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This article presents a review of the methods of determining spleen size in sonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The review aims to summarize the data on the methods of estimating the linear dimensions of the spleen and splenic volume and describe the physiological variability of spleen size depending on sex, age, and different physiological conditions. We systematized the methods used for measuring the spleen and presented them in the form of a table, analyzed the results of previous studies, and compared the accuracy of different methods of calculating the splenic volume using a variety of diagnostic methods.

Aim. The article considers materials that allow evaluating the way of establishment of medical service for customs authorities during the XIX–XX centuries. Material and methods. The study was conducted in a combination of the main methodological principles – historicism, objectivity, and comprehensiveness of the research. Materials stored in the funds of the Central Museum of the Federal Customs Service, electronic resources allowing access to the Full Collection of laws of the Russian Federation were considered. Results and discussion. Before the beginning of the 19th century there was virtually no medical care for customs officials. The key role in the establishment of medical service provision was played by the «Charter of frontier and port quarantines», which determined the presence of doctors or staff-medics in the staff of Quarantine Offices, who were supposed to provide free of charge assistance to quarantined and quarantine survivors. Later, the emphasis in providing medical care for customs officials shifted to hospitals and military hospitals. Most likely, it was due to the huge length of the Russian Empire borders, along which the customs houses, customs outposts and posts were located. The changes in socio-political system in 1917 had their effect on the processes occurring with the provision of medical services in the country and in the customs office. In the period after the Great Patriotic War, medical services to employees of the department began to be provided in the outpatient clinic created under the USSR Ministry of Foreign Trade, and since 1957 – in the outpatient clinics of the USSR State Committee on Foreign Economic Relations, as well as in the inpatient clinics which were part of the structure of the USSR Ministry of Health. Conclusion. In the Russian Empire, customs houses, customs outposts and posts were located on the border, designed to solve a complex of problems in the border areas. The study of the historical experience of their medical service allows us to make more rational managerial decisions at the level of the Federal Customs Service in the future.

Today, almost everyone is faced with computer security problems in one or another way. Antivirus programs are used to control threats to the security of malicious software. Conventional methods for detecting malware are no longer effective enough; nowadays, neural networks and behavioral analysis technology have begun to be used for these purposes. Analyzing the behavior of programs is a difficult task, since there is no clear sequence of actions to accurately identify a program as malicious. In addition, such programs use measures to resist such detection, for example, noise masking the sequence of their work with meaningless actions. There is also the problem of uniquely identifying the class of malware due to the fact that malware can use similar methods, while being assigned to different classes. In this paper, it is proposed to use NLP methods, such as word embedding, and LDA in relation to the problems of analyzing malware API calls sequences in order to reveal the presence of semantic dependencies and assess the effectiveness of the application of these methods. The results obtained indicate the possibility of identifying the key features of malware behavior, which in the future will significantly improve the technology for detecting and identifying such programs.

The review presents data on the comparison of the features of liver and spleen stiffness measurements and those on the impact of various conditions on the measurement results (the type of a sensor used, food intake, number of measurements, patient position, breathing phase, etc.). Literature has been sought in the PubMed and eLibrary databases. In particular, the liver and spleen stiffness values vary differently at the height of inspiration and expiration. This is due to organ engorgement with a change in intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressures, as well as to a reduction in splenic arterial flow during exhalation. The review gives published data on liver and spleen stiffness values in healthy volunteers. The spleen is a stiffer organ than the liver. The different liver and spleen stiffness is explained by the features of blood supply (the spleen receives the most blood supply from the intensive-flow artery; the liver does from the portal vein). The reasons for increasing the stiffness of these organs in both health and disease are described. Estimation of liver stiffness can be used to diagnose cirrhosis and portal hypertension. That of spleen stiffness can help in the diagnosis of portal hypertension and in the indirect diagnosis of the presence of esophageal varices and the nature of a splenic lesion.

Based on the analysis of literature sources, modern data are presented on the nosological structure of urachus diseases in adults and children, diagnostic methods, as well as treatment tactics for various anatomical variants of anomalies in the development of the urinary duct. A modern classification of urachal malformations caused by disorders of its obliteration is presented. Various modifications of the laparoscopic approach are considered for the most common types of this pathology. The reasons for the development of malignant neoplasms from the urachus tissue, including in the gender aspect, are described, and a comparative assessment of the methods of surgical treatment of urachus tumors is given.

