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Purpose Empirical investigation into the e-learning innovation, FUSE Studios, is both timely and relevant because FUSE is rapidly expanding domestically and abroad and there is continued interest in the interdisciplinary fields of information and learning sciences in the constructs of choice and interest as they relate to the provision and design of learning experiences. In particular, this paper aims to contribute to scholarly and design-based conversations on how e-learning innovations – especially those situated within the digital youth and constructionism strands of research – can be designed in ways that support robust opportunities for learning for young people (Reynolds et al., 2019). Design/methodology/approach Drawing upon a large corpus of mixed-methods data including computer-generated activity log data, youth survey data and studio facilitator interview data, this paper examines patterns of use and interest-related experience among young people in a range of FUSE Studios settings across the USA. Findings The results suggest that student choice within FUSE’s curricular and Studio model tends to support a broad exploration of interests across a wide range of youth, rather than a deep dive into particular Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) content areas. Practical implications Alongside the broad exploration that was found to characterize the patterns of student choice in FUSE Studios, a striking number of students from those surveyed reported that FUSE supported their interest development: they liked the FUSE challenges, were always able to find something of interest to do in the FUSE Studios and saw the FUSE challenges are supportive of their current and future interests. (See similar findings in Stevens et al., 2016). We understand these student self-reported experiences as evidence that the FUSE Studios model did well to encourage meaningful, interest-driven learning experiences for youth. Originality/value Committed to making research usable for practice, this paper offers implications for future e-learning designs that seek to make choice and interest central to the organization of activity and environment.

Community participation in planning decision-making in Peninsular Malaysia is fundamental for achieving sustainable development by deliberating on the present and future interests of the community. The provision for the community to participate in both the strategic and operational planning is stated in the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). Community participation in the planning process helps decision-makers to make better decisions by incorporating the community's experiential knowledge into the process. Furthermore, it is meant to promote greater citizenship and to democratise governance through the involvement of multiple stakeholders. Nevertheless, the current state of community participation in planning decision-making in Peninsular Malaysia indicates shortcomings, hence impeding the effort to achieve its primary purpose. This paper attempts to explore the lack of community participation based on its current state. The inadequacies of the conventional participatory process employed by local planning authorities in Peninsular Malaysia are elucidated by reviewing previous studies conducted by Malaysian scholars. The issues that transpire from the literature review are sorted into operational, structural, and cultural aspects. This study concludes that the current community participation in planning decision-making in Peninsular Malaysia points to the ineffectiveness of the process, thus hindering the ability of the community to access a genuine participation avenue.

This study was conducted in a museum-based lab setting where scientists research the genetics of taste. Unlike academic labs with graduate students, the museum lab model trains volunteers (community scientists) who are (in true citizen science fashion) primarily responsible for enrolling museum guests into clinical studies; thus, they collect the bulk of the data for the research. Like most public participation in science research, the non-professional contributions have historically been largely limited to data collection; however, this study shows the power of invitations and structured opportunities for expanded participation among citizen scientists in a wider range of science practices. Through interpretive case study research, we examine how community scientists exercise agency and respond to opportunities for expanded participation in scientific practices including study design, data analysis, and dissemination of scientific findings through work on scientific articles. The case study research findings show that providing opportunities for involvement is only part of what accounts for community scientists’ expanded participation. Dialogic negotiation of participation is also necessary, through bids and responses to bids, and through proffered guidance and scaffolding. Committed involvement thus entails deep cultivation and nurturing by both the museum staff, and at times, other more knowledgeable volunteers. Expanded participation is also bolstered by one’s capacity, motives for, and satisfactions from pursuing those opportunities that align with past, present, or future interests and identifications. Such interests and identifications contribute to community scientists’ willingness to overcome barriers and time constraints when they arise.

The major impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been on the health of adults. A small percentage of children have been acutely ill with COVID-19. Urgent reconfiguration of services with centralisation of paediatrics to free up resources for ill adults was carried out in North Thames and routine paediatric services at GOSH and in other Trusts curtailed. During a pandemic, the rights and interests of individuals can be trumped by a utilitarian approach to the provision of services such as health, education and social welfare. However, the ethical aspects of the impact of this on children’s health requires consideration. Arguably, children have been the bystanders to this process without involvement of young people in planning these changes (Larcher and Brierley 2020). Children have not been able to access treatment locally and visiting was limited to one adult, even for those children with serious, life threatening illness. Face to face outpatient consultations for ill children have not been accessible and community AHPs and services for children with chronic disease and disability have not been available The principles of minimising harm, and ensuring distributive justice for children should be applied. Most children will recover from COVID- 19, but their future will be affected by the socio-economic consequences of the pandemic.Their right to an open future, necessarily entails that their future interests are fully considered. Reference Larcher V, Brierley J. Children of COVID-19: pawns, pathfinders or partners? J Med Ethics 2020 Aug;46(8):508–509. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106465. Epub 2020 Jun 5.

