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The objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of purebred Bos taurus taurus bovine breeds raised in Brazil in association with climatic, physical and socioeconomic variables. The breeds Aberdeen Angus, Ayrshire, Braford, Brangus, Charolais, Devon, Flemish, Hereford, Pinzgauer, Shorthorn and Simental were classified according to their aptitude (milk, meat or dual-purpose). They were spatialized according to their aptitude using state and municipal information. The milk breeds were found in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, while the dual-purpose breeds were found in Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul states and the beef breeds were concentrated in the southern region. Only the Aberdeen Angus meat breed showed higher dispersion in other regions. Meat and dual-purpose breeds tended to be raised in regions with lower maximum temperature, average temperature, thermal amplitude and temperature-humidity index. Dual-purpose breeds were found in municipalities with high humidity and altitude, but with a low gross domestic product, little technical guidance received from cooperatives and the government, low control of diseases and parasites, as well as low use of pasture rotation systems. The spatial distribution of Brazilian bovine taurine breeds, regardless of aptitude, was related to climatic, physical and socioeconomic factors. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição espacial de raças bovinas puras Bos taurus taurus criadas no Brasil, associadas a variáveis climáticas, físicas e socioeconômicas. As raças Aberdeen Angus, Ayrshire, Braford, Brangus, Charolês, Devon, Flamenga, Hereford, Pinzgauer, Shorthorn e Simental foram classificadas de acordo com sua aptidão (leite, carne ou duplo-propósito). Elas foram espacializadas de acordo com sua aptidão a partir de informações estaduais e municipais. As raças leiteiras foram encontradas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina, enquanto as raças de duplo-propósito foram encontradas nos estados de Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul, e as raças de carne concentraram-se na região Sul. Apenas a raça de carne Aberdeen Angus apresentou maior dispersão nas demais regiões. As raças de carne e de duplo-propósito tendem a ser criadas em regiões com menores temperatura máxima, temperatura média, amplitude térmica e índice de temperatura e umidade. As raças de duplo-propósito foram encontradas em municípios com alta umidade e altitude, mas com baixo produto interno bruto, pouca orientação técnica recebida de cooperativas e do governo, baixo controle de doenças e de parasitas e baixo uso de sistema de rotação de pastagens. A distribuição espacial das raças taurinas bovinas brasileiras, independentemente da aptidão, foi relacionada a fatores climáticos, físicos e socioeconômicos.

Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus cattle subspecies present different capabilities in coping with situations of elevated temperatures, the latter being more tolerant to heat stress. Thus, some breeding programs crossed these subspecies to produce a high producing yet heat-tolerant breed (Girolando). Nineteen Holstein (H100) and 19 Girolando cows [(½ Holstein x Gir (H50) and ¾ Holstein x Gir (H75)] with similar milk production were used in a six-day experiment to evaluate the consequences of heat stress due to shade deprivation on their physiological, blood and milk traits. Cows were exposed to a non-shaded environment between morning (06:00h; GMT -3:00) and evening milking (14:30h; GMT -3:00) with access to water ad libitum. Procedures were conducted before morning and evening milkings. Physiological parameters related to mechanisms of heat dissipation were measured, as well as the milk composition. Blood traits were evaluated. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Statistical procedures included analysis of variance, correlation and principal factors. THI was elevated during the entire trial and negatively impacted physiological, milk and blood parameters in H100, H75 and H50. Alterations in physiology, milk stability, milk composition and blood traits were more pronounced in H100. Holstein cows presented changes in physiological parameters in a more pronounced manner and in some milk and blood traits related to the reduced capability of this breed in dealing with elevated THI. The similarity in milk production levels excludes this parameter as a justification for differences in heat tolerance, with genetic composition being the main reason for this results.

Western hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins, and some local or rare breeds are reported to be adapted to their environments and economically important. By-in-large these genetic resources have not been quantified. Using 50 K SNP genotypes of 244 animals from 12 goat populations in United States, Costa Rica, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps documenting goat migration to the “New World”. Our findings suggest the concept of breed, particularly among “locally adapted” breeds, is not a meaningful way to characterize goat populations. The USA Spanish goats were found to be an important genetic reservoir, sharing genomic composition with the wild ancestor and with specialized breeds (e.g. Angora, Lamancha and Saanen). Results suggest goats in the Americas have substantial genetic diversity to use in selection and promote environmental adaptation or product driven specialization. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining goat conservation programs and suggest an awaiting reservoir of genetic diversity for breeding and research while simultaneously discarding concerns about breed designations. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: do Prado Paim, Tiago. Universidade de Brasília; Brasil. Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Fazenda Escola Campus Iporá; Brasil Fil: Assis Faria, Danielle. Universidade de Brasília; Brasil Fil: Hay, El Hamidi. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory; Estados Unidos Fil: McManus, Concepta. Universidade de Brasília; Brasil Fil: Lanari, María Rosa. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Chaverri Esquivel, Laura. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Cascante, María Isabel. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Jimenez Alfaro, Esteban. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica; Costa Rica Fil: Mendez, Argerie. Instituto de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnologia Agropecuaria; Costa Rica Fil: Faco, Olivardo. Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Fazenda Três Lagoas; Brasil Fil: de Moraes Silva, Kleibe. Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Fazenda Três Lagoas; Brasil Fil: Mezzadra, Carlos Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina Fil: Mariante, Arthur. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Parque Estação Biológica; Brasil Fil: Rezende Paiva, Samuel. Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Parque Estação Biológica; Brasil Fil: Blackburn, Harvey David. USDA. National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation; Estados Unidos

Summary Some livestock breeds face the challenge of reduced genetic variation, increased inbreeding depression owing to genetic drift and selection. Hybridization can reverse these processes and increase levels of productivity and adaptation to various environmental stressors. Samples from American Brangus were used to evaluate the indicine/taurine composition through nine generations (~45 years) after the hybridization process was completed. The purpose was to determine how hybridization alters allelic combinations of a breed over time when genetic factors such as selection and drift are operating. Furthermore, we explored genomic regions with deviations from the expected composition from the progenitor breeds and related these regions to traits under selection. The Brangus composition deviated from the theoretical expectation, defined by the breed association, of 62.5% taurine, showing taurine composition to be 70.4 ± 0.6%. Taurine and indicine proportion were not consistent across chromosomes. Furthermore, these non‐uniform areas were found to be associated with traits that were probably under selection such as intermuscular fat and average daily gain. Interestingly, the sex chromosomes were predominantly taurine, which could be due to the composite being formed particularly in the final cross that resulted in progeny designated as purebred Brangus. This work demonstrated the process of new breed formation on a genomic level. It suggests that factors like genetic drift, selection and complementarity shift the genetic architecture into a uniquely different population. These findings are important to better understand how hybridization and crossbreeding systems shape the genetic architecture of composite populations.