The article deals with the global problem of plastic pollution of the environment.As a way to solve this problem, it is proposed to reduce the production of disposable plastictableware with a subsequent transition to the use of products that will be safe for theenvironment and human health. This transition involves the development of innovativeprojects to create biodegradable tableware, and materials, equipment and technologies forits manufacture. The implementation of such projects involves not only the creation ofproduct and technological innovations, but also the implementation of changes in the businessprocesses of enterprises. For the effective implementation of these processes, it is proposed touse the developed system of change management strategies, which is distinguished by adetailed elaboration of a set of organizational measures, including measures to motivatepersonnel in order to reduce resistance to the changes. The choice of a specific changemanagement strategy is determined by such criteria as the degree of their radicality, theperiod of execution and the allocated resources.

The main trends in the development of high–tech industrial enterprises in theRussian Federation are considered. The structure of the system of interaction of a science–intensive industrial enterprise with the state and small business is proposed, which ensuresthe strategic stability of a certain «basic part» of their business processes and at the sametime, which allows, based on the use of the advantages of small business, to ensure highsensitivity of its activities in the implementation of strategic and operational plans.

We demonstrate a fabrication procedure of hybrid devices that consist of reduced graphene oxide films supported by porous polymer membranes that host ionic solutions. We find that we can control the thermal radiation from the surface of reduced graphene oxide through a process of electrically driven reversible ionic intercalation. Through a comparative analysis of the structural, chemical, and optical properties of our reduced graphene oxide films, we identify that the dominant mechanism leading to the intercalation-induced reduction of light emission is Pauli blocking of the interband recombination of charge carriers. We inspect the capabilities of our devices to act as a platform for the electrical control of mid-infrared photonics by observing a bias-induced reduction of apparent temperature of hot surfaces visualized through an infrared thermal camera.

The contents of 19 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been studied in soils (Spolic Technosols) and parent rocks of dumps at the Gorlovskoe anthracite deposit (Novosibirsk region). The bulk content of polyarenes in the analyzed soils is highly variable: from 100 to 74 622 ng/g. The absence of statistically significant relationships between PAH concentrations and the contents of carbon and physical clay (

A method to form tapered structures via the cyclic plasma-chemical etching of silicon using a spherical photoresist mask is described. The method is based on the possibility of controlling the structure profile by adjusting the silicon and photoresist etching selectivity. In this study, to control the selectivity value, each cycle of the well-known two-stage Bosch silicon etching process is supplemented with a third stage, namely, photoresist etching in oxygen-containing plasma. A model of transformation of the photoresist-mask contour during etching is developed using the experimental results. The parameters of the additional stage are calculated for each silicon etching cycle in terms of model concepts. The result is the formation of tapered structures with a sidewall taper angle close to the target value.

The article provides examples of how the device known as the «angle reflector» a few decades ago has been increasingly used in various fields of science and technology in recent years. Angle reflectors are designed to change (reflect) optical and radar rays in the direction, opposite to the original direction. At present, angle reflectors are widely used to ensure the safety of road transport on dangerous road sections. Radio wave reflectors have the same design as optical ones; therefore, in radio detection and location, angle reflectors are used to send warning signals to ship radars on bridge supports, beacons and buoys. Modern angle reflectors attached to meteorological probes allow determining the direction and speed of the wind at high altitude, which is especially important in the study of the outer space. In recent years, devices have been developed to improve the accuracy of radar stations calibration. The examples of graphical calculation of angle reflectors presented in the article clearly demonstrate the primary role of geometry in the design activity of an engineer. The graphical calculation is based on the theoretical positions of projective geometry. The design and calculation of optical systems is carried out by the graphoanalytic method, since only with a combination of graphical and analytical methods it is possible to accurately calculate the course of a light beam, laser, or radio wave and thereby determine the design parameters of the devices. The article focuses on a graphical method for calculating two types of angle reflectors using orthogonal projection, due to which modern engineers will be able to create more up-to-date designs of optical systems with a wide range of applications.