This study seeks to explore the direct and indirect relationships perceived by bank employees among leaders' trustworthy behaviors, communication, corporate identity management, and the creation of the intended corporate image (ICI) at merged banks. A questionnaire survey was used to test the developed model. Proportionate stratified sampling was used to collect data from 394 respondents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for empirically investigating the hypotheses. The study revealed that leaders’ trustworthy behaviors had signi?cant positive relationships with corporate identity management and ICI. In addition, merged banks’ communications moderated the relationship between trustworthiness and organizational identity. Further, organizational identity was a partial mediator between trustworthiness and intended corporate image. Merged banks are advised to practice a trustworthiness strategy and behave appropriately to not only perform efficiently but also explain to their primary stakeholders that the prevalence of trust is harmonious with its corporate identity, does not adversely affect the stakeholders' future interests, and increasingly contributes to forming the intended image of the bank. This study contributes to a better understanding of the importance of leadership's trustworthy behaviors and of communicating these behaviors to manage the corporate identity and create an ICI in the Sudanese context.

User preferences are dynamic and diverse in real world, while historical preference of a user may not be equally important as current preference when predicting future interests. As a result, learning the evolving user representation effectively becomes a critical problem in personalized recommendation. However, existing recommendation solutions often use a fixed user representation, which is not capable of modeling the complex interests of users. To this end, we propose a novel metric learning approach named Adaptive Collaborative Metric Learning (AdaCML) for recommendation. AdaCML employs a memory component and an attention mechanism to learn an adaptive user representation, which dynamically adapts to locally activated items. In this way, implicit relationships of user-item pairs can be better determined in the metric space and users’ interests can be modeled more accurately. Comprehensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of AdaCML on two datasets, and show that AdaCML outperforms competitive baselines in terms of Precision, Recall, and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG).

El objetivo de este artículo es proponer alternativas para la comercialización de bienes del sector artesanal colombiano en mercados internacionales, mediante la identificación del sector artesanal colombiano y su participación en dichos mercados. De esta manera, se pueden establecer las estrategias que potenciarían el sector artesanal. Se utilizó un diseño metodológico no experimental, de tipo descriptivo y de carácter documental. Como resultado se encontró que los artesanos cuentan con falencias tales como falta de recursos económicos para la implementación de nuevas tecnologías y de capacitaciones para conocer cómo está el mercado actualmente y lo que este busca. Se concluye que los artesanos, para tener más oportunidades de ingreso a mercados internacionales y potencializar el sector, deben innovar, participar en ferias con menores requisitos y crear empresa para tener mayores oportunidades.

State-owned Enterprise PT.PLN (persero) App Bali made a tender on travo 150/20 jobs. The tender was won by PT. Global Twin Star, in it’s work there are disputes in the contract agreement. So from this dispute the author takes the formulation of the problem as follows. How to resolve disputes between the two sides. The second is how the implementation of the settlement results through negotiations. The purpose of the writer is to know and analyze how the results of the settlement through negotiations and also find out whether this implementation is very relevant for both parties each achieved. Agreement made and agreed by PT. PLN (Persero) with PT. Twin Star applies as a law for both parties or called the principle pacta sunt servanda. Settlement through Alternative Dispute Resolution is based on the spirit of win-win solution. Therefore, taking into account future interests, then from the parties to the dispute there must be a desire to maintain their good relationship. Implementation obtained is a continuous relationship of work between the two sides. Where the PT. Global twin star gets additional work from PLN to maintain existing transformer and owned PT.PLN. PLN's transformer is well maintained until the work is done. In a business dispute the parties prefer to avoid to resolve their dispute through the courts. setlement of specific defaults disputes and business disputes in general to be resolved through atlernative negotiated settlement disputes. This is because the company's good name is maintained, cost and time are also more efficient if through this path. The result of dispute resolution through alternative dispute resolution, able to merely render the objectives of the law itself, namely justice, certainty and benefit.Keywords: Dispute Settlement, Wanprestasi, Negotiation.

