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Introduction: The paper attempts to understand value constellations in organising and using the business information service that was recently developed by various stakeholders with libraries who were in pursuit of supporting people's problem solving in Japanese public libraries. Method: In-depth interviews were conducted not only with users and librarians, but also with members from specialised organizations who participated in organising the service. Analysis: Tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and analysed to identify how the new set of services were designed and implemented in collaboration with organizations. Because the analysis was aimed to identify values recognised by those involved in designing, managing and using the services, an ethnomethodological approach was adopted as the approach is appropriate for understanding practical reasoning embedded in activities. Results: Two approaches (i.e. value constellations) in designing the service were identified, one is reference service oriented approach, where the reference service is located at the centre of the business information service and its transformation is carried out; and the other is specialised service, programme-oriented approach, where the service is organized with more reliance on outside specialists. Different emphases on various values were also identified in using the business information service. Conclusions: Close examination of value constellations as part of organizing and using the service seem to be an appropriate way to systematically understand and inform the actual services in relation to the use of such services. (Contains 1 table.)

Product development of Japanese companies has changed greatly from the post-war revival period, when it was promoted mainly to provide low-cost, high-quality products. In recent years, it has become necessary to develop products and services that correspond to social issues. Research and development has shifted from a technological basis to a perspective based on societal trends for developing next-generation products. According to Kubo (2011) and Asai (2013), scenario planning is an effective method for considering the future environment in R&D. Furthermore, the functions and roles of the information section, because of the contributions of information services, have changed along with the use of the R&D situation. Based on findings from questionnaires and interviews of Japanese companies, this paper presents a discussion of the importance of information collection and intelligence generation for scenario planning along with the role of an information section in the area of research and development.

Explores four themes at the 1998 APJRA conference - critical perspectives of accounting, organizational and institutional perspectives, public sector accounting in Japan and international accounting issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the Second Asian Pacific Interdisciplinary Research in Accounting (APIRA) Conference held at the Osaka City University, Japan, during August 4-6, 1998. This conference was held in association with "Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal" and followed on from the inaugural APIRA network conference held in Sydney in 1995. Second APIRA Conference, the local Japanese organising committee and Osaka City University attracted over 160 delegates from 15 countries representing Europe, North America and the Asian-Pacific Region. The refereed papers programme had a strong interdisciplinary focus with research papers and forums addressing the relationship between accounting, auditing and accountability and their social, institutional, economic and political environment. An important outcome from the conference is the publication of the commentaries on several important areas including management accounting, public sector accounting, social and environmental accounting, critical perspectives on accounting, Japanese and international accounting, and accounting history.

This paper examines the prominence of written English on shop signs in Japan. Based on data from a larger empirical study into multilingual signs in Tokyo, the most common ways of using English and the roman alphabet on Japanese shops signs are identified. It is argued that the ambivalent nature of English loan words plays a key role in the ever growing visibility of English in Japanese public spaces. Focusing on one special type of sign--price lists outside hairdressers'--how the use of English loan words entail the general use of English and the Roman alphabet is shown, which in the long run results in signs completely functioning in English. (Contains 5 tables, 4 figures and 4 endnotes.)

A fundamental challenge within business organizations (whether manufacturing or service, large or small) is posed by the difficulties associated with managing knowledge to integrate the long-term vision and strategic goals with daily working processes and with people. The traditional Western approach of "Management by Objectives" (MbO) is problematic because of its tendency to focus on business tangibles (such as profits and cost) in a top-down hierarchical manner with no real consensus from the employees who are required to deliver them. Hoshin Kanri (interpreted as "Policy Deployment" in the West) has been described as one of the core aspects of Japan's management system--for integrating quality within an organization's business strategy through managing employees' knowledge--yet applications in Western businesses have been few. This paper describes a practical method for managing knowledge through Hoshin Kanri, and discusses the associated business benefits and opportunities. (Contains 3 tables and 6 figures.)

Analyzes and compares Japanese and American industrial policy and labor practices. Proposes that certain aspects of the Japanese system be adapted by American businesses for purpose of increasing international competitiveness. Proposes specific actions and plans for both the Japanese and American systems. (ML)

Discusses online systems and databases that contain information on Japanese business and economic activity. A reference chart provides the name, address, coverage dates, and costs of major online sources. (CLB)

The defects which are now showing up in the lifetime employment system and the internationalization of product and labor markets are forcing Japanese corporations to reevaluate their management structures. The Japanese management system cannot be reproduced in the United States because the same social conditions do not exist. (RM)