Introduction. The era of high technologies and economy disrupts interaction between man and nature, worsening the state of the environment and living conditions on Earth. In Russia, the construction industry follows a classical development model and applies stereotypical patterns of urban design. Finding problem solving methods means identifcation of problem triggers that help to clearly understand and develop rational problem tackling mechanisms. Green roofs suggest an advanced approach to architecture and urbanization whereby green spaces take the place of new buildings. Supplementary dynamic space is not reduced to its decorative and environmental functions. Materials and methods. We applied such research methods as analysis, the system approach, synthesis, deduction, and comparative analysis. The initial review of the state of affairs in the Ryazan region was performed with regard for the theoretical nature of this study; correlation and regression analysis were employed to assess territories and spaces. Results. The history of green roof systems is analyzed in the article. Systematization of the effective regulatory and technical framework enabled the co-authors to assess the widespread applicability of the green roof technology in Russia. Special attention is paid to the issues that are not covered by effective domestic regulations. The research work has shown that the frst edition of GOST (All-Russian State Standard) 58875 is an attempt to consolidate previously issued manuals and recommendations. There is no information available about the seasonal efciency of green roof solutions in different Russian regions. A number of issues remain unresolved. The “green roof” policy has not been developed. Conclusions. Russia is not ready for large-scale construction of green roofs. Further research into green construction should be carried out with regard for unstable climatic conditions in different regions of the country to confrm the feasibility of green roofing at the legislative level.

The article is devoted to I.V. Bertenson, the famous Russian hygienist and public figure, organizer of health care, a staunch follower of N.I. Pirogov. I.V. Bertenson made a significant contribution to the development of hospital hygiene in Russia. He combined the management of the first barrack hospital in Russia with the Petersburg provincial medical inspector’s post. A «School for the education of medical assistants» and a free clinic for visiting patients were also established on his initiative. I.V. Bertenson was one of the founders of the journal «Archive of forensic medicine and public hygiene» and the first editor of the «Bulletin of the Russian Red Cross Society.» In connection with the beginning of the cholera epidemic in the capital in 1866, Bertenson created one of the cholera shelters. A close friend, the first biographer editor of books N.I. Pirogov. Member of the international sanitary congresses and a member of many medical societies.

In this paper, an approach to numerical integration of equations governing motion of constrained mechanical systems is suggested. In this approach, unknown reaction forces acting on the system are treated as controls, and the algebraic equations that these reactions satisfy, as control goals. Based on the suggested approach, an algorithm for numerical solving rolling equations is developed. The discussion is illustrated by the example of application of the algorithm to solve the problem of a heavy wheel rolling along a curvilinear profile without slippage.

In this article, present the first detailed study of cascade switching in superconducting photon number resolving detectors. The detectors were made in the form of four parallel nanowires, coupled with the single-mode optical fiber and mounted into a closed-cycle refrigerator with a temperature of 2.1 K. We found out the value of additional false pulses ( N cas.sw.) appearing due to cascade switching and showed that it is possible to set up the detector bias current that corresponds to a high level of the detection efficiency and a low level of N cas.sw. simultaneously. We reached the detection efficiency of 60% and N cas.sw. = 0.3%.

The evolution of a microsecond pulsed barrier discharge initiated in atmospheric pressure air in the point–plane electrode geometry has been investigated using streak camera photorecording and shadow photography with micrometer resolution and nanosecond exposure. It has been shown that the discharge develops in series and its structure evolves both within a series and from series to series. It has been found that, irrespective of the polarity of a feed voltage pulse, the discharge develops from the point electrode, having the form of a set of many micrometer-diameter channels. At the late stage, the discharge consists of a number of glowing microstructured channels, which occupy the space between the point and barrier and deviate from the point axis, and many faint channels radially propagating over the surface of the barrier. Numerical parameters of the structured have been obtained.

An express technique for characterizing narrow-gap waveguide heterostructures with the HgCdTe/CdHgTe quantum wells is proposed, which is based on an analysis of their room-temperature luminescence response. Advantages and constraints of this characterization technique are discussed in comparison with methods for more detailed diagnostics that entail photoluminescence and photoconductivity measurements in a wide temperature range.

The possibility of amplifying a THz hybrid surface plasmon in a structure with an Hg0.82Cd0.18Te epitaxial film grown on a GaAs substrate and covered with a metal layer is investigated. It is shown that for a film thickness of 100 nm and a temperature of 80 K, the hybrid surface plasmon mode gain can be greater than external losses at a pump radiation intensity with a wavelength of 2.3 μm, exceeding 850 kW cm−2. Additional doping of the Hg0.82Cd0.18Te layer with a donor impurity having a concentration of 4 × 1017 cm−3 will lead to a 1.5-fold decrease in the threshold pump intensity.

