability of erythrocytes in 271 railway workers using the method of laser diffractometry. The study of blood samples was carried out at the Department of Human and Animal Anatomy and Physiology of the Institute of Biology. At the same time, there were 182 people with varicose veins of the lower extremities, which was confirmed by the data of ultrasound angioscanning of the veins. Results. Studying the deformability of red blood cells of venous blood in patients with chronic venous disease of the lower extremities, we have identified certain patterns. With the increase in the clinical stage (form) of the disease of varicose veins of the lower extremities, the deformability of erythrocytes decreases, the deterioration of blood parameters is determined, which is confirmed by the data of a small coagulogram and a general blood test. The deformability index in the range from 0.12 to 0.42 indicates a violation of venous outflow in the subcutaneous venous system of the lower extremities, the deformability index from 0.42 and above indicates the presence of a thrombotic process in the deep veins of the lower extremities. Conclusion. With an increase in the erythrocyte deformability index, venous insufficiency increases, and venous outflow worsens. The higher the severity of the disease (clinical form C4-6), the lower the deformability of erythrocytes. In patients with VBLK, as the disease progresses, there is a decrease in the deformability of erythrocytes (i. e., in patients with the clinical form according to CEAP C2-3, the deformability is higher than in C3-4; in patients with C3-4, it is higher than in С4-5 … etc.).

Objective: to study the radiological and sonographic features of microcarcinomas of various biological subtypes.Materials and methods. The analysis included 59 patients (median age – 55 years) with invasive breast cancer (BC) pT1a–bN0M0 stages at the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center. The frequency of distribution of luminal A, luminal B HER2 negative, HER2 positive (HER2+) and triple negative subtypes of BC was 39 %, 23.7 %, 23.7 % and 6.8 %, respectively. The analysis of key radiological characteristics and sonographic features of microcarcinomas with different biological structures associated with the diagnosis according to the BI-RADS criteria was carried out.Results. Tumors with luminal A and B subtypes had the most characteristic of malignancy (presence of a node ± microcalcinates), which allowed us to establish the category of BI-RADS 4–5 in mammography (MMG) in 82 % and 88.9 % of patients, respectively. Triple negative cancer is characterized by the presence of a node without microcalcifications; the BI-RADS 4–5 category is exposed in 75 % of cases. Maximum of the difficulties noted in the diagnosis of HER2+ subtype: 4 type density BC (18.2 % of cases), absence of tumor site during surgery in 57.1 % of cases and atypical characteristics of the node (16.7 %) and iso/hypodense structure node (33.4 %) resulted in high frequency of false-negative results in MMG (BI-RADS 0–3 35.7 %), p = 0.049. In addition, HER2+ early BC has proven to be the most difficult subtype for sonographic diagnosis too. The absence of a tumor node in sonography in 14.2 % of cases, as well as its atypical characteristics (iso/hyper echogenicity in 16.7 % of cases and the absence of an acoustic shadow in 18.2 % of patients) led to a high frequency of BI-RADS 0 (21.4 %), which required further examination of these patients. Conclusions. HER2+ early BC was the most difficult biological subtype for MMG and sonographic diagnostics

Genetics and environmental and lifestyle factors deeply affect cardiovascular diseases, with atherosclerosis as the etiopathological factor (ACVD) and their early recognition can significantly contribute to an efficient prevention and treatment of the disease. Due to the vast number of these factors, only the novel “omic” approaches are surmised. In addition to genomics, which extended the effective therapeutic potential for complex and rarer diseases, the use of “omics” presents a step-forward that can be harnessed for more accurate ACVD prediction and risk assessment in larger populations. The analysis of these data by artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) strategies makes is possible to decipher the large amount of data that derives from such techniques, in order to provide an unbiased assessment of pathophysiological correlations and to develop a better understanding of the molecular background of ACVD. The predictive models implementing data from these “omics”, are based on consolidated AI best practices for classical ML and deep learning paradigms that employ methods (e.g., Integrative Network Fusion method, using an AI/ML supervised strategy and cross-validation) to validate the reproducibility of the results. Here, we highlight the proposed integrated approach for the prediction and diagnosis of ACVD with the presentation of the key elements of a joint scientific project of the University of Milan and the Almazov National Medical Research Centre.

