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The study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing chitosan, Bacillus subtilis or blends of both on broiler growth performance, immune response, biochemical variables, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. Two hundred and eighty day-old chicks were distributed into 4 experimental groups, including T0 (control, basal feed), T1 (basal feed + chitosan 0.1% feed), T2 (basal feed + B. subtilis 0.01% feed), and T3 (basal feed + chitosan 0.1% feed + B. subtilis 0.01% feed). Variables measurements and sample collection were conducted on day 35. The T3 did not differ from T0 and T1, but they consumed less (p=0.05) feed than T2 chickens. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p=0.05) in T1 and T3 compared to T0 and T2 groups. Leukocyte counts in T2 and T3 were higher (p=0.05) than those in T0. The T1, T2, and T3 had higher (p=0.05) lymphocyte counts than T0. The T3 had lower (p=0.05) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels than the T0 group. The T2 had higher (p=0.05) levels of total protein and globulin than T3 and T0. Compared to T0 and T3, serum albumin levels were greater (p=0.05) in T1 and T2. The T3 had higher (p=0.05) duodenal villi height than that in the other groups. The T2 and T3 chicks had higher (p=0.05) Newcastle disease titer than T0 and T1. Compared to T2 and T3, T0 and T1 showed a worse (p=0.05) microscopic structure of jejunum. The T2 and T3 showed lower (p=0.05) lesion score in bursa of fabricius than that in the other groups. In conclusion, the blends of chitosan and B. subtilis resulted in improved FCR, higher leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, lower LDL, higher duodenal villi height, higher Newcastle disease titer, better microscopic structure of jejunum, and lower lesion score in bursa of fabricius of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmentalists are now becoming very concerned about issues related to air pollutants especially ammonia emissions from the broiler industry. Ammonia produced by broiler farms not only has a detrimental effect on the health and productivity of broiler chickens, but also has a severe influence on the environment. The ammonia emissions from broiler chicken houses can be effectively reduced by lowering the protein content of the feed, although broiler growth performance can suffer as a result. To improve protein digestibility and utilization in broiler chickens, enzymes can be used as feed additives. Hence, enzymes can avoid feeding with excessive protein content to broilers. Due to its ability to improve digestion and retention of N in the body, enzymes especially protease can reduce N excretion through excreta so that it has an impact on reducing ammonia emissions from broiler chicken houses. This present review provides an overview of the role of enzymes in reducing ammonia emissions from broiler farms. The mechanism of how enzymes reduce ammonia emissions from broiler farms is also discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve growth performance and health, the broiler industry has recently incorporated plant sources and dairy milk byproducts as feed additives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) or their combination on production performance, physiological status, gut integrity and immune responses of broilers. A total of 364 day old broiler chicks were used and assigned according to a completely randomized design with four dietary treatments, including CONT (basal feed as control), MOLE (basal feed + 1% MOLE), WPC (basal feed + 1% WPC), and MOLE-WPC (basal feed + 0.5% MOLE + 0.5% WPC). Daily weight gain and daily feed intake of broilers were higher in WPC and CONT groups (P<0.05) compared to MOLE group. The low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were lower in CONT and WPC (P<0.05) than in MOLE and MOLE-WPC groups. The serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were lower in MOLE group (P<0.05) than in MOLE-WPC. In comparison to the CONT and WPC groups, the villi height and ratio of villi to crypt depth in the duodenum were more favorable in the MOLE and MOLE-WPC groups. The lactose negative enterobacteria have a lower number (P<0.05) in MOLE group. Histologically, the jejunum, ileum, and spleen were in better condition in the MOLE and MOLE-WPC groups (P<0.05) than in the other groups. In conclusion, supplementing MOLE, WPC or their combination improved the gut integrity and immune organ, but had no appreciable impact on production performance and physiological status in broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effect of sprouted papaya seed meal (SPSM) on physiological conditions, intestinal bacteria and meat quality of broilers. A 390 broiler chicks were distributed to T0 (control feed), T1 (feed with 2.5% papaya seed meal [PSM]), T2 (1% SPSM), T3 (2.5% SPSM), and T4 (5% SPSM). Blood, intestinal digesta and meat were obtained at day 36. Feeding 2.5% PSM lowered (P<0.05), but SPSM up to 5% had no effect on daily gain. PSM reduced (p<0.05) feed intake, but not SPSM. Feed efficiency was lower (P<0.05) in T4. Feeding 5% SPSM