The article examines the genesis of the human capital system through the prism of the formation of a system of personal responsibility for committed acts. It is shown that responsibility in the law of early civilizations and up to the Middle ages proportionally reflected the value of a person as a person.

We have created a quantum-cascade laser with 7–8 μm wavelength and surface radiation output through a lattice formed by focused ion beam etching of the upper cladding of the waveguide. The active area of the quantum-cascade laser heterostructure was formed on the basis of the solid alloy heteropair In0.53Ga0.47As/Al0.48In0.52As with two-phonon depletion of the cascade lower level. We demonstrate laser generation in the spectral band 7–8 μm for the created lasers with the selective ring resonator. The studies of the generation spectra for the temperatures in 8–77 K range have shown, that the mode spacing in the generation spectra of these lasers correspond to the whispering-gallery modes.

An efficient method of calculation of the fundamental frequency of a corner-supported composite sandwich plate having a lumped mass at its centre is proposed in this work. The corresponding dynamic problem is solved using the Hamilton principle and the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The panel is modelled using the first order shear deformation theory. The panel deflection and angles of rotation are approximated based on certain combinations of trigonometry functions. Application of the Rayleigh-Ritz method allowed the original system of equations to be reduced to a homogeneous system of linear algebraic equations of the seventh order with respect to unknown coefficients of approximating functions. The fundamental frequency is found as a minimum eigenvalue of this system. Using this solution, the effects of the geometric parameters of the panel and the value of lumped mass were investigated. The results of the calculations were successfully verified by comparisons with the outcomes of the finite-element computations. The efficiency of the proposed methodology was demonstrated in the design analysis of the corner-supported composite sandwich panel with the central lumped mass subject to a constraint imposed on the value of fundamental frequency.

The problem of lazy visualization of ontological graphs has certain constraints. Visualization of structures that contain blank nodes is especially challenging. In this paper, we propose an approach to visualization of these structures that is implemented in Ontodia, analyze the limitations of this approach, and consider some alternative solutions.

Introduction. Laparoscopic bilateral nephrectomy for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease has many advantages over open surgery, but a significant disadvantage is the long duration of the intervention, and the need to create access for extraction of large kidneys minimizes the cosmetic effect. Purpose of the study . To improve the outcomes of bilateral nephrectomy in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Materials and methods . Study design: a single-centre, retro- and prospective study from 2010 to March 2020, including 72 patients who underwent bilateral nephrectomy. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the nature of the operation: Group I (n = 42), midline laparotomy; Group II (n = 16), laparoscopic surgery and group III (n = 15), combined nephrectomy (the laparoscopic stage included the separation of the vessels of the kidney and ureter, separation of the kidney from the adrenal gland; then, the kidneys were mobilized and removed from the upper midline mini-laparotomy. Results. In group I, the median duration of surgery was 120 min (Q1 - Q3: 110 - 150), in group II — 205 min (Q1 - Q3: 192 - 267) and in the third — 165 min (Q1 - Q3: 145 - 175). The operation time in the third group was significantly higher than in the first (p = 0.049) and significantly lower than in the second group (p = 0.034). There was no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.125) comparing the volume of intraoperative blood loss. There was no significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative complications between the groups. The median access length for laparotomy was 25 cm (Q1 - Q3: 22 - 28), for laparoscopy 14 cm (Q1 - Q3: 14 - 15) and combined surgery — 16 cm (Q1 - Q3: 15 - 17), the differences were reliable. The median bed-day for the second group was 8 days (Q1 - Q3: 7 - 9), for the third — 9 days (Q1 - Q3: 8 - 11). Conclusion. Combined bilateral nephrectomy has all the advantages of laparoscopic surgery, but at the same time, it can significantly reduce the operation time without significantly increasing the length of the surgical approach.

In two waveguide heterostructures with quantum-well arrays of Hg0.892Cd0.108Te/Cd0.63Hg0.37Te with a thickness of 6.1 nm and Hg0.895Cd0.105Te/Cd0.66Hg0.34Te with a thickness of 7.4 nm, stimulated emission is first obtained at wavelengths of 10.3 and 14 μm under continuous optical excitation at 8 K. It is shown that, due to the presence of Cd in the quantum wells, the effect of fluctuations in the thickness of the quantum wells on the energy of interband transitions in it decreases, which can ultimately cause a significant decrease in the threshold intensity for stimulated emission.

