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In this paper we examine how the intersectoral terms of trade in India between industry and agriculture may have been changing through time, and the associated policy implications which follow. We argue that existing statistical studies of this issue are misleading, not only because they use controlled rather than black market prices, but because in the presence of controls the terms of trade of both sectors can deteriorate. This is because in an equilibrium process in the presence of controls, black markets arise. Buyers' prices on black markets equal controlled prices plus endogenously determined search costs of transactors on controlled markets. Sellers' prices on black markets, less the expected penalty if detected, equal sellers' prices on controlled markets. Thus, black market prices are equal to expected buying prices on either market, and controlled prices equal expected sellers' prices (net of penalties) on either market. As a result, a real income loss results from controls. We illustrate these points using counterfactual equilibrium calculations for India for 1979-80. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 1977, IBM was asked to withdraw from India due to its unwillingnesss to comply with the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1973. However, with (1) the signing of Memorandum of Understanding between the U.S. and India, (2) the easing of trade restrictions by the Government of India against foreign firms, (3) the declining value of the U.S. dollar, (4) the slump in the U.S. computer market, (5) the rapid growth in the Indian computer market, and (6) changes in other environmental factors, IBM again began actively seeking and securing new business. By the mid-1980s, IBM had secured a number of large contracts and was on the verge of re-entry into the burgeoning Indian computer market. The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying factors that influence both the divorce and reunification between host country government and the multinational corporation. The study, conducted through personal interviews with chief executives of IBM, government officials, and other knowledgeable persons, examines the social-political aspects of the FERA and its implications for multinationals in India and elsewhere in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unethical business in India became a recognized phenomenon during the second World War. Academic/journalistic/legal concern with ethics has become visible only during the nineties. Corruption-of-the-poor and corruption-of-the-rich need to be distinguished -- especially in the context of globalization. The danger of attributing unethical practices to system failure is recognized. It is also important to bring to bear on intellectual property rights the more fundamental principle of natural property rights. Consciousness ethics will be more crucial than just intellectual ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little has been reported to date on human resource aspects of international joint ventures (IJVs) between Australia and India. On the basis of nine case studies, this paper examines the influence of HR practices on selecting the IJV as an entry strategy to invest in India and the role of efficient HR management in ensuring IJV success. The case findings suggest that there is a very moderate HR-related influence on the entry mode decision, whereas HR management plays a significant role in IJV success. The paper also identifies several HR issues in relation to Australian-Indian joint ventures which emerged during the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to examine the relationship between competitivenessand environment-friendly behaviour of producers under an economic liberalisation regime. For that purpose, it employs a probit model and estimates the influence of the prime movers of industrial growth suchas technical change and economies of scale on environmental degradation. The empirical results of the study of pulp and paper industry, identified as one of the most polluting industries in India, indicate that these variables, as the key players of competitiveness improvement, have positive influence on environment-friendly behaviour. Such findings, therefore, fail to provide support to a view that articulates ruthless exploitation of the environment under economic liberalisation programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the findings of a study of purchasing and supply management professionals in India conducted to identify the key ethical issues they face in carrying out their work related responsibilities as well as to determine the extent to which various factors appear to be helpful or to present challenges to their efforts to act ethically in the course of their work. The Indian findings are then compared to those for studies conducted among purchasing and supply management professionals in the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. Key findings for the four studies are summarized and implications for business and the professions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the correlation between trade and total factor productivity (TFP) in South Africa. Impact of trade liberalization on the economic performance of the country; Effect of tariff reduction on employment rate; Influence of openness and technology on productivity.

Adoption of total quality management (TQM) is an essential element for the success of business. In spite of many industries implementing TQM, quite a few organizations have eventually lost control of their business. Therefore, something more than TQM adoption is required to face the demanding business world. This work proposes a conceptual framework mainly based on Tamil classical literature, for sustaining business with success, in a highly competitive world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trust has latterly become an important focus of enquiry across the social sciences, and this article reflects critically upon the current literature on the basis of ethnographic research into the transactions of small companies in several sectors of Indian industry, and the reorganization that is taking place in Indian family business groups in the context of economic globalization. It is concluded that much of the argument about the increasing importance of trust in the context of globalization is misplaced, and that it serves an ideological function. The problem of business management in India is that of bringing about change in the institutional framework and in business behaviour in a context in which these changes confront a culture of ‘selective trust’ amongst groups of people in specific social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the European business community on the Nilgiris Hills in India from 1860 to 1900. Comparison of the European community with other settlers in the area; Discussion of the extent of land sold and cultivated commercially on the Nilgiris; Details of the tensions that existed between Indians and Europeans over land use and business competitors.