Among the animal species first introduced in Brazil during the country's discovery, horses (Equus caballus) stand out because of their evolutionary history and relationship with humans. Among the Brazilian horse breeds, the Pantaneiro draws attention due to its adaptative traits. Blood samples of 116 Pantaneiro horses were divided into six populations based on their sampling location, aiming to identify the existence of genetic structure and quantify genetic diversity within and between them. Populations were compared to elucidate genetic variability and differentiation better and assess the impact of Pantanal's natural geographic barriers on gene flow between populations. Data from the GGP Equine BeadChip (Geneseek-Neogen, 65.157 SNPs) was used to assess basic diversity parameters, genetic distance (FST), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and population structure (ADMIXTURE) for the sampled animals. Mantel Test was also performed to investigate the correlation between the populations' genetic and geographic distances. Results showed high genetic variability in all populations, with elevated levels of admixture in their structure. High levels of admixture make it challenging to establish a racial pattern and, consequently, populations within the breed, being that only one of the populations differentiated itself from the others. No significant correlations between genetic and geographic distances were observed, indicating that environmental barriers did not hinder gene flow between populations. and neither farmers selection practices might have change breed genetic composition signficantly Low genetic distance and similar heterozygosity values were observed among populations, suggesting strong genetic proximity and low differentiation. Thereby, the Pantaneiro breed does not exhibit genetic subpopulations and could be considered, for conservation purposes, a single big population in the Panatnal region. This study will support sampling strategies for National genebank.

Brazilian hair sheep constitute a genetic diversity hotspot. These animals are found in the harsh environments of the Brazilian Northwest (semi-arid) region. Genotypes (50K SNP chip) from seven Brazilian sheep breeds (five hair and two coarse wool types) and 87 worldwide breeds were used to test for population structure, admixture and genetic diversity. Moreover, phylogenetic trees evaluating migration events between genetic groups were built. Brazilian Somali, a fat-tailed breed, had a close relationship with East African breeds and clustered distinctly from other Brazilian breeds. Brazilian Blackbelly and Barbados Blackbelly had a close relationship. The Morada Nova breed did not show close relationships with European or African breeds, revealing a single migration event from an Algerian hair breed. Brazilian Fat-tail and Morada Nova share a common ancestor, but the former showed introgressions from Brazilian Somali and Afrikaner breeds, explaining the fat-tail phenotype. The Santa Ines breed received a substantial contribution from Brazilian Bergamasca and showed an admixed origin with recent introgressions from other breeds, mainly from Suffolk. Furthermore, Brazilian Somali and Brazilian Fat-tail are the most endangered sheep genetic resources in Brazil and should be the focus for ex situ conservation programs. In conclusion, Brazilian hair sheep show an African origin and are characterized by diverse genetic composition, reinforcing the need for conservation of these genetic resources, and at the same time, this highly diverse group has variability that can be used in breeding programs.

Existem diversas opções de genética de ovinos para os sistemas de produção, desde recursos genéticos locais (geralmente adaptados as condições ambientais) até raças especializadas. O cruzamento é uma alternativa para explorar a heterose e complementariedade entre as raças. Este estudo avaliou oito grupos genéticos obtidos a partir do cruzamento entre Santa Inês (SI), Poll Dorset (PD), Dorper (DO), East Friesian (EF), Primera (PR), and White Dorper (WD). SI e PD foram usados com raças paternas e maternas, enquanto as demais foram usadas apenas como raças paternas. Quarenta e oito cordeiros foram avaliados para altura da cernelha, perímetro torácico, comprimento do corpo e da garupa e espessura da pele, bem como peso de carcaça fria e peso dos cortes comerciais como pescoço, fralda, paleta, pernil, costela e lombo. Os animais Santa Inês demoraram mais tempo para atingir o peso de abate (30 kg) que as cruzas com Dorper e Poll Dorset. Os animais 87PDSI, 75PDSI e DOPD apresentaram maior peso dos cortes comerciais e maior rendimento de carcaça. O uso da raça Santa Inês, uma raça localmente adaptada, como raça maternal em sistema de cruzamento apresentou resultados similares ao uso de Poll Dorset, uma raça especializada para produção de carne. Esses resultados destacam a utilidade dos recursos genéticos locais em sistema de produção intensivo. Poll Dorset é a raça paterna recomendada para o cruzamento com matrizes Santa Inês em sistema de produção intensivo.

The aim of this study was to describe the population structure of Morada Nova sheep breed using pedigree analysis to support development strategies for conservation and breeding programs. Data was available on 10,015 Morada Nova animals born between 1973 and 2014, registered by ARCO (Brazilian Association of Sheep Breeders). The animals were divided into three categories: (1) Base: animals of unknown origin showing strong breed morphology; (2) Prov: animals with genealogy control for one (Prov I), two (Prov II) or three (Prov III) complete generations; (3) PO: animals with four or more complete generations of controlled genealogy. Data was analyzed using the ENDOG software v4.8 to determine individual inbreeding (F), effective population size (Ne), effective number of founders (fe), effective number of ancestors (fa) and number of founder genome equivalents (fg), generation intervals (Int) and genetic conservation index (GCI), of the Morada Nova sheep breed. The Base population (one or more unknown parents) contained 4,709 animals. Only 53.03% and 52.98% had known sire and dam, respectively. Most animals were found in the Brazilian Northeast, but in recent years numbers have increased in Sao Paulo State. Generation interval in this breed was approximately 3.6 years. Most farms buy rams or semen which helps maintain low inbreeding levels, as well as using their own rams. There is a need to increase registration beyond Base animals and use pedigree to avoid crosses between related animals. Nevertheless, no immediate problems were seen for maintenance of genetic diversity within the Morada Nova sheep breed.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos genéticos relacionados à produção e à eficiência reprodutiva de búfalas das raças Murrah, Mediterrâneo e suas cruzas. Uma classificação de touros da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental também foi composta para orientar os cruzamentos assistidos. Foram utilizados 2.322 registros de nascimento de búfalas das raças Murrah, Mediterrâneo e cruzadas do rebanho da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, de 1953 a 2013, bem como características produtivas e reprodutivas. As análises genéticas foram realizadas pelo software Wombat, utilizando-se o modelo animal com análise de duas características. Enquanto a herdabilidade (h 2 ) para a produção total de leite (PTL) e para a porcentagem de gordura (G) foi alta, para as características reprodutivas a h 2 tendeu a ser baixa. As correlações genéticas da PTL com as demais características foram baixas e negativas, exceto para a PTL com intervalo entre partos (IP) e período de serviço (PS) na raça Mediterrâneo e com idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e PS nas cruzadas, que foram positivas e altas. O touro 1001 apresentou alta capacidade de transmissão predita (CTP) para a PTL, então deve transmitir um maior volume de leite para seus descendentes, embora com um menor conteúdo transmissível de CTP para G. Portanto, existe variabilidade suficiente dentro do rebanho para trabalhar com o manejo genético para a produção e a eficiência reprodutiva. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic aspects related to production and reproductive efficiency of Murrah and Mediterranean buffaloes and their crosses. A ranking of bulls from Embrapa Eastern Amazonia was also composed to guide assisted mating. Birth records of 2,322 Murrah, Mediterranean, and crossbred buffaloes from the Embrapa Eastern Amazon herd, from 1953 to 2013, as well as information on production and reproductive traits were used. Genetic analyzes were performed in the WOMBAT software using the animal model with two-trait analysis. While heritability (h2) for total milk production (TMP) and fat milk percentage (F) were generally high, for reproductive traits h2 tended to be low. Genetic correlations for TMP with the other traits were low and negative, except for TMP with calving interval (CI) and service period (SP) in the Mediterranean breed and with age at first calving (AFC) and SP in crossbred, which were positive and high. Bull 1001 had high predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for TMP, so it should transmit a greater volume of milk to his offspring, although it had a lower PTA for F. There was sufficient variability within the herd to work with genetic management for both production and reproductive efficiency.

