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Introduction: Post-intubation tracheal stenosis (PITS) continues to be challenging in terms of diagnosis, management and prevention. Recurrence is common because of excessive granulation tissue formation and an insidious process of scar contracture. Topical application of mitomycin-C (MMC) as an adjuvant treatment for endoscopic management of stenosis has shown good results. The authors aimed to evaluate the results of MMC topical application following bronchoscopic dilatation as an adjuvant in PITS treatment., Methods: Retrospectively selected patients with PITS who had had rigid bronchoscopy (RB) dilatation followed by MMC application as adjuvant to endoscopic treatment. MMC in a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml was applied with a cotton stiletto around the stenotic lesion and granulation tissue for 3 minutes., Results: Eleven patients with PITS, with a median initial tracheal stenosis of 75% of the lumen, underwent RB/MMC treatment. Mean MMC sessions performed/patient was 3.5, with good response and prolonged decrease in granulation tissue formation in 55% of cases, moderate in 18% and relapse in 27%. Mean stenosis improvement was 34%., Conclusions: Topical MMC application at 0.4 mg/ml concentration seems to be associated with good results as adjuvant in PITS management with decrease in granulation tissue and sustained improvement in lumen diameter., (Copyright © 2013 Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Published by Elsevier España. All rights reserved.)

The term "black bronchoscopy" is used to describe the black pigmentation of the airways. It is a rare condition with multiple etiologies. We describe a case of a "black bronchoscopy" due to severe soot deposition as a result of smoke inhalation during a household fire in a 71-year-old woman. Early flexible bronchoscopy allowed for a precise diagnosis of severe inhalation injury, and bronchial lavage was carried out to remove soot casts to reduce complications. Any patient suspected of having smoke inhalation injury should undergo early bronchoscopy to allow for a precise diagnosis, staging, and more aggressive treatment measures as the mortality among patients exposed to smoke with inhalation airway injury is high.

Hemoptysis is a common and alarming clinical problem. Acute massive hemoptysis is a life threatening condition. Different therapeutic strategies such as surgery, endovascular treatment and/or bronchoscopy have been applied. We report two cases of patients with severe hemoptysis who were treated by bronchoscopy guided topical hemostatic tamponade therapy with oxidized regenerated cellulose.

Tracheal stenosis follows any injury to the airway mucosa, such as ischaemic, traumatic and other injuries. The treatment of tracheal stenosis remains a challenging problem despite all the advances in endoscopic and surgical techniques. Scar formation and reestenosis are the main causes of treatment failure. The authors present two cases of successful treatment of a tracheal stenosis after tracheal injury from prolonged oro -tracheal intubation / tracheostomy following dilatation with rigid broncoscope and laser therapy, associated with topical application of mitomycin C as an adjuvant treatment.

Bronchial fracture is a rare, life -threatening injury usually associated with blunt chest trauma. It represents a great task in diagnosis, as its manifestations are various and nonspecific. Bronchoscopy has a primordial role to diagnose and, in selective cases, to treat bronchial fractures. The authors present the case report of a patient with a thoracic trauma after an accident in the workplace. The bronchoscopy revealed a fracture of the left main bronchus. Conservative treatment was per- formed with endobronchial stenting and balloon dilatation. In conclusion, a review of the literature on bronchial fracture and the role of bronchoscopy is presented.