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The open abdomen technique is a surgical strategy used in life-threatening conditions. After recognizing the morbidity and mortality attributed to abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), several methods were developed to avoid this complication. The primary goal of temporary abdominal closure (TAC) is to create a tension-free closure of the abdomen without increasing intra-abdominal pressure. The optimal method of TAC should contain and protect the contents of the peritoneal cavity from external contamination and injury, preserve fascia; minimize desiccation and damage to viscera, remove and quantify third space fluid; prevent loss of domain, lower bacterial count, inflammatory response, keep the patient's abdominal wall skin dry and intact; preserve the integrity of the abdominal wall, be simple to perform and maintain, provide ease of reentry and have minimal adverse physiologic effects. Negative pressure wound therapy allowed the TAC method to achieve these objectives, but the presence of enteric fistulas or entero-atmospheric fistulas is still a challenge for even the most experienced surgeon. Here we describe two new alternatives to manage the septic complex abdomen with entero-atmospheric fistula.

Introduction Argon plasma coagulation (APC) alone is effective and safe at treating weight regain following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). However, technical details of the treatment vary widely among studies. Therefore, we aimed to create good clinical practice guidelines through a modified Delphi consensus, including experts from the collaborative Bariatric Endoscopy Brazilian group. Methods Forty-one locally renowned experts were invited to the consensus by email. Experiences of > 150 APC-treated cases or authorship of relevant articles were the eligibility criteria. An initial questionnaire with short-answer questions was distributed to the experts. The organizing committee converted the responses into statements for an online 2-day voting webinar. Consensus was defined as more than 67% of positive answers. Three consecutive voting rounds were planned with discussion and statement refinements between rounds. Results Thirty-seven experts fulfilled eligibility criteria and attended the live webinar voting. The total number of patients treated by the panel was 12,349. By the third round, all 79 statements reached consensus. The recommendations include the definition of dilated gastrojejunal anastomosis as ≥ 15 mm, minimum regain of 20% of the lost weight to indicate the APC therapy, 6 to 8 weeks as the ideal interval between ablation sessions, and stopping treatment when the stoma reaches

Bariatric endoscopy is a less invasive approach for obesity management, with better efficacy than pharmacological treatment and low morbidity. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is the remodeling of the stomach using a suturing device showing technical feasibility, safety, and sustained weight loss. With growing numbers of procedures worldwide, there is a need to standardize the procedure. A consensus meeting was held in Sao Caetano do Sul-SP, Brazil, in June 2019, bringing together 47 Brazilian endoscopists with experience in ESG from all regions of the country. Topics on indications and contraindications of the procedure, pre-procedure evaluation and multidisciplinary follow-up, technique and post-procedure follow-up, and training requirements were discussed. An electronic voting was carried, and a consensus was defined as ≥ 70% agreement. The panel’s experience consisted of 1828 procedures, with a mean percentage total body weight loss (TBWL) of 18.2% in 1 year. Adverse events happened in 0.8% of the cases, the most common being hematemesis. The selected experts discussed and reached a consensus on several questions concerning patient selection, contraindications for the procedure, technical details such as patient preparation, procedure technique, and patient follow-up. This consensus establishes practical guidelines for performance of ESG. The experience of 1828 procedures shows the expertise of the selected specialists participating in this consensus statement. The group’s experience has a satisfactory weight loss with low adverse events rate. The main points discussed in this paper may serve as a guide for endoscopists performing ESG. Practical recommendations and technique standardization are described.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is one of the most widely performed bariatric surgeries. However, the relapse of obesity occurs in approximately 20% of patients and enlargement of the anastomosis is one of the factors associated with this relapse. Endoscopic treatment of the anastomosis has been proposed to assist in renewed weight loss. One endoscopic technique is the narrowing of the anastomosis argon plasma coagulation (APC). Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the endoscopic treatment of an enlarged anastomosis with APC. A randomized controlled study was conducted comparing APC to exclusive multidisciplinary management after weight regain. Forty-two patients were divided into two groups: APC (n = 22) and control (n = 20). After 14 months of follow-up with a crossover at 6 months, significant improvement in satiety and greater weight loss were found in the APC group and after crossover. APC was associated with significant weight loss [9.73 (7.46, 12) vs. + 1.38 (− 1.39, 2.15)], a reduction in the anastomosis diameter [p