There are few animal germplasm/gene bank collections in Brazil, and basic studies are needed to attend the future internal and external demands from international partners. The aim of this work was to validate a “proof of concept” that integrates spatial (georeferenced data) and genetic data regarding the local of origin from 3518 DNA samples from 17 different genetic groups or breeds of sheep in the Brazilian Germplasm bank. Spatialisation shows that not all genetic groups have samples in the bank, and collection is concentrated in the conservation nuclei spread nationwide. Only 21% of states with a specific breed have samples in the gene bank. The mean number of animals sampled per collection was 32, while the mean distance travelled to collect samples was 262 km from the conservation nuclei. For example, the Brazilian Somali were only collected in the conservation nucleus in Ceara State. No samples were collected to date for the Cariri breed, which is recognised by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture. Only two farms and one breed in the bank are from the northern region. Of the 27 states, there are samples in the gene bank of sheep from 13, so several states have no samples, requiring collection from herds outside the official system of conservation to make sure that studies using this germplasm realised are not biased. Significant genetic differences are seen above 332 km, which should guide future sampling efforts. Suggestions are given for improving the quantity, quality and diversity of samples in the gene bank.

Brazil is one of the world’s largest milk producers. Several scientific studies have been developed related to landscape analyses that combine genetic with landscape structure data. In the present study, we aimed to analyze the relationship between genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic aspects of production in Girolando cattle in Brazil, as well as verify the spatial patterns of its genetic diversity. Genetic values and accuracy of 46,289 animals were used as well as information from DNA of 310 Girolando animals. Canonic, discriminant, and cluster analyses were conducted in SAS® and K-means method in ArcGIS 10.3 software. The relationship between genetic and geographic distance was analyzed using different methods in software Alleles in Space®. Clusters with animals with higher genetic values for milk production are located in municipalities with lower gross domestic product, fewer family-based establishments, and lower human development index. These clusters are associated with regions with higher area planted with crops, lower percentage of pastures that were less degraded, higher humidity, lower temperature range, and lower normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. The greater the geographical distance between groups of animals, the greater the genetic distance between them with a significant distinction over 504 km. There is high genetic heterogeneity among animals. From these results, it will be possible to develop methodologies for better evaluation of the animals within the production systems.

Cattle breeding routinely uses crossbreeding between subspecies (Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus) to form composite breeds, such as Brangus. These composite breeds provide an opportunity to identify recent selection signatures formed in the new population and evaluate the genomic composition of these regions of the genome. Using high-density genotyping, we first identified runs of homozygosity (ROH) and calculated genomic inbreeding. Then, we evaluated the genomic composition of the regions identified as selected (selective sweeps) using a chromosome painting approach. The genomic inbreeding increased at approximately 1% per generation after composite breed formation, showing the need of inbreeding control even in composite breeds. Three selected regions in Brangus were also identified as Angus selection signatures. Two regions (chromosomes 14 and 21) were identified as signatures of selection in Brangus and both founder breeds. Five of the 10 homozygous regions in Brangus were predominantly Angus in origin (probability >80%), and the other five regions had a mixed origin but always with Brahman contributing less than 50%. Therefore, genetic events, such as drift, selection, and complementarity, are likely shaping the genetic composition of founder breeds in specific genomic regions. Such findings highlight a variety of opportunities to better control the selection process and explore heterosis and complementarity at the genomic level in composite breeds.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar medidas morfométricas de bovinos da raça Crioula Lageana em diferentes idades, para estabelecer padrões de variação dessas medidas, contribuindo para a caracterização fenotípica da raça. Foram coletadas medidas corporais (comprimento corporal, altura da cernelha, perímetro torácico, altura da garupa, largura da garupa e comprimento de garupa) de 346 animais oriundos de três regiões do Planalto Catarinense (Campos de Curitibanos, Coxilha Rica e Campos de Caçador). As medidas morfométricas foram avaliadas em relação à idade, sexo e região de origem. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando SAS versão 9.3. Os procedimentos utilizados incluíram análise de variância, correlações, cluster, discriminante e análise canônica. Foi observada diferença estatística entre machos e fêmeas para todas as medições, exceto altura da garupa, demonstrando o dimorfismo sexual. A altura da garupa variou até 3 e 5 anos de idade e comprimento do corpo variou em animais com mais de 11 anos de idade; enquanto a largura da garupa e perímetro torácico variaram até 7 e 9 anos de idade. Em média, 50% dos animais foram classificados correctamente, o que indica pouca diferença entre as regiões para as características morfométricas. Além disso, animais de Campos de Curitibanos foram os que apresentaram maior distância dos animais das outras regiões do planalto de Santa Catarina. As correlações entre altura da cernelha, largura e comprimento da garupa foram acima de 0,80. Assim, o comprimento da garupa pode ser considerado a medida mais adequada para avaliação do tamanho corporal desta raça, devido à alta correlação com as outras medidas e a facilidade de medição deste parâmetro.