The paper analyses the composition, social organization and wide range of activities of the Indian maritime merchant of the early modern period. Regional contrasts between Gujarat, the Coromandel coast and Bengal are discussed. The last section of the paper discusses the interaction between the Indian maritime merchants and the Europeans, both the corporate enterprises as well as private traders. It is argued that the Indian merchants displayed a remarkable degree of adaptiveness and resilience and refused to be overwhelmed by the competition provided by the Europeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the case of Bt cotton in Gujarat, India, as an illustration of how public policy chickens out when large-scale violation of ethical and scientific norms takes place with positive business outcomes. Entrepreneurial spirit has created a unique case of farmer participatory research whereon farm crosses are being made between Bt cotton varieties and other released varieties. New production cycles are being created by farmers who have extended the life of the crop from six months to nine months to reap advantage of continuous flowering and thus higher yield. All this has happened in an unauthorised manner, with full public knowledge and despite complaints of Monsanto and MAYHCO about Navbharat Seed Company having ''stolen'' their Bt gene. Farmers are happy, politicians do not care and regulatory agencies are satisfied that sending a few committees to enquire is all that they needed to have done. This article presents a review of important studies in the context of the Bt adventure in Gujarat and discusses the findings obtained in a farmer survey on experience and perception of Bt cotton in Gujarat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐border informal trade is one of the most important issues between India and Bangladesh. It takes place between people who live a short distance apart, but who find themselves separated by an international boundary. The people of international border areas believe that cross‐border informal trade is a process to maintain a sustainable livelihood because it provides a livelihood to the unemployed. This research has analysed the nature and impact of informal border trade between India and Bangladesh. It has highlighted the sources of security and insecurity through the process of informal border trade. It also analyses the different socio‐economic conditions of informal border trade in border trade prone areas. This research argues that although informal border trade is considered illegal, it is necessary for the maintenance of the livelihood for the poor in the bordering areas. The state failures in fulfilling the needs of the poor force them to involve themselves in informal border trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on family politics and exchange of goods in British India. This paper also situates Anglo-Indian gifts within a spectrum of emotionally-charged exchange mechanisms through which products circulated in British India. The gift-giving and market-orientated consumer behaviors occupied shifting positions within a register of exchange in Anglo-India.

The electronic frontier is not something that education has embraced with open arms. There is a natural tendency to resist new ways of doing things. Our commerce teacher's attitude is responsible for the slow acceptance of modern technology in the educational environment. The paper explores the apprehensions of teacher in the implementation of technology and offers suggestions to integrate technology in the classrooms. Though the study is confined to Udupi District, the findings may be relevant to the entire commerce education.

The electronic frontier is not something that education has embraced with open arms. There is a natural tendency to resist new ways of doing things. Our commerce teacher's attitude is responsible for the slow acceptance of modern technology in the educational environment. The paper explores the apprehensions of teachers in the implementation of technology and offers suggestions to integrate technology in the classrooms. Though the study is confined to Udupi District, the findings may be relevant to the entire commerce education.