Data on the synthesis of structures for a quantum cascade terahertz laser in the AlGaAs/GaAs material system on GaAs substrates using the molecular-beam-epitaxy method and their characterization are presented. The specific features necessary for the implementation of such structures are considered. It is shown that, for this configuration, almost single-mode lasing is observed at a frequency of ~3 THz up to a temperature of ~60 K.

The photoresponse is investigated in the frequency range of 0.15–15 THz in HgCdTe epitaxial layers with a cadmium concentration from 15.2 to 19.2% grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. It is shown that narrow-gap and gapless HgCdTe solid solutions can be used as detectors of both terahertz and sub-terahertz radiation with a characteristic response time of 2–4 ns and with a sensitivity approaching n-InSb-based detectors widely used in this range.

The photoluminescence spectra of waveguide AlSb/InAs/GaInSb/InAs/AlSb quantum-well heterostructures designed for the generation of radiation at interband transitions in the mid-infrared region have been studied. The experimentally detected spectral lines are correlated with calculations of the band structure.

The results of experimental investigation into the dielectric losses in GaAs, InP:Fe, and Si semiconductor crystals in the millimeter wavelength range (80–260 GHz) using the original precise method of measuring the reflectance and dielectric-loss tangent tanδ based on open high-quality Fabry–Perot cavities are presented. It is shown that the losses in the frequency range from 100 to 260 GHz in ultrapure semiconductor single-crystal GaAs substrates are mainly determined by lattice absorption, while the main loss mechanism in single-crystal silicon is absorption by free carriers; herewith, tan δ ≈ (1–2) × 10–4 even for a noticeable, at a level of 1012 cm–3, free carrier concentration. In contrast with GaAs and Si, tanδ in compensated InP:Fe crystals is almost independent of frequency in the range from 100 to 260 GHz, which is associated with the material conductivity and optimization of microwave semiconductor devices, in particular, frequency-multiplication devices and devices of the controlled emission output of continuous and pulsed gyrotrons.

The effect of frequency multiplication was investigated for a fundamental-harmonic 0.263-THz kW-level gyrotron, in which a certain fraction of its radiation was observed experimentally at the doubled operating frequency. Accurate measurements of the power of such high-frequency generation were carried out based on cyclotron absorption of radiation in a HgTe/CdHgTe quantum-well heterostructure. The maximum power ratio of the second harmonic to the fundamental one is about 10−4 (an absolute power of 10–15 mW at a frequency of 0.526 THz), which agrees well with the results of simulations within the framework of the self-consistent averaged approach performed to describe the multimode generation in gyrotrons.

Aim. Current recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association on clinical use of high-resolution manometry in diagnosis of esophageal disorders are intended to assist in clinical decision making, terminology standardisation and interpretation of clinical data.Key points. In 2018, a joint meeting of the Russian Gastroenterological Association and Russian Neurogastroenterology and Motility Group approved unified terminology and classification of esophageal motor function disorders for high-resolution manometry diagnosis.Gastrointestinal patient complaints typically concern esophageal disorders such as dysphagia, regurgitation, heart-burn, chest pain or belching. To exclude erosive and ulcerative lesions, eosinophilic esophagitis and organic changes, esophagogastroduodenoscopy and biopsy are recommended in pre-treatment. Upon excluding mucosal lesions and esophageal lumen obstruction as causal for symptoms, use of high-resolution manometry is recommended. This method of esophageal examination has become the “gold standard” in diagnosis of motor disorders.High-resolution manometry enables detailed investigation of integral quantitative and qualitative characteristics of esophagus motor function and specific related disorders, analysis of esophageal contractile propagation and strictly coordinated synchronous peristalsis of upper esophageal sphincter, esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter, which malfunction may provoke development of achalasia, esophagospasm, hiatal hernia, ineffective eso pha geal motility and other motor disorders.Conclusion. High-resolution manometry is a relatively new method for study of esophagus motor function gaining increasingly wide application in clinical practice. It enables a medical professional to obtain evidence that may critically affect the choice of optimal patient care strategy and effective treatment. Current recommendations are based on an extensive review of up-to-date information and will be updated with new corpus of clinical data and assessment emerging in evidential medicine to provide gastroenterologists country-wide with latest scientific and practical guidelines.