Background: The lack of information on population structure is one of the main obstacles to develop breeding and conservation programs for animal genetic resources. Objective: To characterize the population structure of Crioula Lageana cattle breed (Bos taurus) in order to assess its genetic diversity. Methods: Database with information of 1,638 Crioula Lageana animals, collected during 38 years, was analysed using the ENDOG v.4.4 program. Results: Effective population size ranged from 72.53 in complete generations to 143.90 in maximum generations. Inbreeding and Average Relatedness coefficients were 0.34 and 0.91%, respectively. The effective number of founders and ancestors were 29 and 28 animals, respectively, and only ten ancestors were responsible for 50% of the genetic variability of the whole population. The average generation interval was 5.84 years in the paternal line and 7.70 in the maternal one. Wright´s F statistics indicated low genetic distances between subsets in relation to the total population (Fst = 0.0015), between individuals with respect to their subpopulation (Fis = -0.0027), and between individuals in relation to the total population (Fit = -0.0012). Conclusion: Analysis of the population indicated that, despite the small number of animals with known parentage and considerable loss of genetic variability by the constant use of a few sires, and same value of number of founders and ancestors, the population showed good genetic management, low inbreeding, low genetic differentiation among subpopulations, and probably adequate effective population size for breed preservation. Keywords: conservation of animal genetic resources, genetic diversity, inbreeding, locally-adapted breed, pedigree analysis. Resumen Antecedentes: La falta de informacion sobre estructura poblacional es una de las principales barreras para el desarrollo de programas de mejoramiento genetico y conservacion de los recursos zoogeneticos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la estructura poblacional de la raza bovina Crioula Lageana ( Bos taurus ) para evaluar su diversidad genetica. Metodos: Una base de datos con informacion de 1.638 animales Crioula Lageana ( Bos taurus ), recogidos durante 38 anos, fue analizada utilizando el programa ENDOG v.4.4. Resultados: El tamano efectivo de la poblacion vario de 72,53 en las generaciones completas a 143,90 en las generaciones maximas. La endogamia y la relacion media de los coeficientes fue 0,34 y 0,91%, respectivamente. El numero efectivo de fundadores y antepasados fue de 29 y 28 animales respectivamente, y solo diez antepasados fueron responsables del 50% de la variabilidad genetica de la poblacion. El intervalo promedio de generacion fue de 5,84 anos en la linea paterna y de 7,70 en la linea materna. El indice estadistico de Wright’s F indica una baja distancia genetica entre los subconjuntos en relacion con la poblacion total (Fst = 0,0015), entre los individuos con respecto a su subpoblacion (Fis = -0,0027), y entre los individuos en relacion con la poblacion total (Fit = -0,0012). Conclusion: El analisis de la poblacion indica que a pesar del pequeno numero de animals con origen conocido y la considerable perdida de variabilidad genetica por el uso constante de pocos toros y el mismo valor del numero de fundadores y antepasados, la poblacion mostro un buen manejo genetico, baja endogamia, baja diferenciacion genetica entre las subpoblaciones y probablemente un tamano efectivo adecuado de la poblacion. Palabras clave: analisis de pedigri, conservacion de los recursos geneticos animales, diversidad genetica, endogamia, razas adaptadas localmente. Resumo Antecedentes: A falta de informacoes sobre a estrutura da populacao esta entre os principais obstaculos ao desenvolvimento de programas de melhoramento e conservacao de recursos geneticos animais. Objetivo: Caracterizar a estrutura populacional da raca bovina Crioula Lageana ( Bos taurus ) para acessar a diversidade genetica da raca. Metodos: Banco de dados com informacao de 1.638 animais Crioula Lageana, recolhidos durante 38 anos, foi analisado utilizando EndoG v.4.4. Resultados: O tamanho efetivo populacional various de 72,53 nas geracoes completas para 143,90 nas geracoes maximas. Coeficientes de Endogamia e Relacao foram 0,34 e 0,91%, respectivamente. O numero efetivo de fundadores e ancestrais foram 29 e 28 animais, respectivamente, sendo que apenas dez ancestrais foram responsaveis por 50% da variabilidade genetica de toda a populacao. O intervalo de geracoes foi de 5,84 anos para linha paterna e 7,70 para linha materna. As estatisticas F de Wright indicaram uma pequena distância genetica das subpopulacoes entre os subgrupos em relacao a populacao total (FST = 0,0015), entre os individuos em relacao a sua subpopulacao (FIS = -0,0027) e entre individuos em relacao a populacao total (Fit = -0,0012). Isto indica uma baixa diferenciacao genetica na populacao estudada. Conclusao: A analise populacional indicou que, apesar do numero pequeno de animais com ascendencia conhecida e consideravel perda de variabilidade genetica pelo uso constante de alguns touros e mesmo valor do numero de fundadores e antepassados, a populacao mostrou boa gestao genetica, endogamia baixa, baixa diferenciacao genetica entre subpopulacoes e provavelmente adequado tamanho efetivo da populacao para a preservacao da raca. Palavras-chave: analise de pedigree, conservacao de recursos geneticos animais, diversidade genetica, endogamia, racas localmente adaptadas.

As gene bank collections develop, there are opportunities to collect germplasm using criteria other than random sampling or genetic relationships. For Brazil and the US, it has become apparent that sampling based upon environmental adaptability could enrich germplasm collections. Combining current US beef cattle germplasm collection with Geographical Information System (GIS) approaches, sample concentration and underrepresented areas were identified for Bos taurus taurus and Bos taurus indicus (BI). BI samples were principally derived along the Gulf Coast region (not necessarily close to freshwater sources). In contrast, continental Europe (BTCE) and British, African and Asian (BAA) breed samples were more concentrated among the Great Plains/Mid-West (close to major rivers and lakes), with some samples being derived from the south-west and Gulf Coast areas. BTCE and BAA have been extensively sampled, but more is needed in the more westerly states of New Mexico, Nevada, California and Utah. In addition, BI sampling should increase in the more northerly states of Tennessee and Kentucky to capture allele frequencies that may better enable those breeds to perform outside the Deep South. The methods used in this evaluation can be extended to using genotypes within or among breeds to promote sampling in environmentally unique areas.