This article identifies and explains the ways in which firms involved in the debate about the role of biotechnology in Indian agriculture have sought to advance their interests. It argues that the public positions of larger biotech and agro-chemical companies, seed enterprises, and newer start-up firms and the associations to which they belong relate to the differences in their underlying corporate strategies. The extent to which these firms are involved in primary research, export their products, or require protection for their products helps to determine their political affiliations to the leading industry bodies that are active on biotechnology issues. In turn, each of these associations has been shown to have distinct patterns of interaction with particular government agencies involved in the regulation of biotechnology products, as well as differing degrees of contact with global industry coalitions. Through a combination of material influences, in most cases high levels of institutional access, and in a context in which claims about the benefits of biotechnology are echoed and repeated in influential media, industry has played an important role in the evolving regulatory regime. These forms of leverage apply to some firms more than others and smaller actors in the vast seed sector in India are barely involved directly in the current debate about India's "gene revolution." Currently, the policy agenda in Delhi appears to be far more influenced by a fairly close-knit policy network of biotech entrepreneurs from larger multinationals and successful start-up firms with good national and global connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second half of the 1990s has witnessed almost three-fold increase in the exports of Indian electronics industry. The study proposes a model for analysing the export intensity of 164 electronics firms in India and tests the same empirically. The Tobit model is estimated using firm level panel data for the period 2000–2005 for the electronics industry in India. The results show that both size of the firm, foreign direct investment and capital employed have played an important role in boosting exports in this sector. The study has policy implications to improve the performance of the Indian Electronics sector in India and similar other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is high time when the IPR has to be considered in a proactive approach and in consonance with the global development, particularly with business world. The geographical indication is not just an inventory and evidence creation, it is an intellectual capital that calls for promotion and creation of a new culture in the business world. India is very slow and ignorant about many of the aspect of IPR and related legal issues. This paper discusses some of these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, the relations between India and the EU have been largely informed by economics without any similar significant engagement at the political level. In recent times however, amongst others, the changing external environment, the EU's emerging profile as a global actor and India's growing importance both regionally and globally warranted the need for greater political dialogue and cooperation between the two sides. What followed therefore was the formalisation at the highest level of the EU's political dialogue with India and its institutionalisation into a meaningful summit-level partnership leading to a strategic partnership. Areas of divergence and challenges remain but the opportunities that have surfaced are significant and deserving of attention. This article critically analyses the growing strategic partnership between India and the EU in the light of both these realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on institutional theory and entrepreneurial cognition, we test the environmental perception-scanning framework in the United States and India. The results suggest that culture and transition context help explain scanning frequency, but entrepreneurs in the two countries are similar in their perceptions of strategic uncertainty in environmental sectors. Moreover, the perceptions of increased environmental change and sector importance, as conditioned by perceived information accessibility, are associated with increased scanning. Overall, our results provide important indications about perceptions and information seeking, and lend support to indications of a universal mindset of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the conventional education system with different forms of E-learning and rigid academic instructive curriculum could not bring desired changes in specified timeframe work at rural level in the targeted communities and groups, a multipronged sociological approach with a sociable and flexible curriculum in new E-Learning programs becomes need of hour. The impact of socializing influence of these E-Learning programs should be properly exploited to motivate and inspire the rural target groups. The benefits of E-learning then become extensive and soon integrate with the needs of the lower strata of the society in order for achieving a rapid social transformation in the lives of the farmers, vocational groups, artisans and small income self help groups comprising women, girls and physically challenged. The paper suggests a number of new generation E-Learning programs as strategies of development communication with a promise of high returns for the industry for its investment in these programs with socially relevant messages and media convergence.

The article discusses the role of trade and international economic policy in Indian economic performance. It notes that multilateral agencies play an important role in policy formation like World Bank or International Monetary Fund. Moreover, the demographic factor of India also affects its development as well as its international economic policy.

The article offers information regarding the potential of present drivers of economic governance, trade and investment, and envisions intersections and cross-cutting impacts on poverty and human development. It reflects a review employed to highlight scenarios shaping Africa's economic governance and the magnitude of the impact on pro-poor growth. It emphasizes on changes in Africa's economic policy which include stakeholders, poor farmers, economic governance and policy processes. It mentions that the emergence of China and India on the world market have brought about major changes in the character of the global commodity market.

The article focuses on the Roman trade with South India. It states that there was a stream of Roman gold coins found in hoards all over South India, and Roman pottery that has turned up in port Alagankulam. It states that Muziris and the Malabar coast emerge as central to Roman interests in India, especially for pepper, which has been found on archaeological sites all over in Germany and Britain. It states that references in the Tamil literature to developments of the land and land relations with consequent effects on tribal structures.

The article presents a comparative study of the business performance practices in India with European and U.S. business performance studies. The author asserts that every business organization has utilized performance measures in order to successfully implement its strategy and attain its goal. The definition of business performance management is provided. Findings indicate that most company goals are non-financial in nature which is in contrast with their financially inclined performance measures.

