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Behavioral addiction is identified as any compulsive, repeated, and persistent behavior that leads to significant and functionally impairing harm or distress. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of internet, video-gaming, and pornography addictions among medical students in Western region. In addition, we intend to investigate the relationship between these behavioral addictions with stress and anxiety. Our study was a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 225. The study participants were medical students in their 3rd, 4th, and 5th academic years from five different medical colleges in Western region. The questionnaire included demographics and adapted five different pre-validated scales: Young's Internet Addiction Test – Short Version (IAT-SV), Internet Gaming Disorder Scale 9 – Short Form (IGDS9-SF), (PPC scale), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). The IAT-SV scale showed: 71 (31.6%) of the participants had normal internet usage, 51 (22.7%) participants showed problematic usage, and 103 (45.8%) used the internet pathologically. The IGDS9-SF scale had observed the following values: 220 participants (97.8%) were non-disordered, and 5 participants (2.2%) were found to be disordered. Statistical analysis showed a highly significant association between stress and problematic pornography consumption (P < 0.01), and internet addiction (P P < 0.01). This study showed high prevalence of internet addiction and low prevalence of internet gaming disorder. Also, it gave more understanding to a possible association between these behavioral addictions with stress and anxiety.

Since relational databases support many software applications, industry professionals recommend testing both database queries and the underlying database schema that contains complex integrity constraints. These constraints, which include primary and foreign keys, NOT NULL, and arbitrary CHECK constraints, are important because they protect the consistency and coherency of data in the relational database. Since testing integrity constraints is potentially an arduous task, human testers can use new tools to automatically generate test suites that effectively find schema faults. However, these tool-generated test suites often contain many lengthy tests that may both increase the time overhead of regression testing and limit the ability of human testers to understand them. Aiming to reduce the size of automatically generated test suites for database schemas, this paper introduces STICCER, a technique that finds overlaps between test cases, merging database interactions from similar tests and removing others. By systematically discarding and merging redundant tests, STICCER creates a reduced test suite that is guaranteed to have the same coverage as the original one. Using thirty-four relational database schemas, we experimentally compared STICCER to two greedy test suite reduction techniques and a random method. The results show that, compared to the greedy and random methods, STICCER is the most effective at reducing the number of test cases and database interactions while maintaining test effectiveness as measured by the mutation score.

Thematic progression plays a vital role in organizing the information in a text and in enabling it to be understood and communicated effectively. Studies of multimodal business discourse have been confined to workplace contexts, and across the fields of management accounting, marketing, and finance. Based on Halliday’s (2014) analytical tools of systemic functional linguistic (SFL) and Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) analysis of images, an Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) was conducted to explore THEME and INFORMATION structure in five international students’ texts in a key topic in accounting, namely financial statements. The participants are first-year Master of Commerce Accounting Saudi students enrolled in the Accounting Concepts and Methods module at an Australian university. The findings of the SF-MDA revealed the frequency of Theme reiteration and the linear Theme pattern in financial statements. The first pattern is employed in accounting tables to list the corresponding numerical values. The SF-MDA findings of the balance sheet corresponded with Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) approach to the analysis of grammar of visual design in terms of compositional zones.

The multimodal experiential meanings of accounting play a vital role in maximizing the learning experiences of accounting students. This paper aims to explore the literacy and numeracy practices of six Saudi postgraduate students enrolled in the Master of Commerce accounting foundation module Accounting Concepts and Methods. Responding to repeated calls regarding the lack of research on the literacy and numeracy practices that construe disciplinary subjects, we employed a multidimensional approach proposed by Alyousef to describe the epistemologies of the module and the actual practices the participants engaged with to complete their assignment, in addition to conducting a Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) of the experiential meanings in accounting texts. The SF-MDA enabled us to capture the patterns of such complicated interrelationships between numbers and texts. The findings of the analysis of the multimodal accounting financial statements demonstrated that systemic functional ...

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm, and it can be divided into extrinsic-implying a definite external cause and intrinsic - when no causative agent can be identified. The extrinsic type starts in childhood. Facility- based descriptive case series study including qualitative research approaches study will be conducted in Maternity and Children's Hospital to identify the common risk factor that lead to bronchial asthma among children's. Sampling by selective sampling techniques will be using for the selection of 50 Saudi asthmatic files for children's less than 12 year old. The data will be collected by structured interview questionnaire (multiple choice questions), the check lists. Data processing and analysis will be done by entering the data into SPSS for Windows. After analysis of data exposed that the genetic has a relationship with the bronchial Asthma disease as it affect 70% of asthmatic children and just 30% are not affected, the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are commonly seen in asthmatic children as it affect 66%,while not found in 34%, the nocturnal asthma are absent in 20%, occur 1 to 2 times per week in 46%and 4 or more times per week in 34%, The environmental affect 76% and not affect 24% of asthmatic children in maternity and children's hospital, the exercise exacerbated asthma in 70% and not exacerbated in 30%, the affect of paracetmol and beta blocker on asthmatic children's in maternity and children hospital with 80% are affected, while 20% not affected.