This aim of this study was to analyze the influence of socieoconomic, environmental and farm variables on the existing genetic values (Expected Progeny Differences - EPDs) of the different clusters of Nelore animals in Brazil. The data evaluated included EPDs of 1,462,485 animals, males and females born between 2000 to 2011, same period of the compiled variables used (socieoconomic, environmental and farm), distributed in 171 municipality from 15 Brazilian states by GENEPLUS (Genotype Breeding Program of Embrapa Beef Cattle). The municipality averages of sixteen variables were used for weight traits (maternal and direct genetic effects for weight at 120 days, maternal and direct genetic effects at birth and weaning weight, post-yearling weight and average daily gain post-weaning), carcass quality (carcass conformation at weaning, carcass conformation at post-yearling, eye muscle area, subcutaneous fat thickness and marbling) and reproductive traits (scrotal perimeter at weaning, scrotal perimeter at post-yearling, age at first calving and cow weight at weaning) as well as their respective accuracies. The data were spatialized in the ArcGIS program along with environmental factors and human development indicators. The statistics included clustering, discriminant and canonical analyzes using the SAS® program. Three clusters for weight traits, five for carcass quality, four for reproductive traits and five for accuracy were formed. The clusters showed good distribution across the country, highlighting the clusters with highest genetic values for each trait type. Discrimination was seen among environments for beef cattle at pasture, depending on climatic conditions. The spatial distribution of the Nelore cattle breed may provide a better understanding of the real situation of the breed in different Brazilian climates and environments. The results of this study can be used to correct possible errors of genetic selection programs that use the same breeders and females for different environments.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma análise de viabilidade populacional da raça bovina Crioula Lageana, para estudar seus parâmetros demográficos e genéticos, bem como verificar a interferência de fatores que podem afetar a sobrevivência eo desenvolvimento dessa população. A viabilidade da população foi estimada utilizando 128 cenários hipotéticos para avaliar o risco de extinção deste recurso genético, simulada por um período de 500 anos. Os resultados mostraram que a possibilidade de extinção desta raça durante os próximos 500 anos foi remota, mesmo em cenários menos favoráveis. A taxa de crescimento determinística (det.r) foi sempre positiva durante o período avaliado, sendo a mortalidade dos animais de até um ano de idade o fator mais importante que afetou este parâmetro. O tamanho da população aumentou rapidamente até atingir a capacidade de suporte da área (k), sendo este o principal fator limitante para o crescimento da população. O nível de heterozigose esperada (He) da população no pior cenário foi superior a 80% e o coeficiente de endogamia (F) foi inferior a 0,20 no final dos 500 anos de simulação. A análise da viabilidade populacional mostrou que a população de Crioula Lageana não apresentou risco aparente de extinção a longo prazo e que a capacidade de suporte da área é o principal fator limitante para o crescimento da população.

The study of locally adapted breeds has the potential to underpin the discovery of genes involved in economically and ecologically important traits. Brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds have distinctive characteristics that could be of value for specialized production systems. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to identify genomic regions that may have been under selection and therefore may explain ecological and production differences observed among three important Brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds. Animals from the Brazilian Creole, Morada Nova and Santa Ines breeds were genotyped using the Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. The identification of selection signatures was based on two groups of methodologies: differentiation among populations (FST) and linkage disequilibrium (iHS and RsB). Taken together, these analyses allowed for the identification of 86 candidate genes. Functional analysis revealed genes related to immunity, nervous system development, reproduction and sensory perception. A number of genes are of particular interest including: RXFP2, which has recently been associated with the presence/absence and morphology of horns in sheep; the TRPM8 gene, involved in regulation of body temperature at low temperatures; DIS3L2, PLAG1 and NIPBL, associated with height variation; and finally, SPEF2 and SPAG6, important for spermatogenesis. Selective sweeps were identified using multiple methods, and in a number of cases sweep regions contained genes with a demonstrated role in phenotypic variation. The genomic distribution of the sweep regions differed between populations, suggesting that breed specific signatures were successfully identified that may reflect the consequence of local adaptation.

Respiration rate and eye temperature were collected on 80 sheep from 11 breeds (Australian Merino, Polwarth/Ideal, Corriedale, Romney Marsh, Crioula, Hampshire Down, Texel, Ile de France, Suffolk, Santa Ines and Dorper) during 5 days, giving a total of 1071 observations. All sheep were adult and non-lactating. Data were analysed using SAS® procedure NLIN, using broken line regression to determine temperature humidity index (THI), air temperature and relative humidity limits by breed for respiration rate and eye temperature. These inflexion points were then used to determine regions suitable for sheep rearing by breed, using mean THI by municipality which were then plotted using ARCGIS v.9.3. Clear boundaries were found for sheep breeds, with wool breeds mainly limited to the south and southeast as well as coastal areas. Not all breeds are indicated to be reared in all areas of the country and some regions are unsuitable for any breed. Breed adaptation is in line with their natural history of territorially occupation.

Brazilian hair sheep constitute a genetic diversity hotspot of sheep breeds. These locally adapted genetic resources developed in harsh environments of the Brazilian Northwest (semi-arid) and maintained important traits for this region, such as parasite resistance, heat tolerance and high pelt quality. Genotypes (50K SNP chip) from seven Brazilian sheep breeds (5 hair and 2 coarse wool types) and 87 worldwide breeds were used to verify population structure, admixture and genetic diversity, using PCA and ADMIXTURE analyses. We constructed a phylogenetic tree and evaluated migration events between genetic groups using TREEMIX software. Brazilian Somali, a fat-tailed breed, was the unique breed with high relationship with East African breeds and formed a distinct cluster from other Brazilian breeds. This breed seems to contribute to formation of Santa Inês, Morada Nova and Brazilian Fat-tail breeds. Brazilian Blackbelly had a clear relationship with Barbados Blackbelly, which appeared as another group. Other Brazilian breeds seem to form a further genetic group with some recent admixtures. Morada Nova remained as a separate group, not showing a strong relationship with European or African breeds, only revealing a migration event from Sidaoun, an Algerian hair breed. Brazilian Fat-tail and Morada Nova share a common ancestor, but the first received introgressions from Brazilian Somali and Afrikaner breeds, explaining the fat-tail phenotype. Santa Inês received strong contribution from Bergamasca and had an admixed origin with recent introgressions from other breeds, mainly from Suffolk animals. In conclusion, Brazilian Somali and Brazilian Fat-tail are the most endangered sheep genetic resources in Brazil.

O crescimento alométrico de raças de suínos naturalizados (Nilo, Piau, Moura e Monteiro), machos e fêmeas, foi avaliado em relação à altura do quadril, comprimento do focinho e comprimento da cabeça, usando-se a equação alométrica. As medidas do corpo geralmente apresentam um crescimento mais tardio em relação ao comprimento do focinho e precocemente em relação ao comprimento da cabeça e altura do quadril. Ao comparar as raças de suínos, as fêmeas da raça Moura apresentaram características relacionadas com o crescimento muscular (circunferência torácica, comprimento do corpo e diâmetro longitudinal) mais tardiamente ao comprimento da cabeça. Fêmeas Nilo apresentaram características do comprimento do ombro, comprimento da garupa e a distância interesquiática mais precoce em relação ao comprimento do focinho. Foram encontradas diferenças entre a raça e o sexo no tempo de desenvolvimento para as diferentes partes do corpo, mostrando que os sistemas de criação e utilização desses animais devem ser específicos para cada raça. The allometric growth of male and female naturalized pig breeds (Nilo, Piau, Moura, and Monteiro) was evaluated regarding hip height, snout length, and head length using the allometric equation. Body measurements generally show later growth in relation to the snout length and earlier growth in relation to the head length and hip height. When comparing breeds of pigs, female Moura animals showed later growth of the characteristics linked to muscle (thoracic circumference, body length, and longitudinal diameter) than of head length. Nilo females showed characteristics such as shoulder length, rump length and interschiadic distance earlier than snout length. There were differences between the breed and gender in terms of development times for the different parts of the body, showing that breeding systems and use of these animals have to be specific for each breed.