Protection of intellectual property as well as its exploitation for monetary benefit have existed for centuries. However, commercialization of intellectual property had not entered the precincts of academic universities in a significant way until the introduction of the Bayh-Dole Act in the 1980s in the United States. The post-Bayh-Dole era has seen a quantitative increase in patenting activity in universities. This article summarizes the ethical conflicts ushered in by increasing commercialization of academic university research. Activities related to the protection and commercial exploitation of intellectual property have led to changes in academic culture that have given room for debate between the puritans and the modernists. Issues contended by the two groups have been identified, and both sides of the argument are discussed. The key to achieving 'responsible commercialization of research' is to balance the Bayh-Dole ethos with the traditional Mertonian norms of academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on an ethnographic study of mobile stores' business practices in a slum community in Mumbai. The basic mobile phone store that sells small "talktime" (the period of billing per call) is graduating to repair, formatting, and maintenance of phone hardware and software. Central to this process of store expansion and skill building is the store entrepreneur. He forges relations with procurement channels and mediating agents, renewing existing ties and expanding business loops by interweaving social and business networks. We refer to these aggregations as "hybrid networks," and we highlight their maintenance as a critical resource governing enterprise potential. By evoking the ecology of the mobile phone business in an urban slum setting, the paper draws attention to the following concepts: 1) the unique potential of ICTs as an entrepreneurial commodity, 2) the micro- and small enterprise (MSE) as a functional model for local technology immersions, and 3) local social networks as pivotal in expanding technology adoption and aligning with the needs of the low-income consumer. In essence, we locate the small mobile phone store as the site of convergence for the commercial expansion of mobile phone technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do rising powers relate to international institutions? At the same time as rising regional powers from the South emerge as key players in international politics, they confront a highly institutionalised world order established and maintained by and for the United States and its allies. Traditional perspectives identify three major patterns of behaviour for rising states in international institutions: balancing, spoiling, and being coopted. This article uses these perspectives to ask how the redistributive aspirations of three rising regional powers – India, Brazil, and South Africa (IBSA) – impact on international institutions in the fields of trade, money, and security. The findings indicate that there is strong variation across issue areas. Trade provides support for the spoiling perspective, while the areas of money and security exhibit aspects familiar both to the balancing and cooptation perspectives. A broader picture emerges of IBSA states' general integration into hegemonic norms and being coopted into existing international institutions, but at the same time as balancing the influence of the established powers and reforming these institutions to conform to a more South-oriented, sovereigntist image of world order. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Co-operative banks have come to constitute an important segment of the financial system, occupy a unique position and organized on co-operative principles. Present study evaluates the performance of the West Bengal State Co-operative bank Ltd. from the year 2001-02 to 2010-11. The West Bengal State Co-operative Bank Ltd. is performing its role of leading the co-operative movement of the state of West Bengal. The objectives of the paper are to explore and evaluate the growth prospect, operational profitability, stability and recovery performance of the WBSCB Ltd. In order to measure the growth prospect of the banks some important parameters like deposits, loans and advances, and business are analysed from the year 2001-02 to 2010-11. The study shows that all the variables exhibited positive and significant growth during the period of study. It is found that overall profitability of the bank during the study period is satisfactory as "Burden Coverage Ratio" in all the years is more than 1. Results obtained in the study shows that WBSCB Ltd. have satisfactory Z score that means probability of book-value insolvency has decreased during the study period, suggesting that banks are sufficiently stable during the period of study. The study finds that recovery performance of WBSCB Ltd. is satisfactory during the period of study. The management of WBSCB Ltd. should focus on diversification of business activities of the banks, modernization of the services rendered by the bank, proper methods of borrower appraisal and credit management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations from hotel sector are increasingly embracing the practice of corporate strategy in anticipation that this will translate to improved performance. Corporate strategy represents the way a firm plans to deploy its resources and to use its capability to achieve its goals. Recent research has pointed out the important role of the business environment on the corporate strategy choices by organizations. However, most of the researches have been conducted in advance economies. This paper extends the research on business environment and corporate strategy by presenting results from an emerging economy. Using data collected from hotels in India we demonstrate that in an emerging economy concerns about the environmental dynamism is the factor with the strongest influence on corporate strategy choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although business groups benefit firms when markets fail, does group affiliation continue to be an advantage for firms in deregulated, globally competitive industries? I argue that affiliation allows firms to tap into the knowledge and connections of sister affiliates. This enables them to attract clients from more industries and foreign markets than can unaffiliated firms, and to attain higher international sales. Using data from the Indian software industry, I find support for these hypotheses, but only for 2000-02, when competition increased as a result of new deregulation. These results suggest business