Bariatric surgery can cause resolution of the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes, as well as improvement. There are data that do not allow the assumption of an absolute cause-and-effect relationship between body weight and type 2 diabetes. The primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes is obesity, and 90% of all patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Metabolic surgery is the only diabetes treatment proven to result in long-term remission in 23–60% of patients depending upon preoperative duration of diabetes and disease severity. Reported an overall type 2 DM remission rate of 78% after bariatric surgery with 1–3 years of follow-up. Surgery should also be considered for patients with type 2 DM and BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2 if hyperglycemia is inadequately controlled despite optimal treatment with either oral or injectable medications.

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is an option for patients with Class I and II obesity or patients who refuse to undergo a laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The aims of this study are as follows: (1) to demonstrate a short-term outcome after primary ESG and (2) to compare the effectiveness of weight loss between Class I and Class II obesity patients. Patients undergoing ESG at four bariatric centers in Brazil between April 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018 were prospectively enrolled in the study (BMI 30.0–39.9 kg/m2). ESG was performed using Overstitch (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX). Descriptive analysis, t test, Chi-square test, and Mann–Whitney test were used to present the results. A total of 233 patients underwent primary ESG. The mean age and BMI of the patients were 41.1 years and 34.7 kg/m2, respectively. Following ESG, the mean percentage of total weight loss (TWL) was 17.1% at 6 months and 19.7% at 12 months. Percentage of excess BMI loss (EBMIL) was 47.3% at 6 months and 54.8% at 12 months after ESG. The mean EBMIL was significantly greater among patients with Class I obesity than those with Class II obesity at 6 (51.1% vs. 43.7%) and 12 months (60.2% vs. 49.2%). One patient experienced bleeding during the procedure that was managed with sclerotherapy. Short-term results suggest that ESG is a safe and effective option for patients with Class I and II obesity.

Endoscopic approaches exist for targeting weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), including endoscopic suturing, clipping, and sclerotherapy. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is a noncontact electrocoagulation method, and when used in RYGB patients, it has shown reduction in the diameter of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. To study the effectiveness of APC for weight regain in terms of weight loss for RYGB patients, from eight bariatric centers. A retrospective chart review was performed for 558 patients at eight bariatric centers in the USA (1) and Brazil (7) who underwent APC procedure between 31st July 2009 and 29th March 2017. APC was performed on patients who regained weight after RYGB procedure. Upon exploratory analysis of the individual BMI data, the mean BMI decreased slightly during the first 24 months and increased slightly afterwards following the APC intervention. The mean weight was 94.5 ± 18.6 kg and the mean BMI was 34.0 kg/m2 at APC. Where data were available, the mean of lowest weight was 67.0 ± 23.0 kg and the mean of lowest BMI was 24.1 kg/m2 following gastric bypass. The mean weight loss was 6.5, 7.7, and 8.3 kg at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively, and the changes in weight over time was statistically significant (p

Recently, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the Orbera balloon for obesity treatment. However, the Food and Drug Administration later issued a warning about the possibility of 2 complications not previously reported: acute pancreatitis and balloon hyperinsufflation. This case report is intended to alert all clinicians that, although rare, cases of hyperinsufflation should be considered in patients with an intragastric balloon (IGB) and acute abdomen. IGB removal will resolve the complaints, provided there is no irreversible ischemia of the stomach walls. Care should be taken with respect to an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration at the time of balloon removal, and endotracheal intubation is highly recommended.