INTRODUCTION The rights of children and adolescents are not guaranteed or respected as planned and prescribed in the legal system of Brazil. In particular, prevention policies fail. Among these, in places frequented by both children and adults, nothing ensures a friendly environment for youth development. Both children and adults in Brazil, as elsewhere, share almost the same public space and have access to the same content on the internet. This communal atmosphere should be considered in light of the best interests of the child. Allowing a child to be brought up in a permissive and consumerist environment, which may doubtless be less offensive to adults, is to encourage them to become comfortable with related values. Growing up in such an environment, he or she may easily become familiar with ‘adult behaviour’, especially as it refers to sexual activity. The child tends to adhere to adult behaviour, because he or she uses it as a model and learns from it by sensory stimulation and imitation. Behaviour, publicity and situations with undercurrents of sexuality make it easier for the child to become comfortable with sensuality, facilitating sexual exploitation, since it does not seem so foreign. That would go against public policies of protection vis-a-vis TV programming and forbidding access to places inappropriate to the child's development. Precedence must be given to the best interests of the child , along with absolute attention and priority and effective complete protection through involvement of civil society and the state in order to prepare the joint environment to protect future interests. This requires adult content restrictions in the living environment of children and adolescents. For better structuring this perspective of prevention, this chapter will defend the legal development of the concept of ‘goods of formation’ or ‘formative goods’, without which full protection derails into innocuous black letter law. Such goods should have priority over others in the social environment, when different interests co-exist in competing for what is best for the child. Formative goods are guaranteed if the environment where children dwell stays safe from the moral perspective appropriate for them.

In recent years, social network become more popular and influential on the online commerce. Many customers can find the detail of products and trends on the social network using it to make the decision whether to purchase the product or not. In addition, it is also commonly used to collect users' related data to predict their future actions. In this paper, we study the correlation of purchasing histories and the customer's interests on social network (Facebook) to predict the future interests of customers that would show through social network. In addition, we use the data to find more similar target group of customers who are also interested in the same category of product by text analysis with Facebook Pages Liked. We focus on the product categories aligned by the shopping online websites and find the customer cluster which is similar with the customer who purchased. The study results are beneficial to focus groups of customers for communication or suggestion about the products matching with the groups of customers who are interested in the same group of products and have high potential to buy them. This model can adept with many real-world businesses to identify the user's characteristics and find more similar group of customers who interest in the products by changing the user attribute to find the user's interest. In our study, we adapt this model with the prototype system to recommend the similar group of customers.

Where conservationists are dissatisfied with public measures of soil protection, property law may provide a vehicle for private action to meet soil protection goals. Specifically, this chapter explores how property law concepts could be used to conserve soil. One can always decide as a landowner to engage in soil protection measures, but landownership is a limited soil conservation strategy. Instead, this chapter explores how NGOs or interested parties could use future interests or partial property rights to constrain land use in a way that will be most protective of soils. Using the United States as an example (but detailing a worldwide pattern of developing partial property rights), this chapter shows how traditional servitude law may be able to protect some soils, but its reach is limited. Instead, jurisdictions are building on previous property law concepts to create new structures. The most popular of which is the conservation easement, a nonpossessory right in land with a conservation goal that can be enforced in perpetuity. This chapter explains the strengths and weaknesses of various property rights approaches and ends with a caution to tread carefully when using perpetual tools in a changing world.

Since the appearing of multi-user virtual environments, there were many attempts to use those in education. In the modern, 3D, multi-user environments, like the Second Life virtual world, users can move, communicate, create, and modify 3D objects using their avatars. Organizing online conferences and lectures is probably the most common usage of virtual worlds for educational purposes. However, except for this type of passive learning, the Second Life virtual world offers possibilities also for student-centered, active, creative, constructive, and collaborative learning. In this contribution, we introduce a virtual school that we developed in Second Life. While we created different areas of this school, we were focusing mainly on the possibilities of teaching the basics of 3D modeling and programming in Linden Scripting Language (LSL) - which are the two essential skills needed for developing user-created contents in this environment. Besides the educational tools for teaching and learning these subjects, we also created some interactive didactic games for practicing English as a second language (ESL). In this paper, we describe our observations, summarize the possibilities of using virtual worlds in computer science education, and we mention some of the pros and cons of using Second Life as an educational platform for teaching and learning 3D modeling and programming. Because the virtual area of the school is publicly available for every user of Second Life, we also wanted to know who visits our educational space. For this reason, we created a questionnaire, which is available 24/7 in the entrance hall of the school. The questionnaire asks for some demographic data, user’s activities in Second Life, experiences related to 3D modeling and programming, and future interests in online courses in this environment. The results showed that users have a positive attitude to learning in Second Life, many of the respondents are interested in 3D modeling and LSL scripting courses. The detailed results of the questionnaire are presented in the last part of the paper.