increased (P=0.06) bursa of fabricius. T1, T3 and T4 had lower (P=0.09) heterophils. Mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were lower (P<0.05) in T4. Cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio of PSM and SPSM was lower (P<0.05) than control. SPSM at 2.5% increased (P<0.05) serum HDL. PSM-fed birds had lower cholesterol (P=0.07), triglyceride (P=0.09) and lowdensity lipoprotein (P=0.09). PSM or SPSM decreased (P<0.05) serum total protein, albumin and globulin. PSM and SPSM reduced (P<0.05) creatinine. Alanine aminotransferase was reduced (P<0.05) with SPSM at 1 and 2.5%. Ileal lactic acid bacteria to coliform ratio in PSM and SPSM was greater (P<0.05) than in control. Ileal coliform was lower (P=0.08) in PSM and SPSM. PSM reduced (P=0.08) saturated fatty acids, while 1 and 2.5% SPSM increased (P=0.09) unsaturated fatty acids contents of meats. In conclusion, SPSM improved immune competence, blood lipid profile and gut bacterial population of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the effects of administration of graded levels of fermented Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate in drinking water on the growth performance, hematological variables, intestinal ecology, and carcass characteristics of broilers. The experiment was arranged based on a completely randomized design. Two hundred day-old-Lohmann broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 treatment groups, each consisting of 5 replications with 10 chicks in each replication. The treatments were administration of fermented A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate through drinking water at concentrations of 0% (CONT), 0.5% (FAB05), 1.0% (FAB1), and 2.0% (FAB2). Blood was sampled on days 21 and 33, while intestinal segments and digesta were collected on day 33. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (p<0.05) with the increased concentrations of fermented filtrate in drinking water. Body weight, cumulative feed intake, and mortality of broilers were not affected by the treatments. On day 21, thrombocytes decreased (p<0.05) with the increased concentrations of fermented filtrate. On day 33, leukocytes and lymphocytes were lower (p<0.05) in treated chicks than in control. On day 21, the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased (p<0.05) with the enhanced fermented filtrate concentrations. On day 33, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased (p<0.05) following the increased fermented filtrate concentration in drinking water. Fermented fruit filtrate increased (p<0.05) jejunal villi height and ileal crypt depth. Fermented filtrate also resulted in higher (p<0.05) pH values of jejunum. The Enterobacteriaceae counts in the ileum decreased (p<0.05) with the increased fermented filtrate concentration in drinking water. Fermented fruit filtrate decreased (p<0.05) the liver and caeca weights and increased (p<0.05) the proventriculus weight. In conclusion, administration of 2% of fermented A. bilimbi L. fruit filtrate (pH 1.83) through drinking water improved FCR, physiological condition, and intestinal ecology of broilers. The addition of fermented fruit filtrate up to 2% in drinking water did not exert a negative effect on the carcass characteristics of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and M. oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the breast meat characteristics of broiler chickens. From day 8 onward, 400 Lohmann broiler chicks were allotted to four dietary groups included CONT (maizesoybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (maize-soybean-based feed supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (feed containing 20% of FCPMO) and FERB (feed containing 20% of FCPMO and 0.1% probiotic Bacillus subtilis). At day 35, one male chick from each replicate (10 chicks per treatment group) was taken and slaughtered. After being eviscerated and de-feathered, sample of breast meat was obtained for the assessment of meat characteristics. Results showed that feeding FCPMO had no effect (P>0.05) on pH and water holding capacity (WHC) of breast meats. Compared to other groups, FERB meat had higher (P<0.05) cooking loss. FERM and FERB meats had lower (P<0.05) moisture content than that of CONT and BACI meats. Feeding FCPMO with or without B. subtilis increased (P<0.05) crude protein content of breast meats. Feeding FCPMO resulted in lower (P<0.05) fat content in the breast meat. Compared to other meats, breast meats from BACI had higher (P<0.05) ash content. Cholesterol was lower (P=0.08) in FERB than in BACI and FERM meats. The 2,2- diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 values were higher (P<0.05) in meat of CONT than that in other groups. Feeding FCPMO resulted in higher (P<0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), lower (P<0.05) monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and had no effect on saturated fatty acids (SFA) contents of broiler breast meats. In conclusion, feeding FCPMO produced healthy broiler meat as reflected by the higher contents of protein, PUFA and antioxidants, and lower fat in meats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study