Currently semiconductor lasers in the wavelength range from 20 to 60 μm are scarce. HgTe/CdHgTe heterostructures is a potential basis for alternative sources of coherent radiation in this range. We propose that in such structures carrier heating is the main mechanism, which quenches stimulated emission under high excitation intensity. Lower-energy optical excitation is one way to reduce this negative effect. We compare output power vs excitation intensity at pumping wavelengths of 2.3 and 10.6 μm. Comparison shows that longer wavelength leads up to 3 order of magnitude higher total output power at the same number of photons in pulse. At the same time, for structures designed for the wavelengths above 20 μm, the heating is observed even under 10.6 μm pumping. We debate excitation by quantum cascade lasers with low energy of photons to be the main route for further development of HgTe/CdHgTe sources for 20–60 μm wavelength range.

The article identifies methodological foundation for goal setting, horizon fixing and budget parameters of resource supply of strategic planning documents. The authors studied foreign and home works in the field of industrial construction, system genesis, structural analysis and quantitative modeling. They used quantitative methods of initial data processing, table methods of research results visualization. A method of finding the optimum values of distributing revenues of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation among levels of the budget system. The three-level budget system of the country was analyzed as an institution, a tool and a resource source of strategic planning on federal and sub-national levels. The authors showed the necessity of drastic improvement of the institution of state programs in the Russian Federation and substantiated the rejection of single orders and decisions in favour of documents of strategic planning, they also recommended to toughen control over implementation of documents of strategic planning with obligatory consequences for their participants and documents themselves. It was grounded that achieving the optimum structure of the budget system (and movement in this direction) could create conditions necessary to include sub-national bodies of power in implementation of national projects and to realize various potentials of its regions, as a unique advantage of the Russian Federation.

The article presents the results of studying the influence of perinatal factors and neurological disorders on the formation of attention deficit disorder (ADHD) in children; the results of assessing the cognitive status and attention indicators in children of the studied groups are presented. The purpose was to study the perinatal causes, neurological manifestations, and cognitive status in children with ADHD. Material and methods. The study involved 172 children aged 6 to 17 years with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. The research methods included: clinical and anamnestic method with an emphasis on perinatal aspects; classical neurological examination; neuropsychological testing. Results. The influence of antenatal factors and neurological disorders at the 1st year of life on the formation of ADHD was revealed. The features of the cognitive status and attention indicators of children of both groups were studied. Conclusions. A burdened perinatal history and neurological disorders developing against this background lead to an early manifestation of ADHD symptoms. The combination of neurological symptoms with low cognitive indicators and significant attention disorders in children of group I determines the low success of children in mastering educational programs. The presence of a burdened perinatal history (for a number of factors) should be considered as a predictor of the formation of ADHD, in order to further select children at risk for early preventive work.

The article is aimed at closer defining the content of the concept of «bank competitiveness», as well as analyzing the status and problems of ensuring a competitive environment in the banking system of Ukraine. The essence of banking competition was researched and a critical analysis of approaches to understanding the concept of «bank competitiveness» was carried out. Under the concept of «bank competitiveness», it is proposed to understand the integral characterization, which will reflect the real and potential opportunities of the bank to create and promote competitive products and services that meet all customer requirements, occupy and maintain stable positions in the banking market. The analysis of the competitive environment in the banking sector of Ukraine was carried out. The distribution of net assets of banks by groups: State-owned, foreign, private and separately PrivatBank is also analyzed. The assessment of the level of concentration in the banking sector was carried out by calculating the Herfindahl-Hirschmann Index by the level of total and net assets, as well as by the market of deposits of individuals. According to the identified dynamics, an unambiguous conclusion was made that the banking sector of Ukraine is low-concentrated. In general, the analysis of the competitive environment showed positive tendencies and an increase in the competitiveness of banks. The problems that continue to adversely affect the level of competitiveness of banks are allocated as follows: significant proportion of the State-owned banks; problems in lending to big business, as well as the generally low level of capitalization of Ukrainian banks compared to foreign credit institutions; the insufficient number of products and services offered by banks compared to foreign banking markets.