Premature menopause is a pathological condition characterized by the cessation of the functional activity of the ovaries in women under the age of 40 and manifested by amenorrhea, high levels of gonadotropins in the blood, infertility and symptoms of estrogen deficiency. POF occurs on average in 1% of women. The exact nature of the disease remains unknown. The basis of this pathology, regardless of the etiological factor, is a decrease in the reserve of primordial follicles, which is unusual for this age period, up to its complete depletion and the formation of the afollicular type of POF. This condition is described as a "multifactorial syndrome" due to chromosomal abnormalities, genetic disorders, fermentopathies, infectious and iatrogenic factors.

Among the objects of organizational influence of the health care system on reproductive losses, miscarriages and congenital malformations (birth defects) are the most important. Diagnosis of most genetic, chromosomal diseases and malformations of the embryo and fetus is performed using biochemical, cytogenetic, molecular genetic tests and ultrasound diagnostic. Many clinical geneticists focus on birth defects and miscarriages associated with folate cycle disorders related with the greatest number of reproductive losses. We studied levels of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in pregnant blood and polymorphic genes C677T MTHFR and A66G MTRR considered due to folate cycle disorders. The purpose of the study was to analyze the organizational aspects of the existing model for the prevention of genetically determined reproductive losses and to propose measures to improve the model. Material and methods. The methods of system approach and analysis, bibliosemantic, prospective, economic, expert assessments provided by the specialty passport (14.02.2003) "Social Medicine" were used for the research. Research period: 2008–2018. Place of research: "Interregional Specialized Medical and Genetic Center – Center for Rare (Orphan) Diseases" of Kharkiv Regional Council. Genetic maps of the archive and own patients, normative-legal acts, data of medical statistics were analyzed. Results and discussion. The study suggested an optimized model for the prevention of genetically determined reproductive losses, which took into account examinations for homocysteine, folic acid, vitamin B12 levels, MTHFR and MTRR genes to find their polymorphism, ultrasound, prevention using diet and vitamin therapy, involving gynecologists, family physicians and clinical geneticists. The principles of accessibility, safety, effectiveness, timeliness, cost-effectiveness, protection of rights and freedoms (non-discrimination), personal orientation, legal basis, cooperation with other medical and non-medical organizations and institutions, prevention character, complexity and variety of forms of physician’s cooperation who provide care to pregnant with reproductive losses in anamnesis, couples planning a pregnancy, newborns with birth defects, chromosomal, genetic diseases and syndromes. The efficient and uninterrupted operation of the developed optimized system is ensured with the participation of "feedback" mechanisms. Adherence to the proposed model will provide an opportunity to significantly reduce reproductive losses in the coming years in Ukraine, provided that its principles are included in the relevant national programs and protocols

Fecal microbiota transplantation is a treatment method based on the introduction of donated fecal material to the recipient in order to restore the damaged composition of the intestinal microbiota. This review summarizes existing data on indications for fecal microbiota transplantation, recommendations for donor selection, processing and storage of donor biomaterial.

The subject of the research is global processes dealing with pandemic. Measures aimed at curbing the corona-virus infection spread caused an unprecedented decline in economic activity in the world and in Russia, resulted in a serious drop in raw material and finance markets, decrease in revenues of budgets and incomes of people. The article analyzes key figures of the draft federal budget for 2021 and the planned period of 2022–2023. The focus is made on social obligations of the federal budget for the planned period, which are not subjected to sequestrating and dynamics of sequestrating federal budget expenses on national projects financing in 2021–2022 is given. The article shows key lines in implementing the program of mobilizing the profit part of the federal budget. The author proposed one way of overcoming finance challenges on the regional level, i.e. the card system of food distribution. In this context the article provides the overseas and home experience in theory and practice of the issue, gives ideas of Russian economists – supporters and opponents of social food cards. Designing budget on the basis of mentioned-above approaches could support economy in the period of restoration and promote reaching the national goals of development, i. e. the growth in real incomes of the population, cutting the level of poverty, providing conditions for healthy, comfortable life of Russian citizens.

Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome (OHVIRA syndrome) is a combined malformation of the genitourinary systeme, characterized by various combinations of uterus dydelphys with unilateral obstructed (or blind) hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. The causes of mistakes in diagnosis and treatment are common because of relative rarity of anomaly, insufficient awareness of practitioners about the syndrome and the lack of multidisciplinary approach. Untimely and tactically chaotic diagnosis of Herlyn–Werner–Wunderlich syndrome leads to a misconception about the clinical situation, wrong choice in treatment, and, as a consequence, to complications such as strictures, widespread adhesions and inflammation, as well as irreversible changes in the topography of organs of the small pelvis with a subsequent deterioration in reproductive status of patient. This article provides a review of the literature on the problem, considers the clinical cases of diagnosing this defect in prepubertal patients.

Pleural mesothelioma (PM) remains a disease with a poor prognosis, despite the use of the newest achievements of multimodal treatment. Radiation therapy for PM is traditionally used in some directions: in radical treatment as a part of a three-modal approach, for reducing the risk of chest metastasis in areas of invasive interventions and during palliative treatment. The lack of reliable randomized trials has led to an absence of consensus about the optimal radical treatment strategy. Mordern global recommendations for the treatment of PM are controversial regarding the use of adjuvant radiotherapy in multimodal treatment. Although the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of PM remains unclear, significant successes in planning and conducting radiotherapy are showing that long-term survival can be achieved for these patients, for whom, until recently, only palliative treatment was considered as appropriate treatment. For many years, preventive irradiation of areas of invasive interventions has been used as a method to prevent implantation metastasis. However, a number of randomized trials and recent meta-analysis have not demonstrated the benefits of this treatment approach. Due to the rarity of PM, the severe state of patients and tumor localization, the importance of radiation therapy in the palliative treatment of patients with pleural mesothelioma remains controversial. Recent completed and planned studies allow to commend the role of palliative radiation and recommend it in order to reduce pain.

The study objective is to evaluate the effect of periodontal microorganisms on development of squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa and the risk of its recurrence.Materials and methods. Microbiological study of biomaterials from 150 patients was performed. The study group included 100 patients with T3–T4 squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa and was subdivided into two subgroups with 50 patients in each. The control group included 50 patients.Results. Analysis of the results obtained in the subgroup of primary patients showed the following trends: in 2 (50 %) of 4 patients with Fusobacterium spp., recurrence of the main disease was observed as well as a case of distant metastasis into the bones. Among 35 patients with Prevotella spp. in the biomaterials, in 16 (45.7 %) recurrence of the tumor was observed. Among 10 patients with Veillonella spp., recurrence was observed in 20 %. The most common aerobic microorganism was Streptococcus spр. Among patients who underwent treatment at the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, recurrence was diagnosed in 28.5 %, distant metastases in 4.7 %. In the subgroup of repeat patients, the following trends were observed: among 27 patients with Fusobacterium spp., recurrence of the main disease was observed in 63 %. Among 26 patients with Prevotella spp. in the biomaterial, in 11 (42.3 %) local recurrence was observed. Among 24 patients with Veillonella spp., recurrence developed in 33.3 %. The most common aerobic microorganism was Streptococcus spр., recurrences developed in 21 % of cases.

The pandemic of coronavirus pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its multiple complications are a global issue of the day. Coronavirus infection is more severe in patients having chronic concomitant diseases. Also, cardiovascular and metabolic complications, as well as autoimmune disorders, are frequently revealed. The article provides a review of studies regarding hyperglycemia on the background of glucocorticoids use in patients without previous disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. The mechanisms of hyperglycemia development against the background of pathogenetic therapy of cytokine storm in COVID-19 have been described. The aim of this article was to study the pathophysiology of hyperglycemia and to identify hyperglycemia as one of the frequently detected side effects of glucocorticoid treatment against the background of COVID-associated pneumonia. The article presents data from several international research groups about effective and adequate ways of correcting hyperglycemia in accordance with the duration of action of particular insulin medications. The severity of coronavirus infection is often associated with the glycemic status, and this indicator is correlated with the prognosis of the course of coronavirus infection. The biomarkers of inflammatory processes in COVID-19 are discussed. The present article specifies glycemic targets in case of hyperglycemia during treatment with glucocorticoids in the setting of COVID-19.

