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The evolution of the paramagnetic center system in blood during the healing of skin burn wounds dressed with a biodegradable apitherapeutic nanofiber dressing was examined. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in paramagnetic centers in blood during the influence of apitherapeutic nanofiber dressings on the healing process. The blood samples were tested before burn infliction (day 0) and, respectively, on the 10 th and 21 st days of the experiment. Paramagnetic centers in the blood of the pig used as the model animal were examined with an X-band (9.3 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The EPR spectra were measured with Bruker spectrometer at 230 K with a modulation frequency of 100 kHz. The EPR lines of the high spin Fe 3+ in methemoglobin, high spin Fe 3+ in transferrin, Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin, and free radicals were observed in the multicomponent spectra of blood. For the application of the apitherapeutic nanofiber dressing, the amplitudes of the EPR signals of Fe 3+ in methemoglobin were similar up to 10 days. For the experiment with the apitherapeutic formulation, the heights of EPR signals of Fe 3+ in transferrin were lower after 10 days and 21 days of therapy, compared to day 0. For the application of the apitherapeutic formulation the signals of Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals, strongly decreased after 10 days of therapy, and after 21 days it increased to the initial values characteristic for day 0. The apitherapeutic formulation caused that after 21 days the EPR spectrum of Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals was considerably high. The apitherapeutic formulation interaction after 10 days and after 21 days of therapy resulted in the low EPR lines of Fe 3+ in methemoglobin. EPR spectra of blood may be useful for presentation of the changes in its paramagnetic centers during the healing process of the burn wounds., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Pawel Olczyk et al.)

The multicomponent electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the blood during healing of skin burned wounds treated with a new generation biodegradable dressings containing poly(lactide-co-glycolide) were analysed. The evolution of different types of paramagnetic centers in the blood with time of healing was determined. The EPR spectra of the blood samples at 230 K temperature were measured at 1, 10, and 21 days after burning of the pig skin. The EPR lines of the following paramagnetic centers: the high-spin Fe 3+ in methemoglobin (line I), high-spin Fe 3+ in transferrin (line II), and Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals (line III) were observed in the X-band (9.3 GHz) spectra of the blood. The multicomponent structure of the EPR spectra of the tested blood samples depended on the time of the healing of the burned wounds. The amount of the high-spin Fe 3+ in methemoglobin (line I) in the blood decreased after 21 days of the healing of the burned wounds. The amount of the high-spin Fe 3+ in transferrin (line II) slightly increased after 21 days of therapy with the basis. The amount of Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals (line III) in the blood was very high after 10 days of therapy. At the first day of the healing of the burned wounds, the highest amount of the high-spin Fe 3+ in methemoglobin (line I), the relatively lower amounts of the high-spin Fe 3+ in transferrin (line II), and Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals (line III) existed in the blood. In the medium phase (after 10 days) of the healing of the burned wounds, the extremely higher amounts of Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals (line III) appeared in the blood. In the last phase (after 21 days), only the low differences between the amounts of the high-spin Fe 3+ in methemoglobin (line I), the high-spin Fe 3+ in transferrin (line II), and Cu 2+ in ceruloplasmin and free radicals (line III) were observed. The present study may serve as a starting point for the development of a new technique for monitoring molecular complexes containing iron Fe 3+ (methemoglobin, transferrin) or copper Cu 2+ ions (ceruloplasmin) and free radicals in the blood during wound healing.

The aim of the study was to assess the propolis effect on fibronectin metabolism in the course of burn wounds healing process. A model of burn wound healing of pig skin was applied. The amount of the released glycoprotein was assessed by a surface plasmon resonance. The profile of extracted fibronectin components was also assessed by an electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, with a subsequent immunodetection by Western Blotting. Propolis burn treatment decreased the release of fibronectin components from healing wounds in relation to damages treated with silver sulfadiazine. The main reason of decreased extraction of fibronectin components from wounds treated with propolis was a substantial decrease of degradation product release of the mentioned glycoprotein, which was observed particularly from the 3rd to 5th day of the repair. Wounds treatment with propolis demonstrated, especially in relation to damages treated with silver sulfadiazine, the decreased release of synthesized fibronectin molecules. The obtained results suggest that propolis modifies fibronectin metabolism in the course of wound healing process. The influence of propolis is reflected in prevention of fibronectin biosynthesis as well as its degradation in the wound area. The above-mentioned metabolic changes may decrease the risk of complications in the repair wounds process.

Medicines of biogenic origin with micro-organic, regenerative and analgesic properties are becoming more and more significant in the treatment of burn wounds. These properties are found in apitherapeutics such as propolis and honey--products collected and processed by a honey bee. Their effect on the course of the healing processes is multidirectional. The aim of the study was a histopathological and biochemical analysis of the processes of scar formation in experimentally evoked burn wounds in white pigs treated with the 1% and 3% Sepropol balms containing standardized extracts of propolis and honey. The results were compared with the therapeutic effects obtained with dermazin cream (1% silver sulfadiazine). The level of collagen was determined in the wounds treated with 1% and 3% Sepropol and compared with the collagen level in healthy skin and wounds treated with dermazin. Granulation and regenerated epithelium formation times were compared, with the 3% Sepropol being by far the most effective. The 3% Sepropol also increased the collagen level to 116% with the control sub-groups scoring between 80% and 98%. The results show the healing process of burn wounds in pigs treated with the Sepropol balm starts earlier and has a faster course than the standard dermazin therapy.

Objective: This study was aimed at assessing the dynamics of vitronectin (VN), laminin (LN), and heparan sulfate/heparin (HS/HP) content changes during experimental burn healing., Methods: VN, LN, and HS/HP were isolated and purified from normal and injured skin of domestic pigs, on the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 15th, and 21st days following thermal damage. The wounds were treated with apitherapeutic agent (propolis), silver sulfadiazine (SSD), physiological salt solution, and propolis vehicle. VN and LN were quantified using an immunoenzymatic assay and HS/HP was estimated by densitometric analysis., Results: Propolis treatment stimulated significant increases in VN, LN, and HS/HP contents during the initial phase of study, followed by a reduction in the estimated extracellular matrix molecules. Similar patterns, although less extreme, were observed after treatment with SSD., Conclusions: The beneficial effects of propolis on experimental wounds make it a potential apitherapeutic agent in topical burn management.