New breeds can be developed by combining two or more breeds into a composite population, thereby capitalizing on complementarity and retained heterosis. Evaluation of breed formation across generations has not been performed at the molecular level; therefore, we used Brangus cattle (3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Angus) as a model to identify the dynamics of new breed formation across 10 generations. Genotypic data (777,962 SNP) from 68 Brahman, 95 Angus and 59 Brangus prominent AI sires born from 1970 to 2010 were evaluated. Their pedigrees were used to calculate the number of complete Brangus generations using the OptiSel package in R 3.4.2. After standard SNP data filters and linkage disequilibrium pruning, 158,264 SNP genotypes from 220 bulls were chosen. ADMIXTURE analyses were executed using autosomal markers by chromosome, setting K equal to two and three. Brangus animals had 70.4% of Angus composition in all autosomes versus the expected 62.5% (t-test, P < 0.001). When K = 3, the establishment of the Brangus cluster was observed across the genome with a proportional assignment > 0.5. The sex chromosomes deviated from the autosomal pattern. Chromosome X had a high Angus proportion (83%) conserved across generations and Brahman contributed only to 9% of the Y chromosome. Regression analyses of cluster formation among autosomes and across generations showed (P < 0.001) that Angus (β = -0.07) and Brahman (β = -0.03) clusters decreased while Brangus cluster increased (β = 0.10, R(2) = 0.43). Regressions by each autosome followed a similar pattern. Formation of the Brangus cluster became stable after the 5(th) generation. These results provide a view into the evolution of a new breed. [Image: see text]

The Brazilian Sheep Breeders' Association recognizes two varieties of the Morada Nova hair breed, white and red. However, the black variety and/or animals with a pigmented nose has frequently been disqualified from genealogical records. Previous studies suggest that this genetic group might be similar to the red variety. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a Genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions related to hair color and confirm the position of black relative to other Morada Nova varieties. After quality controls, 48 animals were genotyped for 45.982 SNPs using the OvineSNP50k BeadChip. Estimated Fst values between white and red animals, white and black, and red and black were 10.78% ( p p p Oar 14 which contains the MC1R gene. Differences between black and red coats are the result of the expression of different alleles of the same gene without directly affecting productive/reproductive characteristics. These two varieties showed low genetic variation, insufficient to define them as different groups, and to increase the breeding herd, the animals with black hair and/or pigmentation of the nose should be used breeding purposes. The results of this study contribute to the discussion of the importance in reconciling conservation, traditional breed standards and breeding of farm animals.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate heat tolerance using heat tolerance indices, physiological, physical, thermographic, and hematological parameters in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep breeds in the Federal District, Brazil. Methods Twenty-six adult hair sheep, one and a half years old, from two genetic groups (Santa Ines: 12 males and 4 females; Morada Nova: 7 males and 3 females) were used and data (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, skin temperatures; hematological parameters) were collected during three consecutive days, twice a day (morning and afternoon), with a total of six repetitions. Also physical parameters (biometric measurements, skin and hair traits) and heat tolerance indices (temperature-humidity index, Iberia and Benezra) were evaluated. The analyses included analyses of variance, correlation, and principal components with a significance level of 5%. Results The environmental indices, in general, indicate a situation of thermal discomfort for the animals during the afternoon. Breed significantly influenced (p

Morada Nova hair sheep show traits desirable for lamb production especially in extensive production systems in Northeastern Brazil, representing an important genetic resource for producing lamb in semi-arid climates in Brazil and elsewhere. Performance testing has been carried out annually with this breed since 2008. In the present study, Morada Nova sheep from two Brazilian states: Ceara (140 animals) and Sao Paulo (112 animals) were genotyped for a SNP associated with litter size, which is almost only found in Brazilian locally adapted sheep breeds (FecGE). The total observed frequency of FecGE was 0.65, while an increased number of observed heterozygotes was also observed (χ2 = 7.274, p

Santa Ines (SI) and Morada Nova (MN) are hair breeds with potential for the production of lambs for early slaughter. However, they tend to show low carcass quality and meat production. On the other hand, this could be overcome by crossing these sheep with highly productive breeds. This study aimed to evaluate parasitic infection as well as reproductive and productive performance in 51 MN ewes with an average weight 33.1 ± 4.98 kg and 52 SI ewes averaging 51.8 ± 7.07 kg, mated with rams of their own breed or crossed with Dorper (D). The animals were raised on Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) pasture and in the final third of gestation and lactation kept in collective pens receiving corn silage ad libitum and 400 g/animal/day of concentrate. During mating, gestation (every 28 days), at parturition and at 30 and 60 days postpartum the ewes were weighed, assessed for body condition score (BCS), Famacha© score, fecal egg counts (FEC), coproculture and hematological variables (packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total plasma protein and fibrinogen). β-Hydroxybutyrate levels were determined at 115 and 130 days of gestation, at parturition and 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 days postpartum. Conception rates, prolificacy, multiple births, return to estrus, gestation length, litter weight at birth and at weaning and the ratio of theses relative to the weight of the dam in the same periods were calculated. In both breeds, FEC (Haemonchus contortus) increased (P 0.05) in conception rate, return to estrus, multiple births and prolificacy. Crossing with Dorper rams produced heavier litter at birth in both maternal breeds (P 0.05) and producing proportionally higher (P

No presente estudo objetivou-se determinar curvas de crescimento para quatro raças de suínos naturalizados do Brasil (Moura, Piau, Nilo e Monteiro) através de ajustes não lineares. Foram coletados dados de 13 medidas morfológicas de 220 exemplares de ambos os sexos entre os 30 dias de vida até a idade adulta. As curvas foram ajustadas usando regressão não linear, pelas equações de Gompertz, Weibull, Logística, Brody e Richards. A melhor função foi selecionada pelo maior R² e menor erro quadrático médio, sendo a função de Weibull a mais apropriada para todas as raças e sexos. No geral, as fêmeas de todas as raças atingiram as medidas adultas com mais precocidade, porém os machos cresceram mais do que as fêmeas. O crescimento da raça Moura é o que mais se assemelha ao crescimento das raças industriais, isso pode estar relacionado ao fato de grande parte dos exemplares serem criados em sistemas de engorda. Por outro lado, a raça Monteiro foi a que apresentou um crescimento mais tardio. Conclui-se que as raças de suínos naturalizados brasileiros possuem crescimento diferenciado, que está relacionado com a origem genética da raça e adaptação ao ambiente.