assessed the impact of fermented Averrhoa bilimbi fruit filtrate (FF) on growth, gut morphology, and meat traits of high-stocked broilers. Materials and Methods: A 2 × 2 factorial trial with stocking densities (9 or 18 birds/m2) and drinking 2% FF or plain water was conducted using 378 14-day-old broiler chicks. On day 35, samples were obtained and analyzed. Results: FF improved feed efficiency and income over the feed cost of high-stocked broilers by about 7.63% and 10%, respectively, compared to high-stocked broilers receiving only water. FF decreased duodenal crypt depth and meat water-holding capacity. Meats from high-stocked broil¬ers receiving FF showed lower cholesterol than other meats. Lower cholesterol/high-density lipo¬protein (HDL) and higher HDL/low-density lipoprotein were found in meats from broilers receiving FF. Total unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) was higher in meats of high-stocked broilers receiving FF than others. The UFA/saturated fatty acid was lower in meats of high-stocked broilers receiving plain water. High-stocked broilers given FF had higher meat n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). FF enhanced meat n-6 PUFA levels. The n-3/n-6 PUFA increased with high density and drinking FF. Conclusion: Drinking FF improved gut morphology and meat qualities of broilers housed in high-density pens. FF may be an excellent alternative to improve the growth and meat qualities of broilers raised in high-density houses. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(3.000): 536-545]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of two-stage fermented cassava pulp (FCP) on growth, blood parameters, intestinal microbiology and carcass characteristics of broilers. Two hundreds Lohmann broiler chicks were used from days 22 to 38 and allotted to CONT (maize-soybean-mealbased finisher diet), FCP-10 (finisher diet containing 10% FCP), FCP-15 (15% FCP) and FCP-20 (20% FCP). FCP was included into finisher diet at the expense of maize. On day 38, one bird per replicate was blood sampled and slaughtered. Ileal and caecal digesta and duodenal, jejunal and ileal segments were obtained for intestinal microbiology and villi height measurements. Breast muscle was obtained for meat colour determination. FCP-10 had a higher (p.0.05) body weight gain than CONT. Feed intake was highest (p.0.05) in FCP-15 and the lowest (p.0.05) in CONT. Feed conversion ratio was lowest and highest in FCP-10 and FCP-15, respectively (p.0.05). FCP-20 had a lower (p.0.05) abdominal fat than CONT and FCP-10. CONT had lower (p.0.05) serum total triglycerides than FCP-15 and FCP-20. Duodenal villi height for FCP-20 was higher (p.0.05) than that for CONT and FCP-15. The ileal villi height for FCP-20 was lower (p.0.05) than that for CONT and FCP-15. The wings relative weight was higher (p.0.05) in FCP-20 than in FCP-10 and FCP-15. FCP-15 and FCP-20 had higher (p.0.05) L* (lightness) values than CONT. In conclusion, feeding two-stage FCP up to 20% had no deleterious effect on growth, haematological parameters, intestinal microbiology and carcass characteristics. Feeding two-stage FCP at a level of 20% reduced the abdominal fat content and increased duodenal villi height of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Natural feed additives are important for broiler sustainability during the post-antibiotic era. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effects of the dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus casei-fermented mixture of red rice and aromatic ginger (FERMIX) on growth, blood profiles, intestinal bacterial content, and morphological measurements of broilers. Materials and Methods: Two hundred broiler chicks were allotted to four groups with five replications, including CONTROL (chicks provided with basal feed), FERMIX025 (basal feed supplemented with 0.25% FERMIX), FERMIX050 (0.50% FERMIX), and FERMIX100 (1.00% FERMIX). FERMIX is an anaerobic fermentation product from a mixture of red rice flour and aromatic ginger using L. casei. Blood, organs, digesta, and carcass were collected on day 35. Results: Final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not differ (p>0.05) across treatments. FERMIX at 0.5% increased (p

Objective: This work investigated the impact of acidified turmeric on growth, blood profile, and gut bacterial counts of broiler chickens stocked in an overcrowding stress condition. Materials and Methods: A total of 285 14-day-old Lohmann broiler strains were distributed to T0 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at a density of 9 chicks/m2), T1 (chicks receiving basal feed raised at 16 chicks/m2), T2 (chicks receiving 1% turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2), and T3 (chicks receiving 1% acidified turmeric powder raised at 16 chicks/m2). Body weight and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 37, blood and intestinal content were collected and analyzed. Results: Body weight was higher while feed conversion ratio was lower in T0 than in other groups. Compared to T0, T1 had a lower thymus weight. Erythrocytes and hematocrits were greater in T0 than in T2 and T3. Hemoglobin was higher in T0 than in T3. Serum superoxide dismutase differed as T0 < T1 < T2. Ileal coliform was higher in T0 than in T1 and T3. Lactic acid bacteria counts were higher in T0 and T1 than in T2 and T3. Conclusions: Acidified turmeric was capable of maintaining the relative weight of the immune organ and ameliorating the oxidative stress of the broiler during overcrowding stress. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(1.000): 87-94]