In this paper, we study the strategies of the most relevant stakeholders with regard to the development and commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs) and their recharging infrastructure. Building on the perspective of socio-technical transitions, we relate the strategies of stakeholders to their current and future interests, as well as to their expectations with regard to EVs. Our analysis is based on a series of 38 semi-structured interviews with representatives of a variety of stakeholders in the Netherlands. EVs pose both opportunities and threats to various stakeholders. They therefore participate in the development of the emerging EV system, primarily in order to learn about the potential positive and negative impacts of these systems on their interests and, ultimately, to be able to grasp the opportunities and mitigate the threats. In other words, the expectations, interests, and resulting strategies of stakeholders relate to and depend upon the specific configuration of the emerging socio-technical system for electric mobility. We identify six potential conflicts of interest: the division of tasks within a public recharging infrastructure; the allocation of charging spots; the ways in which charging behavior can be influenced; the role of fast-charging, technical standards for charging equipment; and supportive policies for full-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. In general, the stakeholders do not seem overly concerned about either short-term returns on investments or long-term negative impacts. In this regard, the early phase of the transition can be understood as a relatively carefree phase. In order to continue the development of the emerging EV system and to keep it on the right track, however, for the foreseeable future, supportive policies will be necessary in order to provide a stable and reliable basis for further market expansion.

The right of pregnant women to refuse obstetric interventions is an established tenet of obstetric ethics. However, that does not mean that fetal considerations are inconsequential. Although respect for negative autonomy is largely a settled issue, what is less clear is the degree to which a pregnant woman's affirmative autonomy (the right to demand) should be controlling. We discuss the ethical basis for deciding when a pregnant woman's affirmative autonomy should be decisive. We focus on the ethical consequences when a fetus is considered a "potential child" because of a woman's decision to continue a pregnancy. Her intention determines the relevance and nature of the interests of the future child. Although fetal interests may temporally approach those of a born child, they are, in all cases, still circumscribed by the de facto circumstance of the potential child, ie, the child cannot be treated without treating the mother. That treatment would implicate the pregnant woman's right to bodily integrity. This right is so fundamental to our conception of autonomy that its trespass should give serious pause to all who respect basic human dignity. Accordingly, the future interests of a child should not constrain a pregnant woman's right of negative autonomy (the right to refuse any intervention intended for the putative benefit of the fetus or herself). However, the interests of the potential child may factor into considerations of affirmative autonomy and, in parallel, on a physician's right to refuse a particular intervention or plan of care.

Micro-blogging is becoming an increasingly popular social media platform where users can discover interesting information about the real world and especially corporations are able to understand customers' demands. The fast diffusion of information and the convenience of micro-blogging have resulted in large audiences sharing their daily activities, exchanging opinions and establishing friendships with others. By analyzing the user-generated contents, one can explore users' potential interests, which helps micro-blogging provide users with better personalized information services. Users' behaviors are affected by opinions of their friends and changes in their interests over time. Based on these intuitions, in this paper we propose a temporal and social probabilistic matrix factorization model to predict users' potential interests in micro-blogging. By exploiting the matrix factorization technique to learn latent features of users and topics, our model analyzes the impacts of time information and users' activities, including posting of tweets and establishing friendships with others, on the latent feature space of users and topics of their interests. The proposed model provides a unified way to fuse the time information and the social network structure to predict users' future interests accurately. The experimental results on Sina-weibo, one of the most popular micro-blogging sites in China, demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed model. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Brenda Slavin (nee Stewart) was educated at Whalley Range High School, Manchester. Her family emigrated to South Africa in1948, cutting short her school certificate. Times were hard, and she was sent out to train and work as a secretary, but, in addition to shorthand and typing, she surreptitiously added Latin to her night school studies and, with this under her belt, was admitted to preclinical studies at Witwatersrand University. She was a good student and was stimulated by two teachers in particular, who shaped her future interests throughout life—Raymond Dart, of Australopithecus fame, and Sidney Brenner, a future Nobel laureate in biochemistry. She obtained an intercalated BSc in biochemistry in 1953. Her aim was that, with a bachelors degree, she could demonstrate and earn a little, to offset the costs of being a clinical student. A senior lecturer, an alumnus of her old school, recognised her talents, intervened, and advised her to go to Edinburgh for her clinical studies, lending her the initial money to make this change. In Edinburgh she met Gerry, a student in the same year, who was to become her husband of 57 years. They graduated in 1957, and, after house jobs in Edinburgh’s teaching hospitals, she accompanied him to the Bechuanaland protectorate for his national service. There, as a medical officer, she initially studied malnutrition among infants and schoolchildren in the Bamangwato reserve. She then undertook general duties in bush clinics and hospitals. …