Heat is a major factor limiting the production of animals in the tropics. Sheep are well adapted to diverse ecosystems, however, temperature and relative humidity can influence animal husbandry. Therefore, this study was carried out to verify the thermoregulation in rams of six breeds (Bergamasca, Dorper, Ile de France, Hampshire Down, Santa Ines and Texel) through the evaluation of physiological traits, body measures, laser and thermographic infrared temperatures as well as testicle morphometry associated with heat tolerance. Animals were measured and weighed, coat and hair colour determined, as well as physiological traits and laser and thermographic infrared temperatures measured twice a day. Data were analyzed with the Statistical Analysis System®. There were differences among breeds for most of the traits linked to heat tolerance, with the Santa Ines showing better adaptation to heat stress compared to other breeds. The Dorper was not significantly better than Bergamasca or Hampshire Down breeds, while Texel and Ile de France were less well adapted. Scrotal temperatures were lowest in Hampshire Down and Dorper, while highest in Texel. Temperature gradient measured by thermography identified Hampshire Down as the least heat tolerant breed. Traits linked to heat tolerance should be taken into consideration when choosing breeds for lamb production in tropical regions.

ResumenEn Perú la ovinocultura es una actividad tradicional para pequeños productores, que generalmente poseen animales criollos, los cuales son ignorados por políticas públicas y la comunidad científica, no estando reconocidos como raza, mostrando baja productividad y sufriendo cruzas con razas exóticas. Este estudio objetivó caracterizar fenotípicamente ovejas criollas y mestizas Hampshire Down, para uso en la conservación y mejoramiento del ovino criollo peruano. El año 2012, en el municipio rural de Ite, litoral sur del Perú, fueron evaluadas 200 ovejas adultas, clasificadas por posible genotipo (criollo o mestizo) y ambiente de crianza (humedales o chacras). Se analizaron medidas morfológicas y morfométricas; elaboraron índices, así como un análisis canónico y discriminante, utilizando el programa estadístico R. Los resultados mostraron ovejas mestizas con mayor aptitud cárnica que las criollas, ambas influenciadas por el ambiente, manejo, y mestizaje que amenazaría la conservación del ovino nativo. La adaptación de los rebaños fue vista en diferentes condiciones, pero algunas características deben mejorarse, requiriendo adecuada orientación técnica y servicios de extensión rural.

Samples of 191 animals from 18 different Brazilian locally adapted swine genetic groups were genotyped using Illumina Porcine SNP60 BeadChip in order to identify selection signatures related to the monthly variation of Brazilian environmental variables. Using BayeScan software, 71 SNP markers were identified as FST outliers and 60 genotypes (58 markers) were found by Samβada software in 371 logistic models correlated with 112 environmental variables. Five markers were identified in both methods, with a Kappa value of 0.073 (95% CI: 0.011–0.134). The frequency of these markers indicated a clear north–south country division that reflects Brazilian environmental differences in temperature, solar radiation, and precipitation. Global spatial territory correlation for environmental variables corroborates this finding (average Moran's I = 0.89, range from 0.55 to 0.97). The distribution of alleles over the territory was not strongly correlated with the breed/genetic groups. These results are congruent with previous mtDNA studies and should be used to direct germplasm collection for the National gene bank.

Pedigree information available for Angus (ANG), Devon (DEV), Hereford (HER), and Shorthorn (SHO) cattle in Brazil was analyzed to appraise the genetic diversity and population structure of these breeds. Pedigree records collected from the beginning of the 20th century until 2010 were used in the analyses. Over time, the number of herdbook reg- istrations declined in HER after a peak in the 1970s, remained low in DEV and SHO, and increased steadily in ANG since the 1990s, such that it the latter is now the leading British cattle breed in Brazil. The average number of offspring registered per sire ranged from about 12 (SHO) to 20 (DEV) and the mean generation interval ranged from about 6.0 (HER and SHO) to 6.4 (ANG) years. In the reference population (calves born in 2009 and 2010, plus those born in 2008 for SHO) the mean equivalent number of generations known ranged from about 7 (SHO) to 9 (HER). In the 4 breeds stud- ied, nearly all animals born over the last few years are inbred, even though the mean level of inbreeding in the reference population is below 4% in all breeds. The rate of inbreeding per generation, computed from the individual increase in inbreeding, ranged from about 0.2 (ANG) to 0.5% (DEV), with a corresponding effec- tive population size of 245 and 92, respectively, which is above the recommended minimum critical threshold. The number of founders/ancestors contributing with 50% of the reference population gene pool was 211/26 for ANG, 41/14 for DEV, 164/25 for HER, and 79/10 for SHO, with effective number of founders/ancestors/ founder genomes of 470/68/36, 89/33/16, 289/59/30, and 200/28/18 for ANG, DEV, HER, and SHO, respec- tively. The genetic contribution of different countries to the gene pool of each breed indicated that, throughout the period studied, DEV genes originated predominant- ly from the United Kingdom, while for the other breeds there was a changing pattern over time. Until the 1970s Argentina was the major supplier of ANG, while HER and SHO genes were mostly from Uruguay, but since then the United States took the leading role as supplier of ANG, HER, and SHO genes to Brazil. Our results reveal a mild increase in inbreeding in all breeds stud- ied, with effective population size estimates indicating that reasonable levels of genetic diversity have been maintained in all 4 breeds. Continuous monitoring of inbreeding trends and of parameters derived from probability of gene origin should be ensured to warrant the long-term maintenance of genetic diversity.

A genealogical analysis of Crioula horses registered by the Brazilian Association of Crioula Horse Breeders was performed. The state of Rio Grande do Sul is the largest producer of animals with 89.85 percent of registered animals, of which 45.29 percent were males and 54.71 percent females. The inbreeding coefficient was calculated at 0.88 percent and the average relatedness was 0.65 percent in the total population (animals born in Brazil and imported). Inbreeding increased over the generations. An increase was seen in the average genetic conservation index in animals born after the year 1927 (0) until 2010 (8.67 percent). The average generation interval was 10.3 years and the average age of parents when offspring born were 10.5 years, falling in recent years. The effective population size of founders was 95.19 animals, the number of ancestors contributing to this population was 5086 where 56 ancestors explained 50 percent of the genetic diversity of the breed. Inbreeding is under control in the Crioula horse. The increase in registrations reflects the increased interest from farmers in this breed.