Background and Aim: In the post-antibiotic era, consumer demand for healthy and safe meats has prompted poultry producers to seek alternative effective feed additives. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a novel natural feed additive based on a mixture of Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit filtrate, wheat bran, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth rate, internal organ weight, and breast meat characteristics of broilers. Materials and Methods: A total of 280 1-day-old chicks were divided into one control (CNTRL; feed without additives) and three treatment groups: NOV25, feed with 2.5 g/kg novel additive; NOV50, feed with 5.0 g/kg novel additive; and NOV100, feed with 10 g/kg novel additive. The body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly. On day 35, the chickens from each group were slaughtered, and their internal organs and breast meat samples were collected. Results: The BW of broilers in NOV100 was greater (p=0.016) than that in the other groups. The FCRs in the treatments groups were lower (p

Aim: The study investigated the effect of feeding fermented mixture of cassava pulp and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (FCPMO) on the immune responses, antioxidative status, biochemical parameters, and intestinal ecology of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: Four hundred Lohmann broiler chickens were distributed to four groups of diets including CONT (corn-soybean-based feed with no additive), BACI (corn-soybean-based diet supplemented with 0.1% zinc bacitracin), FERM (diet containing 20% FCPMO), and FERB (diet containing 20% FCPMO and added with 0.1% Bacillus subtilis). At days 4, 14, and 19, the chicks were vaccinated using commercial Newcastle disease-infectious bursal disease (ND-IBD), IBD, and ND vaccines, respectively. At day 35, blood was sampled and digesta was obtained from the ileum and caecum. Furthermore, the duodenal segment was obtained. Results: The BACI, FERM, and FERB groups had higher (p0.05) on cecal volatile fatty acids production. Conclusion: Feeding FCPMO improved immune responses, antioxidative status, and physiological conditions, but had less effect on the intestinal ecology of broilers.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of feed deprivation over the first 48 h post-hatch on the composition of fatty acids in broiler meat. Sixty 1-d-old Ross chicks were divided to two experimental groups, i.e., birds provided access to feed and water ad libitum immediately post-hatch until d 35 and birds deprived from feed but not from water over the first 48 h post-hatch. Blood for cholesterol analysis was collected on d 34. The same birds were sacrificed on d 36, and immediately breast meat, abdominal fat, heart and liver were collected and weighed. Feed deprivation over the first 48 h post-hatch retarded (P<0.05) growth performance of chickens, but had no impact (P>0.05) on the abdominal fat, fatty acid profile of meat, total serum cholesterol level as well as the weight of heart and liver of broiler. In conclusion, early post-hatch feeding is a beneficial means to enhance the final body weight of broilers without affecting the meat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the current study was to investigate the influence of probiotic Chrysonilia crassa in comparison with zinc bacitracin, commercial probiotic Bacillus subtilis, and herbal medicine waste on growth, intestinal microbiology, and blood indices of broilers. Materials and methods: Three hundreds of Lohmann day-old chicks were allocated to control diet (basal diet; CONT), basal diet with antibiotic zinc bacitracin (AZB), basal diet with B. subtilis (PROB), basal diet with C. crassa (PROC), and basal diet with herbal medicine waste (HERBW). Sample collections were conducted on day 34 of the experiment. Results: PROB showed greater (P [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(3.000): 332-342]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding Acremonium charticola-fermented cassava pulp (AC-FCP) on the intestinal microbial ecology and hematological indices of broiler chickens. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 male Lohman day-old-chicks were randomly allotted to one of the four experimental diets including control diet, control diet + antimicrobials (neomycin; 300 mg/kg diet), diet containing AC-FCP (16 g/100 g diet) or diet containing AC-FCP + antimicrobials. At day 28, the birds from each pen were blood sampled, sacrificed and immediately the internal organs were removed and weighed. Digesta were obtained from the ileum and cecum. Results: Birds fed AC-FCP had lower (p