Plagiarism: Noun. The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. A scientific publication is the final culmination of honest, responsible and ethical research. Unpublished research amounts to nothing, and this is what is the essence behind “publish or perish;” a motto, which the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology stands by. There is nothing wrong with this dictum as long as it emphasizes on quality and not quantity. Research results in the form of manuscripts can make it into print, only after withstanding the scrutiny of peer-review. The quest for knowledge and new research often builds on the results of previously published and validated research. Therefore, while quoting results of previous studies, it is essential to provide the correct reference and give credit to previous researchers. Even while paraphrasing, it is imperative to acknowledge properly the original source.[1] However, at times; it has been observed that authors, without the mentioning the original author(s) use substantial portions of previously published articles. This is blatant plagiarism, and such infringement of copyright is not just frowned upon, but it considered a form of thievery. In recent years, the same mantra “publish or perish” has shown its darker side too. It has driven many an academic to mindlessly churn out manuscripts without giving a thought to whether it really is advancing science. More the number of publications and subsequent citations, the more embellished one's resume is considered. Authors often submit identical or near-identical data sets to different journals at the same time; which often the editor or reviewer may not pick until one paper has already made it out into print. Such duplicate publications are a form of “self-plagiarism” – or “stealing from one's own self.” This subset, so to speak of plagiarism has many forms. Authors may at times add more numbers to previously published data sets and publish new papers with slightly modified results and appropriately tweaked aims. This subtle form of plagiarism too is unethical. As is “salami slicing” where many similar papers are “sliced off” from the same data set, primarily as an attempt to increase the number of publications.[1,2] Moving away from plagiarism and toward originality, this issue of IJO has an abundance of original ideas and concepts. Ajay et al. in a unique original study have written about the choices and interests of the budding ophthalmologists “Ophthalmic Surgical Training in Karnataka and Southern India - present status and future interests from a survey of final year residents.” Nair and Javed in their comprehensive review on mitomycin-C (MMC) in dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) have presented the evidence in a balanced way, suggesting that the use of adjunctive MMC may actually improve the success rate of DCR surgery. To summarize, editors and reviewers now have at their disposal, plagiarism detection software that can pick up plagiarism. However, the ultimate plagiarism detector is the researcher's conscience. Originality, honesty and sound ethics are the three pillars on which research and scientific publishing can move forward.

Sustainability for SMEs is a process of development target to be achieved by increasing the competitiveness in theglobal market. In this context, the purpose of this study is to investigate the SMEs in Turkey within the framework ofmanagement issues and corporate governance viewpoint and to present an outline of possible solutions. Anotherpurpose of this study is to contribute management literature in terms of shedding lights on the relations ofsustainability and management practices on SMEs to raise awareness. In order to conduct this study method ofdetailed literature review is used. Detected management issues and solutions are examined into four main categories,which are (a) the lack of awareness of the sustainability and failure of implementation of this concept to themanagement practices, (b) lack of understanding of the relationship between the expectations of stakeholders onsustainability and company's future interests, (c) lack of the vision about sustainability and presence of unclearlydefined rules, roles and processes within the companies, (d) lack of skills to analyze the short and long term effects tothe company of not taking sustainability concept into decision making mechanisms.

If formal educators are to play a role in preparing future citizens for making decisions about health and environmental risks, then they must be willing and able to incorporate risk education. This article presents 10 goals for risk education. It also describes current risk education practices, future interests, and perceived barriers to risk education of Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin Grades 6–12 science teachers. Data were collected through a mail questionnaire (1,336 surveys were returned, adjusted return rate = 80%) and in-depth telephone interviews (completed with 45 teachers, return rate = 90%). Many teachers had covered some aspect of risk education and were interested in enhancing their efforts. Results also suggest that teachers need to be made aware of risk education resources and provided with training, particularly regarding psychological influences on risk decisions.

Human impatience and the inconsistency between affective and cognitive views of “otherness” undermine the foundations of sustainable forest management. Modern economies have induced institutions that reinforce this tendency, including through academic institutions where apologists for discounting flourish. It was not always so. The ethos of societies and nations supported long-term productivity against short-term interest. Individualistic ethics also internalised long-term well-being within present mental constructs. Rapid change and imposition of unfamiliar codes threaten the stability of future-protective institutions. Local sustainability may be at the expense of sustainability elsewhere. Current models of self-interest have been projected as possessing intrinsic ethical merit. Justification of discounting by financial institutions is undermined by the institutions’ actual performance. The law may accidentally assist sustainability by its universality. Commonality of interest is only efficacious for future interests if supported by a further ethical requirement, but our conforming with this requirement may encourage later generations to do so too. Some reinforcement of conscience-based behaviour may be derived from religion, mutual censure, art, academic integrity and pre-commitment, and by regarding sustainability as a present good. These seem frail motivations, but offer the best hope for future generations.