Nos últimos seis anos temos utilizado o balão de SANGESTAKEN-BLACKMORE para o tamponamento de lesões transfixantes hepáticas. Para substituir este corpo estranho, consideramos o uso de colágeno tipo I produzido na UNICAMP, o qual pode ser injetado e moldado ocupando toda a área lesada e o trajeto anfractuoso ou irregular. Desta forma, pode-se conseguir um tamponamento completo, coibindo a hemorragia e sustando a perda de bile. O colágeno será posteriormente reabsorvido não funcionando como corpo estranho. Vinte cães foram submetidos a lesão transfixante na região central do fígado, procurando simular uma lesão produzida por um projétil de arma de fogo. Quatro destes animais, não receberam tratamento e foram a óbito por choque hemorrágico. Em todos os outros 16 animais, aplicou-se o colágeno tipo I em toda a extensão do túnel formado pela lesão, através de injeção do material. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas no pós-operatório, sendo os cães sacrificados, em grupo de quatro, aos quatro, sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. O estudo macroscópico e o microscópico, tanto à microscopia óptica quanto à de polarização, revelou uma formação cicatricial homogênea, com regeneração hepática intensa, precoce e organizada, a partir do 7º dia de pós-operatório. Conclui-se que a aplicação do colágeno tipo I, nestes tipos de ferimentos, são de aplicação simples e segura.Over the past 6 years we have used the Sangenstaken-Blackmore balloon to tamponade transfixing hepatic lesions. To replace this foreign body, we have considered the use of type I collagen, manufactured at Univ. Campinas, which can be molded to the entire wounded area, thus tamponading all surface irregularities. In this way, a complete tamponade may be achieved, and bile loss is prevented. Complete absorption of the material removes the problem of a foreign body. Twenty mongrel dogs received a perforating transfixing lesion in the central region of the liver, similar to that caused by a firearm bullet. Into the wounded tunnel type I collagen was introduced. Evaluations were made in the 4th, 7th, 15th and 30th day after the intervention, when animals were sacrificed. Polarizing microscope evaluation induced a homogeneous scar formation, with early, organized hepatic regeneration evident from the 7th day onward. It is therefore believed that the use of type I collagen is an effective and safe method to be used in this type of hepatic wounds.

Nos últimos anos temos atendido vítimas de trauma com ferimento transfixante dos rins direito e esquerdo. Em trabalho anterior utilizamos colágeno tipo I em ferimentos transfixantes do fígado, com bons resultados. Assim, extendemos a utilização do método para o rim aplicando o colágeno tipo I produzido na UNICAMP, o qual pode ser injetado e moldado ocupando toda a área lesada e o trajeto anfractuoso ou irregular. Desta forma pode-se conseguir um tamponamento completo, coibindo a hemorragia e sustando a perda de urina. O colágeno será posteriormente reabsorvido não funcionando como corpo estranho. Trinta e seis cães foram submetidos a lesão transfixante na região inferior do rim esquerdo, procurando simular uma lesão produzida por um projétil de arma de fogo. Seis destes animais não receberam tratamento e foram a óbito por choque hemorrágico. Em todos os outros 30 animais, aplicou-se o colágeno tipo I em toda a extensão do túnel formado pela lesão, através da injeção do material. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas no pós-operatório, sendo os cães sacrificados, em grupos de seis, aos 4, 7,15, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório O estudo macroscópico e microscópico, revelou uma formação cicatricial homogênea, com regeneração renal intensa, precoce e organizada, a partir do 7º dia de pós-operatório. Conclui-se que a aplicação do colágeno tipo I, nestes tipos de ferimentos são de aplicação simples e segura. Over the past years we have used of the type I collagen to tamponade transfixing hepatic lesions in dogs, manufactured at University of Campinas. We have considered the use of this collagen to tamponed transfixing renal lesions, wich can be molded to the entire wounded area thus tamponading all surface irregularities. In this way, a complete tamponade way be achieved, and urinary loss is prevented. Thirty six mongrel dogs received a perforating transfixing lesion in the distal region of the kidney, similar to that caused by a firearm bullet. Into the wounded tunnel type I collagen was introduced. Evaluations were made in the 4th , 7th, 15th, 30th and 60th day after the intervention, when animals were sacrificed. Microscope evaluation induced a homogeneous scar formation with early, organized renal regeneration evident from the 7th day onward. It is therefore believed that the use of type I collagen is an effective and safe method to be used in this type of renal wound.