The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry have forwarded a proposal to apply the concept of intraindustry flow of funds in order to develop the sports industry and strengthen the financial base of sports businesses from the top level to the grass-roots level. With regard to industrial policy, the flow of funds is a concept among multiple industries, and intra-industry flow of funds within the same industry is not assumed. However, in the sports industry, we can observe the intra-industry flow of funds in certain cases, especially in foreign countries. This paper examines the cases of intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry, mainly in England and Germany, to understand their structural characteristics, to identify the necessary requirements for realization of intra-industry flow of funds in the Japanese sports industry, and to discuss the feasibility of such flows. In order to realize intra-industry flow of funds, it is necessary to have funding providers, recipients, a legal and taxation system for fund transfers, an entity to manage the flow of funds, and a rational reason why flow of funds is also essential for the fund providers. The most promising candidate fund provider is the spectators’ sports business. On the other hand, for the recipients, the cases seen in England and Germany suggest that regional sports clubs with non-profit entities are the most likely candidates. In order to enable the flow of funds or, in other words, the transfer of profits from providers to recipients, it is essential to have a legal system and a preferential taxation system to support it. In addition, an element of a public interest needs to be embedded in the design of a system that supports such a flow of funds or it would likely be unacceptable by the providers. The intra-industry flow of funds is a concept that conflicts with a free market economy. On the other hand, it is widely recognized that sports are a public interest that needs to be indemnified. Naturally it is expected that this public interest would be embedded in certain types of sports businesses. While there are good prospects for designing a system to realize the intra-industry flow of funds in the sports industry in Japan, it is of utmost importance to establish a common understanding of public interest in sports businesses among stakeholders involved in the sports industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers new theoretical contributions and practical knowledge to existing leadership theories. Through a detailed study of the major corporation SoftBank, a Japanese company achieving business innovation at a global level in recent years, and insights gained on the leadership for organizational adaptability of practitioners driving strategic innovation, this paper presents a framework for 'holistic leadership' with a fractal nature as a complex adaptive system. In the three 'practice layers' of the 'formal organizational layer', 'psychological boundary layer (adaptive space)' and the 'informal organizational layer', practitioners (in the three management layers of top management, middle management and staff) dynamically use 'centralized leadership', 'dialectical leadership' and 'distributed leadership' and combine them depending on the situation, to achieve a balance between various contradictory elements such as the 'tug‐of‐war between efficiency and creativity', and demonstrate organizational adaptability. Through an in‐depth case study, this paper illustrates that holistic leadership in modern companies is a source of business innovation. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to identify current trends and practices that have been influencing Japanese business environment and their consequences to corporate world by conducting a review of existing empirical evidence on this topic. An in-depth review of more than 1,600 articles published in high-quality academic journals in the areas of Business Management, Accounting, Social Sciences, Engineering, Economics, Econometrics, Operations Research Management Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Finance and Decision Sciences was pursued following a multiple-step process. Furthermore, the trends were classified into six categories based on their occurrence frequency and described in detail. These trends involve: reformulating strategic management principles, less lifelong employment orientation and change of traditional HRM practices, raising labour force participation, female participation in management and improving education, use of non-financial performance indicators, decomposition of a large organization into smaller units and opening up to outside influence. Each of the categories contained specific practices that interacted with each other, shaping and giving strength to each individual category. Finally, the insights extracted from the literature review were synthesized and directions to future research were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the causes and implications of the severe trade imbalances between Japan and the United States. Dole argues that protectionist Japanese trade restrictions have made it nearly impossible for American businesses to enter Japanese markets. Efforts to renegotiate trade agreements are described. (AM)