groups continue to provide benefits to group-affiliated firms, including information on market opportunities and "reputation signaling" to clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical relationship between trade openness and economic growth of India has been a debatable issue. The existing literature fails to provide an unambiguous answer. The paper examines this empirical relationship for the time period 1970-2010 using Vector Autoregression method and demonstrates that the relationship has evolved over time following the regime change in the early 1980s when the Indian economy started to move from a state-led growth model to a pro-market regime. Therefore, any assumption of a static trade-growth nexus may lead to inaccurate findings. Our econometric results indicate that growth in trade volumes accelerates economic growth of India since 1980-81 onwards. We do not find evidence of any significant association between trade barriers and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Call center sector in India is a relatively new industry and one of the fastest growing sectors driving employment and growth in modern India today. While employment in the business process outsourcing (BPO) sector has meant that young adults are reaching their career milestones and financial goals much earlier than before, surveys and anecdotal evidence show that workers in the BPO sector experience high levels of stress and its related disorders, primarily due to its contemporary work settings. Safeguarding the health of youngsters employed in this new, growing economy becomes an occupational health challenge to public health specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to develop a framework which can be used by marketing practitioners for effective use of blogs to connect and communicate with customers. Through exploratory research using the netnography and the content analysis method, blogging practices and social media presence of Indian companies are studied to examine use of blogs as an online customer engagement tool and the issues they are facing in implementing this practice. Comparative analysis revealed indicators of effective blogging practice and the link between the outreach of blogs with other forms of social media. Data analysis showed the interaction between subject and object with underlying dimensions like emotions, cognition, and behavior to produce an overall customer engagement. Interplay between various dimensions manifests the outcome of an online and offline engagement with customers. For wider acceptability of the proposed framework, future research directions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India, the low rate of employment of people with disabilities is a large problem in the growing economy. Looking at one advocacy group's strategies for influencing the private sector and lobbying the Indian government for more responsive employment policies, this article focuses on NCPEDP's holistic approach to increasing employment of people with disabilities as an example of notable, innovative practice. The article examines NCPEDP's strategies towards the private sector, public policy, and civil society, including its Disability Awards (highlighting inclusive workplaces), the 2001 and 2011 Census campaigns' efforts for people with disabilities to become accurately counted, and its networks of disability organizations that disseminate relevant information and campaign for greater equality across the nation. The benefits and limitations of these strategies are then assessed for lessons regarding the strategies available to small nongovernmental organizations seeking to influence employment, the private sector and public policy in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate philanthropy is a highly misunderstood & misinterpreted term in India, people often interlink this two term which are having altogether a different prospective. Some Indian companies believe that they are complying with laws & regulations fulfill their need for social responsibility. A corporate must take these activities with sincerity in order to provide a growth full nation. Although India is a favorable business destination but unless poor people have equity in the growth of economy, India can never achieve the title of super economy. Corporate social responsibility is one such important area of corporate behavior & governance that needs to be given thorough importance. At the same time csr is one such effective tool that synergizes the efforts of corporate & the social sector agencies towards sustainable growth & development of the societal objectives at large. This paper emphasizes that how CSR has become a ladder for development of any corporate organizations. This paper tries to bring out CSR initiatives taken by various organizations in India. An emphasis has been made in order to have an understanding about how corporate are utilizing the initiates at name of philanthropy and counting them to be there CSR activity and how the upcoming ceiling of mandatory 2% CSR is getting on their nerves and making them to enter and explore some hidden unexplored arenas of governance. This paper is completely a work based on articles and secondary data so collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common information model (CIM) in vogue represents transmission and distribution components, and market operations in the perspective of electrical system, as unified modeling language (UML) objects. UML is object centric. CIM can offer interoperability and facilitate model exchange for large systems and is being adopted by many utilities. However, dealing effectively with multiple business processes is the backbone of the restructured power systems. Since CIM lacks chronological process sense, this has to be superimposed on CIM models, which is not easy due to inherent limitations of UML. To overcome this, this paper proposes to utilize business process modeling notation (BPMN) standards as a kind of pre-processor. BPMN is used to represent process centric interoperability requirements as business objects. UML object representation in CIM model is derived subsequently from it. The proposal is illustrated with an application use case—deriving CIM model of day-ahead market (DAM) transaction of distribution company, from its business process representation. Semantic model of DAM transaction using CIM IEC 62325 (Markets) and extensions required are presented with a sample Indian system. DAM models in BPMN and CIM can be utilized to build an efficient software application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]