U.S. National Security Strategy identifies the Global Commons as shared sea, air, and space domains which exist outside of exclusive national jurisdiction. Cyberspace, as yet a nascent domain, may be evolving into a new Global Commons as it acquires the five distinguishing characteristics such domains share. The international regimes created by treaties are voluntary affairs and states accept their constraints primarily to preserve their future interests when they lack the capability to exert control or enforce a sovereignty claim. However claims to the global commons and their governing regimes are not immutable. On the contrary, technological progress, resource scarcity and most recently, climate change, are making global commons more accessible and more desirable. The result is inexorable pressure for states to expand their sovereignty. To do so, states must be able to demonstrate sustained presence and possess the capability to act within the domain. As there exists no formal process to transition international regimes to recognized sovereignty claims, states must undertake the essential activity of engagement in order to preserve their interests among the regime stakeholders and be properly positioned to affect an expansion of national sovereignty into a global commons. This paper advocates a holistic approach, advancing a campaign plan for the global commons.

I suspect that many of us have experience with periodically refurbishing property and relationships. Even in this era of acquire, use, and discard, we find those treasured items that have the patina of affectionate engagement and realize that we want them to remain in our lives, but in a form that is more functional and better suited to our present and future interests. These items have core elements that are simply irreplaceable, and once refurbished they will provide form, function, and pleasure that simply cannot be duplicated elsewhere. Mayo Clinic Proceedings is currently undergoing a period of refurbishing that in relative terms rivals the 1963-1964 decision to remove the journal from the Mayo Clinic Section of Scientific Publications and make the journal an independent body under the leadership of an Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board. In absolute terms, the refurbishing of Mayo Clinic Proceedings that will occur in 2011 and 2012 will greatly exceed any prior initiatives. The journal will retain its core values and pursuit of quality, and portions of its cover will remain colored with Pantone Matching System 151 ink (the unique orange color used for many years), but almost every other aspect of the journal has been, and will continue to be, under review. I will share some of these features with you, the readers, and explain how the refurbished journal should provide functionality and enjoyment unprecedented in the journal's history.

This article analyses the structural challenges facing the new government of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in its reconstruction and development programme for sustainable peace and security. It takes into account the DRC's strategic importance in the Central and Southern African region and the African continent, as well as the present and future interests of its neighbours. The DRC has reached several agreements with its neighbours – Rwanda, Uganda and Angola – regarding this issue, but the question remains; will these relations guarantee the achievement of peace and security in the country? Africa Insight Vol. 38 (1) 2008: pp. 185-196

Trade in agriculture is linked to a whole range of economic, environmental, societal and future interests. For this reason, international regulation of trade in agricultural goods is highly contentious. While mainly directed towards an opening of markets, the WTO Agreement on Agriculture also has some entry points for ‘non trade concerns’. However, the agreement still looks like a casual patchwork that allows rather unsystematic ally for exemptions, without explicitly exposing the grounds that allow for them. The question arises of how the agreement could be drafted in a more structured way, in order to make sure that the economic objectives are efficiently pursued, and at the same time that human rights and environmental concerns are adequately taken account of? The concept of sustainable development provides for a methodical ‘seven step’ framework that gives guidance on integrated decision making processes. In this paper, this framework is partially applied to the Agreement on Agriculture. This working paper served as an introductory note to a brainstorming workshop on the subject that took place on 27 March 2009 at the World Trade Institute, University of Bern.

With today's Worldwide Web technology it is possible to make virtually any document available for access on a controlled basis for members of technical associations, such as the IEEE. The question is, what is it that members want enough to actually use and be willing to pay for? A surrogate for test marketing products and determining the result by trial and error is conducting surveys which ask the potential customers what they would like to have delivered to them online. With this as the objective, questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 2000 members, of whom 1043 responded. The responses characterized their present use of the Internet, their future interests, and desirable new features and services. These results provide insights into why actual usage of online publications has been far less than expected. For example, there are some clues that members want access to more information electronically than what they typically obtain by subscribing to individual print publications. It may be that a very broad offering of material, either with a bulk discount or per item charge, is the way of the future.