Japan Tobacco International (JTI) is the international division of Japan Tobacco Incorporated, and the world’s third largest transnational tobacco company. Founded in 1999, JTI’s rapid growth has been the result of a global business strategy that potentially serves as a model for other Asian tobacco companies. This paper analyses Japan Tobacco Incorporated’s global expansion since the 1980s in response to market opening, foreign competition, and declining share of a contracting domestic market. Key features of its global strategy include the on-going central role and investment by the Japanese government, and an expansion agenda based on mergers and acquisitions. The paper also discusses the challenges this global business strategy poses for global tobacco control and public health. This paper is part of the special issue ‘The Emergence of Asian Tobacco Companies: Implications for Global Health Governance’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides a new point of view regarding the knowledge management of new product and service development (NPSD), a high-tech field requiring the merging and integration of different technologies and business models. As case studies, we examine the dynamism of the knowledge creation process in NPSD at traditional Japanese telecommunication companies, as they merge and integrate the different elements of broadband wired and wireless network technologies and business models, and we analyse the new knowledge creation process of NPSD in two cases. In a short period of time, strategic teams at the companies formed strategic communities outside the company including customers, and then formed a network that transcended the strategic communities' boundaries. The synthesizing capability of the leadership-based strategic communities comprising community leaders inside the networked strategic communities enabled strategic teams to build new business models aimed at customers and achieved successful NPSD ahead of other competitors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of small businesses to make and adjust to the paradigm shift needed to benefit from Japanese production theory has been questioned in the literature. Zangwill (1992) questioned limits of the Japanese Production Theory (JPT) and in a subsequent paper (Zangwill. 1994) to his argument about the limits of the Japanese Production Theory. In this paper, the Japanese Production Theory is first discussed, followed by a discussion of the consistency between traditional EOQ theory and the Japanese production theory, critique of the Zangwill's argument, and issues related to the relevance of the Japanese production theory to small businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Japanese business community continues to be perceived as male dominated, the majority of students of Business Japanese in Australian universities are female. This paper examines Business Japanese textbooks from both macro (social practices) and micro (linguistic discourses) level perspectives, using critical discourse analysis as an analytical tool, to assess the adequacy of the textbooks to be used in a primarily female student community. The analysis reveals that the textbooks present a stereotypical and exaggerated version of social practices of the Japanese business community, based on idealised native-Japanese norms. Female characters in the textbooks have less access to managerial positions, and fewer opportunities to participate in business, than in reality. The analysis also highlights the invisibility of non-Japanese female characters in the textbooks. Female students using the textbooks are not provided with role models or spaces to acculturate into. These textbooks do not grant adequate learning tools for non-Japanese female students. The paper calls for textbooks which provide more diverse perspectives of the Japanese business community, where non-Japanese female students are able to construct their own social identities accompanied by relevant use of the Japanese language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Though shopkeepers in small enterprises (SSEs) are pioneers in rethinking retirement, working ages and the lifestyles of an aging society, some pertinent health issues remain unexplored. Using narratives of shopkeepers in small, rural enterprises, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the ways of thinking about health maintenance. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed an ethnographic approach. In total, 20 shopkeepers and residents in a rural shopping street in Tohoku, in northeast Japan, were interviewed between June 2016 and May 2017. These interviews were analysed inductively. Findings: The ways shopkeepers think about health maintenance are expressed through an interaction with their personal history. Shopkeepers and customers used narratives to arrive at novel methods to re-think health maintenance. Through data analysis, the cultural theme of maintaining vitality through long-lasting self-struggle supported by cooperation and familiar membership was identified. This cultural theme was related to three sub-themes: struggle stimulated by flexibility and responsibility; cooperation by devoting personal capital; and compensation through family support. Practical implications: There is a growing focus on the important role that SSEs play in rural health. The results of this study will enable rural nurses to approach and develop health via communal interaction. In addition, the support of the family through cooperation at home should be enhanced. Originality/value: There exists the potential for shopkeepers to develop a care strategy for small enterprise-related work. This strategy could enhance active ageing and promote a sustainable healthy life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Points out that one of the most serious problems facing American business is the technical illiteracy of its managers and executives, indicating that few have the skills to solve real-world problems. Comparisons between Japanese and United States executives and their training are provided to illustrate issues considered. (JN)