The article is aimed at theoretical deepening the understanding of the essence of savings of the population and their role in the formation of the resource base of banks, as well as analyzing the domestic banking practices on the use of this source in the formation of the banks’ resources. The article explores the essence of savings of the population and defines their role in the formation of the banks’ resources. Based on the consideration of the approaches to understanding the concept of «savings of the population», it is stated that their essence is manifested in four aspects: firstly, the savings of the population are a deferred part of their income; secondly, savings are part of the money supply; thirdly, savings can be conceived as the process of making decisions on asset accumulation; fourthly, savings are embodied in the accumulated assets of different nature. The authors’ own understanding of the concept of «savings of the population» is proposed. The main forms of savings of the population, which are represented by both the financial and the non-financial instruments, are generalized. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of analytical indicators of savings of the population and their role in the formation of the banks’ resources. It is determined that the savings of the population play an exceptionally important role in the formation of the resource base of banks. This is justified by the share of deposits of individuals in the resources of banks, which since 2015 has been steadily growing and at the end of 2019 amounted to 37%. The problematic aspect in the analysis of public savings is the lack of data on their size accumulated by the total. The assessment of the State-based programs of Ukraine showed that they do not focus on the importance and role of savings of the population as a source of investment resources for the development of the economy. The main tendencies and problems that prevent the maximum efficient use of savings of the population for the formation of banks’ resources are allocated.

The article deals with the creation of a virtual educational environment associated with the functioning of three centers for collective use of Tambov State Technical University, using special equipment (panoramic camera Insta360 Pro 6 with fish-eye lenses, viewing angle of each lens 200°). The 3D Vista Virtual Tour software was chosen as the development environment for the virtual tour, using functions related to e-learning and automatic integration with Moodle LMS. The virtual space of the created educational environment provides an opportunity for the existence of various forms of educational communication, based on the capabilities of modern teaching aids and modern information and communication technologies, allows providing conditions for improving the quality of education, exchange of views, mutual consultation, including increasing the level of professional competencies of applicants and students.

The objective of this work was to study the profile of fatty acids and to search for associations of fatty acids with oxidative-antioxidant parameters and an oxidative-inflammatory biomarker (lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2) in men with coronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.Analysis of 20 fatty acids was performed in 60 men with angiographically confirmed coronary atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease and in a control group of men without coronary heart disease. Serum fatty-acid content was evaluated by high-performance gas-liquid chromatography. The blood levels of oxidative stress, total antioxidative defence, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2 were analyzed.In the group of men with coronary atherosclerosis the levels of myristic and palmitic fatty acids were higher by 59% and 22%, respectively. An increase in the weight percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids was noted, such as palmitoleic, oleic, and octadecenic. Significantly lower levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linolic, eicosadienoic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, glinolenic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic were detected in the group with coronary atherosclerosis. The lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 level was higher by 48%. Oxidative stress was higher by 17%, and the total antioxidant defence in serum was lower by 45%. We found correlations between fatty acids and oxidative-antioxidative alterations. The relative risk of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques correlated with increased levels of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linolic fatty acids.Significant alterations in the profile of fatty acids are associated with oxidative-antioxidative alterations and are accompanied by an increase in free-radical formation, which can probably serve as a risk factor of atherosclerosis.Cilj ovog rada bio je da se ispita profil masnih kiselina i da se istraže veze masnih kiselina sa oksidativno-antioksidativnim parametrima i oksidativno-inflamatornim biomarkerom (lipoprotein - udružena fosfolipaza A2) kod muškaraca sa koronarnom aterosklerozom i koronarnom bolešću srca.Sprovedena je analiza 20 masnih kiselina kod 60 muškaraca sa angiografski potvrđenom koronarnom aterosklerozom i koronarnom bolešću srca i kod kontrolne grupe muškaraca bez koronarne bolesti srca. Sadržaj masnih kiselina u serumu je procenjen gasnom-tečnom hromatografijom visokih performansi. Analizirani su nivoi oksidativnog stresa u krvi, ukupne antioksidativne odbrane i lipoproteinasocirane fosfolipaze A2.U grupi muškaraca sa koronarnom aterosklerozom, nivo mirističkih i palmitinskih masnih kiselina bio je veći za 59% i 22%, respektivno. Uočen je porast u težinskom procentu mononezasićenih masnih kiselina, kao što su palmitoleinska, oleinska i oktadeceinska. U grupi sa koronarnom arterosklerozom otkriveni su znatno niži nivoi polinezasićenih masnih kiselina, kao što su linolna, eikosadie noična, eikosatrienoična, arahidonska, eikos apentaenska, g-linolenska, dokosapentaenoična i dokosaheksaenoična. Nivo lipoprotein-asocirane fosfolipaze A2 bio je viši za 48%. Oksidativni stres je bio veći za 17%, a ukupna antioksidativna odbrana u serumu bila je niža za 45%. Pronašli smo korelacije između masnih kiselina i oksidativno-antioksidativnih promena. Relativni rizik od nestabilnih aterosklerotskih plakova korelira sa povećanim nivoima palmitinske, stearinske, oleinske i linolne masne kiseline.Značajne promene u profilu masnih kiselina povezane su sa oksidativno-antioksidativnim promenama i praćene su porastom formiranja slobodnih radikala, što verovatno može da posluži kao faktor rizika za aterosklerozu.