Background Although advance care planning (ACP) in hospitals is important, the best means of promoting it in Japan remain to be clarified. Aim The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of end-of-life care teams (EOLCTs) for both cancer and non-cancer patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate the usefulness of narrative life reviews and ACP conducted by full-time EOLCT nurses using qualitative analysis. Methods We conducted the ‘three-pillar strategy for decision making’ for the families of 209 patients. There are three large pillars, (1) patient9s wishes; (2) family9s wishes; and (3) medical judgment. There are also three key pillars in regard to patients9 wishes: (1) ‘Present’: Regardless of the patient9s competence/incompetence, any subtle signs shown by the patient must be noted; (2) ‘Past’: ACP and narrative life reviews must be checked; and (3) ‘Future’: The best future interests must be considered. The patient9s wish is the most important pillar. Results Intervention by the three-pillar strategy in EOLCT decision making tended to increase the number of home deaths in accordance with patients9 wishes in collaboration with the home care support ward. Narrative life reviews by nurses led to enhancement of ACP. Discussion The most important finding was that patients9 and their families9 wishes were respected. Conclusion The three-pillar strategy used by EOLCT in decision making was useful in enhancing hospitals9 ACP.

During the last decade there have been enormous advances in the transplantation of vital organs - in particular, the kidney, lung, heart, liver and pancreas. Unfortunately, efforts to provide the benefits of these operations to patients have been severely hindered by limitations in the supply of organs -limitations which, in the view of the author, are a consequence of regulation prohibiting the use of market incentives to increase the supply. We conclude that the law should be changed to allow the use of incentives to induce the donation of both present and future interests in cadaver organs.

During the last decade there have been enormous advances in the transplantation of vital human organs-in particular, the kidney, lung, heart, liver, pancreas, and small intestine. Unfortunately, efforts to provide the benefits of these operations to patients have been severely hindered by limitations in the supply of organs-limitations that are a consequence of regulation prohibiting the use of market incentives to increase the supply. Markets for organs could take various forms: sales by living donors; sales of future interests in organs, to be removed on the death of the donor; and sales of organs of a recently deceased person by the family of the deceased. Two additional issues relate to the design of a market: the geographic scope of the market and rules of liability for the sale of diseased or defective organs.

The principles of sustainable development are widely accepted, but, given the conflicts of interest that occur over time and space, their resolution is likely to be problematic. Nowhere is this more evident than in the field of tourism. There is probably no other economic activity which cuts across so many sectors, levels and interests. The relationship between tourism development, socio-economic development and the environment is circular and cumulative. Most tourism activity places additional pressures on the environmental resources upon which it is based, compromising the present and future interests of tourist and host populations as well as of tourism organizations. Without adequate environmental protection, prospects for development will be undermined. There is an essential need to build on the positive links between the environment and tourism and to break the negative links. The latter will not be easy, however, owing to the conflicts of interest that occur. The positive links may be described as win-win situations, benefiting environment and development prospects alike. Negative links are also likely to occur however. To break these, trade-offs will have to be made between conservational and developmental goals. An identification of the extent and nature of these trade-offs will be facilitated by environmental accountancy procedures which include environmental auditing.

Special libraries, as differentiated from general public libraries and academic libraries, are devoted to specialized fields of science and technology, agriculture, medicine, social sciences, economics and the like. Such libraries are attached to research organizations, government departments, departments in universities, industrial organizations, professional societies and trade associations, etc. Special libraries customarily maintain a regular and systematic information service covering the immediate and future interests of the organizations of which they are part. This necessitates the development and management of an adequate collection of books, periodicals, reports, patents, standards, government publications, maps, audio-visual records, etc. issuing from a multitude of publishing bodies. In house publications, market surveys, data files, etc. are also brought together in these collections. All items are of course made available for consultation by being adequately classified or indexed and organis...

THE problem of economic security concerns the physician not only for himself but also for those dependent upon him — his wife, his children and occasionally his grandchildren, parents and other relatives. With certain limitations the analysis of these problems and lending of specialized assistance in their solution falls into the field of estate analysis or estate planning. This requires a knowledge of intricate aspects of the law — primarily in the fields of insurance, probate, wills, trusts, taxation and future interests. Unfortunately, specialists are as yet few, since the busy family attorney, enmeshed in a multitude of diverse phases . . .