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and correlates of anaemia in male and female adolescents in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.DesignA cross-sectional community-based study.SettingFive primary health-care centres in Riyadh.SubjectsWe invited 203 male and 292 female adolescents aged 13–18 years for interview, anthropometric measurements and complete blood count. Blood Hb was measured with a Coulter Cellular Analysis System using the light scattering method.ResultsUsing the WHO cut-off of Hbn34) of males and 34·2 % (n100) of females were suffering from anaemia. Mean Hb in males and females was 13·5 (sd1·4) and 12·3 (sd1·2) g/dl, respectively. Values for mean cell volume, mean cell Hb, mean corpuscular Hb concentration and red cell distribution width in male and female adolescents were 77·8 (sd6·2)v.76·4 (sd10·3) μm3, 26·1 (sd2·7)v.25·5 (sd2·6) pg, 32·7 (sd2·4)v.32·2 (sd2·6) g/dl and 13·9 (sd1·4)v.13·6 (sd1·3) %, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a positive family history of Fe-deficiency anaemia (OR=4·7; 95 % CI 1·7, 12·2), infrequent intake (OR=3·7; 95 % CI 1·3, 10·0) and never intake of fresh juices (OR=3·5; 95 % CI 1·4, 9·5) and being 13–14 years of age (OR=3·1; 95 % CI 1·2, 9·3) were significantly associated with anaemia in male adolescents; whereas in females, family history of Fe-deficiency anaemia (OR=3·4; 95 % CI 1·5, 7·6), being overweight (OR=3·0; 95 % CI 1·4, 6·1), no intake of fresh juices (OR=2·6; 95 % CI 1·4, 5·1), living in an apartment (OR=2·0; 95 % CI 1·1, 3·8) and living in a small house (OR=2·5; 95 % CI 1·2, 5·3) were significantly associated with anaemia.ConclusionsAnaemia is more prevalent among Saudi female adolescents as compared with males. Important factors like positive family history of Fe-deficiency anaemia, overweight, lack of fresh juice intake and low socio-economic status are significantly associated with anaemia in adolescents.

Objective. To determine the prevalence and risk factors for anemia in child bearing age women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Design. Cross-sectional survey was conducted using two-stage cluster sampling. 25 clusters (primary health care centers (PHCC)) were identified from all over Riyadh, and 45–50 households were randomly selected from each cluster. Eligible women were invited to PHCC for questionnaire filling, anthropometric measurements, and complete blood count. Blood hemoglobin was measured with Coulter Cellular Analysis System using light scatter method. Setting. PHCC. Subjects. 969 (68%) women out of 1429 women were included in the analysis. Results. Mean hemoglobin was 12.35 ( ) g/dL, 95% CI 12.24–12.46 with interquartile range of 1.9. Anemia (Hb Conclusion. Women should be educated about proper diet and reproductive issues in order to reduce the prevalence of anemia in Saudi Arabia.

Background Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a public health issue in Saudi Arabia. This study measured the prevalence and factors associated with low BMD in Saudi women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross sectional study using two stage cluster sampling technique was conducted in Riyadh, 2009. Thirty clusters, each comprising of 300 houses were randomly chosen and from each cluster 38–40 households were selected to identify 1150 women of >40 years. Women were invited to primary health care center for filling of self-administered questionnaire (n = 1069) comprising of sociodemographic, health, diet and physical activity variables. 1008 women underwent screening for low BMD using the quantitative ultrasound technique. 535 (53%) women with positive screening test were referred to King Khalid Hospital for Dual X-ray Energy absorptiometry (DXA). Results 362 women underwent DXA and 212 (39.6%) were screened low BMD either at lumbar spine or femur neck. Mean age of women was 55.26(±8.84) years. Multivariate logistic analysis found; being aged 61 to 70 years (OR 2.75, 95% CI: 1.32-1.48), no literacy (OR 2.97, 95% CI:1.44 - 6.12) or primary education (OR 4.12, 95% CI:2.05-8.29), history of fractures (OR 2.20, 95% CI:1.03- 4.69) and not drinking laban(diluted yogurt) (OR 2.81, 95% CI:1.47- 5.37) significantly associated with low BMD. Conclusions Women with low level of education, who do not drink laban and had history of fractures were at high risk of low BMD.