The article proposes promising trends of research in the field of building automated systems for controlling the movement of transport vehicles (TS) in order to ensure a continuous monitoring and operational control. A method for substantiating technical requirements and assessing the characteristics of measuring instruments for automated control of vehicle movement, an algorithm for determining the optimal values of characteristics of measuring tools and an algorithm for choosing the optimal version of telematic automatic control devices (TASK) for vehicle movement have been developed. The concept of a telematic automated control system for controlling the movement of vehicles (TASU CD TS) is formulated. The presented results make it possible to build the TASU CD of the vehicle based on the optimal choice of TASK movement and the assessment of the effectiveness of their application. Creation of a local telematic automated control system for controlling the movement of the vehicle will effectively manage traffic flows through the implementation of continuous control and monitoring of the vehicle along the entire route of movement, and operational coordination of the interactions of all road users, special services and departments.

A Vikhr plasma-beam device of the Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) type with an energy of ~5 kJ has been recently put into operation at the Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science. The device, the design of its components, and its parameters are described. The physical processes that occur in the DPF working chamber during generation of beams of fast electrons, ions, cumulative jets of a hot plasma, hard X rays, and neutrons (if deuterium is used as a working gas) are considered. Experiments have been conducted with the aim of testing energy-saving DPF circuits using a new power supply circuit of the DPF chamber, which contains a crowbar gap and an electronic delay circuit. The device is used for testing, diagnosing, and modifying the radiation-thermal resistance of various materials intended for use in the thermonuclear power engineering and aerospace engineering. The first experiments with this device in radiation testing of materials and aerospace materials science are described.

The interest in and attention to herbal therapy rise in Russia every year, which is in agreement with the worldwide tendency. Support for the increasing demand inescapably leads to the appearance of the herbal products with low quality and efficacy, and sometimes to the total falsification of plant material and preparations based on it. Therefore, one of the important problems in medicine, biomedicine, pharmacognosy and phytochemistry is the pharmaceutical safety and quality of plant materials, plant preparations and herbal drugs. Modern methodological approaches to the solution of such problems, the different concepts of identification, evaluation of authenticity and quality control of herbal drugs using markers of different types and the instrumental methods of chromatographic profiling (one of the methods of metabolic investigations) of herbal compositions, the spectral and the combined spectral chromatographic methods used for solving these problems, the problems of the standardization of plant materials, the preparations and drugs based on it, the world experience in solving problems of the quality evaluation of plant materials and herbal products, and the state of research in Russia are observed in this review.

The possibility of amplification of the coupled plasmon – optical phonon (LO) mode in an HgTe quantum wells (QWs) is theoretically considered. In a 6 nm wide QW with CdTe barriers and in a 5 nm wide QW with Cd0.7Hg0.3Te barriers grown on the (013) plane, stimulated emission of the plasmon – LO mode is possible in the frequency range corresponding to the Reststrahlen band of GaAs.

Formation of sub-nanosecond and nanosecond scale microwave pulses from CW 170 GHz BWO has been experimentally demonstrated using quasi-optical GaAs switch with photoconductivity induced by both femtosecond 800 nm and picosecond 532 nm lasers. It has been shown that full duration at half maximum of the microwave pulses can be controlled by the energy of laser pulses in the range from sub-ns to a few nanoseconds.

We report on lasing up to 5.1 μm in an array of microdisk resonators of various sizes (5 – 40 μm in diameter) formed from the waveguide heterostructure with multiple HgCdTe/CdHgTe quantum wells (QWs). The lasing was observed at temperatures as high as 260 K, which is achievable with thermoelectric cooling. FWHM of laser line at 100 K was less than 1 meV, which is several times lower than FWHM of single-pass stimulated emission line obtained from the same structure without microdisk resonators processed.