Stimulating growth factor expressed by gene 2 (ST2) and natriuretic peptides (BNP and NT-proBNP) reflect the flow of two different, but intersecting biological processes, so the markers provide independent and complementary information on the patient’s condition. Being markers of hemodynamic instability or stretching of cardiomyocytes NT-proBNP/BNP is more suitable for detecting chronic heart failure, but this is not enough to rehospitalize patients for 30 days with the predictive qualities of this marker. ST2 is the strongest and clinically significant prognostic marker of cumulative cardiovascular events and mortality. The use of new highly specific cardiobiomarkers will make it possible to predict the development of cardiovascular complications with a high degree of predictive value, and therefore will allow prophylactically prescribing appropriate pathogenetic therapy aimed at improving the quality of life of patients, reducing mortality from cardiovascular diseases and reducing the economic costs of the state for treating heart failure and cardiovascular complications.

One of the most global health problems today is the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and its numerous complications. COVID-19 was first reported in China in the city of Wuhan in December 2019. It was found that coronavirus infection leads to microvascular and macrovascular complications throughout the body. Recent data indicate a strong link between severe clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and an increased risk of thromboembolism. It is associated with several risk factors such as systemic hyperinflammation caused by coronavirus infection, hypoxia, and comorbidities. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 include diffuse damage to endothelial cells, abnormal blood flow dynamics, and uncontrolled platelet activation. Studying the situation during the COVID-19 pandemic, we can notice that patients develop various complications during or after COVID-19. This article describes a clinical case of a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus who has developed cavernous sinus thrombosis complicated by osteomyelitis of the upper jaw after COVID-19 infection.

Objective. To analyze the frequency of indications for cesarean section (CS) and optimize obstetric tactics on the example of a level 3 perinatal center. Materials and methods. We performed retrospective analysis of 7,672 deliveries. Results. The indications for CS included abnormal labour (150; 6.3%), fetal distress (120; 5%), placental abruption (60; 3%), and narrow pelvis (34; 1.4%). Most often (23%) CS was performed in patients with CS scars. Conclusion. The most important step towards reducing the proportion of CS is the change of the approaches to the use of labour induction methods and assessment of the fetus condition. It is extremely important to develop a comprehensive strategy for choosing an optimal delivery method in women with post-CS scars, as well as to perform thorough analysis of the indications for planned and emergency CS. Key words: caesarean section, Robson classification, efficiency coefficient

The article examines the particularities of the development in the Urals region of the genre of fi gurative sculpture of small forms from assembled stone by means of comparison with the art of the Italian masters from the baroque period, the establishers of this type of stonecutting art. The small fi gurative sculpture from assembled stone (polylite), which has developed as an independent genre of the art of stonecutting in the 17th century in Italy, acquired further development not only in Western Europe, but also in Russia, in the large-scale centers of artistic elaboration of stone in the country. In the region of the Ural Mountains, notwithstanding the pre-revolutionary conditions, the mastery of the principles of preparation of anthropomorphic images in the polylite technique took place only during the Soviet period as a particular school of preparation of specialists. At the contemporary stage it becomes possible to observe an active development of this genre in the artworks of the stonecutters of the Urals. The present-day fl ourishing of the polylite fi gurative sculpture of small forms in the works of the Urals-based stonecutters is connected here not only with the culture of elaborating this material and the successive continuity of the skills of working in the polylite technique, but also with the turn to the traditions of polychrome fi gurative compositions of Florentine masters of the Baroque Era, the effectiveness and naturalist qualities of their depiction.