This paper addresses the relation between firm size and R&D activity for Japanese large manufacturing firms using patents granted in the U.S.. Japanese firms loom larger in world R&D agenda; therefore, the examination of the determinants of their R&D activity, in particular, the effects of firm size, may provide a suggestion of R&D activity. The firm size-patent count relationship varies across industry. In many industries, Japanese experience is not in favor of the assertion that there is a return to scale in R&D among large firms, indicating that Schumpeterian entrepreneurship is not likely to take place more than proportionately to firm size. This conclusion is not inconsistent with Schumpeter's theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This paper intends to review the historical development and related issues involved in the employment of persons with disabilities under the Law on Employment Promotion of Persons with Disabilities in Japan in light of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). METHODS: The actual situations of the special subsidiary company system, which was established by the Law to assist large-sized enterprises in achieving their legally mandated quota, were analyzed, based on the relevant data and materials published by the government and other sources. CONCLUSIONS: The targeted enterprises could achieve the highest employment rates of persons with disabilities through the establishment of special subsidiary companies. However, various studies on these companies have revealed that more effort is needed to improve the quality of employment of their workers with disabilities in light of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the “varieties of capitalism” debate, scholars have paid considerable attention to the question of whether Korea and Japan have left behind their interventionist political economy for neo-liberal reform. In this paper, we re-examine the scholarly consensus that Korea has become a neo-liberal state, while Japan has not changed much. On the basis of our comparison of the extent of the two countries' neo-liberal reforms using the “business systems framework” developed by Witt, we demonstrate that neo-liberal reforms observed in Korea and Japan are not substantially different enough to warrant the view that the two countries have taken divergent paths of institutional development. With this finding, we call for further empirical study, including the development and use of more qualitative data. We suggest that the future direction research should take on this issue in order to make theoretical contributions to the existing literature on institutional change and continuity in “non-liberal” capitalist countries. We do this by offering some methods in which future researchers could identify necessary and sufficient causes of Korea's and Japan's neo-liberal (or non-neo-liberal) shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates national and organizational cultural influences among managers in three types of companies: Japanese companies in Japan, South Asian domestic companies and Japanese subsidiaries/joint ventures in South Asia. The findings suggest that a Japanese parent company's culture tends to have a much stronger influence with Japanese companies operating in Japan. Japanese parent company culture tends to have less influence than the South Asian national culture in shaping the HRM styles and practices in Japanese subsidiaries/joint ventures operating in South Asia. While some South Asian firms are in the initial stages of learning about participative HRM from foreign companies, most still tend to maintain their national culture and traditional ways in the operating systems of their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extracts several dualistic constructs from the anthropological literature on Japan and interprets them in terms of recent understandings of paradox in organizational behaviour. Two historical and one contemporary illustration of these dualities within the Japanese business macroculture are offered. Each is interpreted using a normative, critical and paradox approach, and the different approaches are shown to constitute competing explanations of the phenomena. The findings are discussed in terms of how the dualities affect the dynamics of Japanese business conduct and how they reproduce a macroculture among the large business conglomerates. Insights are offered into how individual firm behaviour is shaped by dualistic features of the macroculture. Implications are drawn for how the conduct of cross-cultural business relationships and government policy may be informed by paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide evidence of private information in the foreign exchange market. The evidence comes from the introduction of trading in Tokyo over the lunch hour. Lunch-return variance doubles with the introduction of trading, which cannot be due to public information since the flow of public information did not change with the trading rules. We then exploit microstructure theory to discriminate between the two alternatives: private information and mispricing. Four key results support the predictions of private-information models. Three of these involve changes in the intraday volatility U-shape. The fourth is that opening trade causes mispricing's share in variance to fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates firm growth as the post-entry performance of new start-up firms. Using data on Japanese manufacturing firms founded during 1992-1996, the determinants of growth among new start-up firms are identified. The effect not only of firm-specific characteristics, but also of entrepreneur-specific, industry-specific and local characteristics on firm growth are examined. It is found that younger and small-sized firms are more likely to grow among the start-ups. It is also found that entrepreneur's age and educational background affect the growth of start-ups. It is not shown, however, that industry specialization induces the growth of start-ups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the management processes for forming strategic communities by means of strategic partnerships between businesses and customers. It considers the introduction into these strategic communities of the knowledge and core competence of customers with a high degree of learning experience with respect to the products and services provided by the businesses. This creates new products and services and at the same time extends the results of the strategic communities to many other associated customers. The innovation of a telemedicine system in the field of veterinary medicine in Japan is taken as a case study. Here a strategic community of business and innovative customers developed new systems using IT and multimedia technology. The results from the strategic community were extended to many other related customers in a chain of community creation, and the new systems were widely proliferated throughout the whole of Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper focuses on the critical actors (herein called Driving Actors) and their activities to promote sustainable energy policies and businesses in cases where renewable energy facilities are gradually installed in a local area by changes in lifestyle from one based on fossil fuels to a sustainable one. This paper aims to 1) evaluate activity to promote renewable energy in local community using analytical approaches as an iterative approach and stakeholder analysis, and 2) to propose an analytical framework for the RE implementation process and to describe the important roles of the Driving Actors. We investigated the case of Bizen city in Japan by participant observations. Consequently, Driving Actors are responsible for encouraging RE implementation in the local area. They coordinate and run the RE (Renewable Energy) program to gain experience and know-how as well as create a business scheme, which has business risk due to the absence of effective policies by the national government during the middle phase to promote local success of RE. If the national government implements effective policies to disseminate RE facilities during the middle phase, then the Takeoff phase is ascertained and existing big companies and financial organizations would begin to participate RE businesses. On the other hand, if the national government does not change its policy, Driving Actors must initiate a creative RE project using their expertise in the middle phase. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To discuss measures to promote reuse in society, a holistic understanding of reuse businesses and markets is indispensable. This paper presents a simulation model for reuse businesses. To formulate the model, first, prerequisites for reuse businesses are outlined. The simulation model includes these prerequisites as its parameters, and its outcomes yield patterns of reuse markets. The paper presents the formulation of the model and simulation outcomes under four parameter settings. The correspondences between the simulation outcomes and case studies of reuse businesses in Japan are discussed to verify the propriety of the model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]