THE FREQUENT FAILURE of beneficiaries in wills to live for the expected length of time has given rise to certain legal problems. A younger person does not always outlive an older one. The weak and sickly individual may outlast the one who is healthy and strong. In an automotive, aeronautic and atomic era there is no reason to anticipate a decrease in the instances of this inverse order of mortality. It is not an uncommon occurrence for a beneficiary in a will, contrary to expectations, to die before the testator. In such a case, the gift is said to fail or lapse, unless the testator has anticipated this possibility and has provided in his will for a substitute beneficiary.' Statutory provision for substitute beneficiaries under certain circumstances is well-nigh universal.2 Even though there is no provision for a substitute beneficiary either in the original will or by any applicable anti-lapse statute, the testator himself sometimes makes such a provision in a later will or codicil executed after his learning of the death of the original beneficiary. Where the gift involves a future interest, however, a different problem arises, namely whether the beneficiary must survive until the time when the future interest becomes possessory. Unlike the case where the beneficiary predeceases the testator, making a later will or codicil after knowledge of the beneficiary's death is very obviously no solution here. The beneficiary has survived the testator but, contrary to the testator's assumptions, has not survived to the time when he was to receive his interest. Here again, the testator should have anticipated the possibility of the beneficiary's earlier death and made express provision in his will as to how the property should go in such a contingency. The fact remains, however, that the instances of neglect to make such provision are of frequent occurrence. These instances, unfortunately, are not restricted to "home-made" wills, drawn without legal advice. No statutory solution, comparable to that effected by the anti-lapse statutes when the beneficiary predeceases the testator, is available. In each case the court must decide whether the testator "intended" to impose survival by the beneficiary to the time of possession as a condition of his gift. The common law rule of construction in favor of early vesting prevails

Comment: The reason for this is that no trust can be discussed in the abstract without considering its purpose. An attempt to do so leads us into elaborate distinctions between trusts and bailments, debts, equitable charges, business trusts, mortgages, contracts to convey, assignments, etc., which in turn must be discussed without regard to how the question arises. The result is that the decision whether a trust or something else has been created depends on the found intention of the parties, which is determined by the court's appraisal of their conduct; hence, the court can, by assigning such weight as it wishes to this criterion, erect any of these various kinds of trusts. If the American Law Institute is really serious in its desire to relieve courts and attorneys from what Mr. Root calls "the vast multitude of decisions which our practitioners are obliged to consult," statements of this kind will accomplish more than hundreds of pages attempting to determine the exact difference between an active and passive trust in the abstract, or the fundamental distinctions between a debt, a trust, and a resulting trust, without regard to their purpose. or the fundamental distinctions between a debt, a trust, and a resulting trust, without regard to their purpose. The topics set out above might form part of the initial discussion of the history of the trust device, sufficiently detailed to show that the conventional definitions of a trust are not convenient guides to groups of cases involving a single principle or policy. This task accomplished, the restatement should proceed to a classification of the cases using the term in the light of the purpose for which it was invoked. The following general classifications are ventured. I. The use of the trust device in cases where the owner of property desires to give one person the benefit and another the control of that property.5' These are, for the most part. intentional uses of the trust device. They include the family settlement cases and the rapidly growing busi" Professor Richard Powell of Columbia, in his course in Trusts and Estates, classifies these cases with cases in Future Interests and Wills. He divides his HeinOnline -31 Colum. L. Rev. 816 1931 THE RESTATEMENT OF THE LAW OF TRUSTS 817 ness done by great trust companies. They are entirely different in purpose from cases where the device is used by the court after the transaction is completed, to avoid some rule of law or give some special remedy. Under this group we could consider: 1. Limitations on the character of the property to which the device inay be applied. We would not try to do this by defining property, but by showing that courts had commenced by applying this broad concept to things like horses and land, and ended by including things like information and trade secrets. We could not say, as the restatement does, that "an interesf which has not come into existence or which has ceased to exist cannot be held in trust" or that "an expectation or hope of receiving property in the future cannot be held in trust."52 We would explain that such definitions were historical rationlizations of the fact that things not ordinarily bought and sold are not permitted to be complicated in this way, at least until some necessity arises. When courts want to permit the transfer of such things, they are lumped under the concept of "good will,"'5 3 and immediately we find that expectations can be held in trust. For example the difference between the expectation of selling goods to future customers and getting a legacy from a future dead man, only the first of which is supposed to be capable of being held in trust, is simply confused by saying that one is property in existence and the other is property which has not come into existence. Our conclusions would be that there are very few limitations on the kind of property which can be intentionally disposed of by the trust device, and that there is some recognized rule of policy other than definition of property which makes most of these limitations understandable. Other possible steps in the discussion of intentional trusts might be: 2. Limitations on the intentional use of the trust device imposed by (a) the statute of frauds (b) the statute of wills. materials generally into: I. Historical Introduction; II. Problems in Wealth Disposition; III. Social Limitations on Wealth Disposition; IV. Problems in Administration of Trusts and Other Interests Validly Created. Thus the trust cases are considered in their proper setting. The RESTATEMENT, since it confines itself to the trust device, cannot make a reorganization such as Professor Powell's. It can, howev&, by describing the trust device, instead of defining it, pave the way for some such reclassification of the cases in the future. Such a classification is made difficult if we are to accept a set of principles governing trusts in all situations. RESTATEMENT, at 138, § 74. RESTATEMENT, at 148, § 80, illustration 2. HeinOnline -31 Colum. L. Rev. 817 1931