Pedigree and population viability analyses of a conservation herd of Moura breed from Embrapa Swine and Poultry were carried out. ENDOG software was used for pedigree analysis and VORTEX for population viability analysis. The data were obtained with the curator of the herd and a total of 411 animals born between the years of 1999 and 2011 for the analysis with ENDOG. The input data in VORTEX were obtained from a questionnaire answered by the curator of the herd. The Inbreeding Coefficient (F) was 0.06 percent, the average effective population size (Ne) was 30 animals with an average generation interval of 3.48 years. The extinction probability was 0 percent for a simulation period of 100 years and 3 percent for a period of 500 years. The determinant parameters for the viability of this herd were the entry of animals and prolificacy of the breed. Although the study did not indicate immediate risk of extinction of this herd, it should be constantly monitored with controlled population parameters to prevent the extinction of this last herd of Moura pig breed.

Data from 294045 records from a crossbred Angus × Nellore population were used to estimate fixed genetic effects (both additive and non-additive) and to test different non-additive models using ridge regression. The traits studied included weaning gain (WG), postweaning gain (PG), phenotypic scores for weaning (WC) and postweaning (PC) conformation, weaning (WP) and postweaning (PP) precocity, weaning (WM) and postweaning (PM) muscling and scrotal circumference (SC). All models were compared using the likelihood-ratio test. The model including all fixed genetic effects (breed additive and complementarity, heterosis and epistatic loss non-additive effects, both direct and maternal) was the best option to analyse this crossbred population. For the complete model, all effects were statistically significant (P < 0.01) for weaning traits, except the direct breed additive effects for WP and WM; direct complementarity effect for WP, WM, PP and PM and maternal epistatic loss for PG. Direct breed additive effect was positive for weaning traits and negative for postweaning. Maternal breed additive effect was negative for SC and WP. Direct complementarity and heterosis were positive for all traits and maternal complementarity and heterosis were also positive for all traits, except for PG. Direct and maternal epistatic loss effects were negative for all traits. We conclude that the fixed genetic effects are mostly significant. Thus, it is important to include them in the model when evaluating crossbred animals, and the model that included breed additive effects, complementarity, heterosis and epistatic loss differed significantly from all reduced models, allowing to infer that it was the best model. The model with only breed additive and heterosis was parsimonious and could be used when the structure or amount of data does not allow the use of complete model.

This study aims to assess relationships between some aspects of physiology and haematology of rams from different breeds, as well as the possible influences of environmental and climatic conditions (dry or wet seasons) on animal physiology. Eighteen purebred rams from six different breeds (Santa Ines, Bergamasca, Hampshire Down, Texel, Ile de France and Dorper) and origins were used in two seasons in Central Brazil. Body Weight (BW), Rectal Temperature (RT) and blood parameters were measured and compared their selves between dry and wet seasons and between breeds. BW, RT, RBC (red blood cells), MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) and TPP (total plasma protein) were highly significant (p 0.001) affect BW, RT, PCV (packed cell volume), RBC, Hb (haemoglobin) and PPT. The effect of season on breed was significant (p

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:29:02Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-05-01 The present study aimed to evaluate the performance, survivability and carcass traits of crossbred lambs. Data from 299 lambs born to 209 ewes were used. The dams were from a local hair breed (Santa Inês) and five breeds of sires were used: Dorper (DR), Ile de France (IF), Hampshire Down (HD), Texel (TX) and Santa Inês (SI). The lambs were weighed at birth, weaning and slaughter. Fasting body weight, skin thickness, hot and cold carcass weight, carcass yield and carcass length were measured at slaughter. Carcasses were separated into commercial cuts: neck, shoulder, rib, belly, loin and leg. Leg length and circumference were measured. Analyses of variances using MIXED procedure in SAS® were carried out for weights and carcass traits. Factor, discriminant and canonical analysis were carried out. Mortality data of animals from birth until slaughter was analyzed using logistic regression. The HD animals had the highest mortality rate. TX lambs had similar growth rate and survivability compared to DR and IF and had better carcass traits than these genetic groups. Therefore, this breed can be used as paternal breed to crossbreeding with Santa Inês dams. Santa Inês animals did not differ in growth from birth until slaughter compared to crossbred animals, which highlights the potential of this naturalized breed for meat production. Moreover, there is a great variability inside this breed for carcass and growth traits which may undergo great improvement through selection programs. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. Universidade de São Paulo Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CP 96, CEP 13.400-970, Piracicaba, SP Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinária Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70910-900 Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita - UNESP Departamento de genética e melhoramento, Jaboticabal, São Paulo Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves 7712, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 91540-000 Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio Mesquita - UNESP Departamento de genética e melhoramento, Jaboticabal, São Paulo

The objective of this study was to characterize Nelore cattle on central performance tests in pasture, ranked by the visual classification method EPMURAS (structure, precocity, muscle, navel, breed, posture, and sexual characteristics), and to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between these parameters, including visual as well as production traits (initial and final weight on test, weight gain, and weight corrected for 550 days). The information used in the study was obtained on 21,032 Nelore bulls which were participants in the central performance test at pasture of the Brazilian Association for Zebu Breeders (ABCZ). Heritabilities obtained were from 0.19 to 0.50. Phenotypic correlations were positive from 0.70 to 0.97 between the weight traits, from 0.65 to 0.74 between visual characteristics, and from 0.29 to 0.47 between visual characteristics and weight traits. The genetic correlations were positive ranging from 0.80 to 0.98 between the characteristics of structure, precocity and musculature, from 0.13 to 0.64 between the growth characteristics, and from 0.41 to 0.97 between visual scores and weight gains. Heritability and genetic correlations indicate that the use of visual scores, along with the selection for growth characteristics, can bring positive results in selection of beef cattle for rearing on pasture.

a b s t r a c t Fifteen morphometric traits and body weight (BW) from 319 adult Crioula Lanada ewes were evaluated. The influence of wool type and geographic location (fixed effects) was tested, in addition to Pearson correlation, factor and discriminatory analysis according to geographic regions and breed ecotypes. Analysis was carried out using the Statistical Analysis System Program. Geographic location revealed significant effect (P < 0.001) on mor- phometric traits. Most correlations were significant (P < 0.05), thoracic perimeter (TP) with BW (0.72) being the strongest. Correlations between head and body measurements were medium or weak, strongest being between BWs. Multivariate analysis revealed 81% of vari- ance using two factors, where three groups of variables were identified (general body, head and one group including thoracic and BW, respectively). Fine discrimination between herds and also the Fronteira and Serrana ecotypes were observed which opens door to valuable validation of how phenotype relates to genotype and associated SNPs in the Crioula Lanada breed.

The objective of this study was to compare physiological and thermographic responses to heat stress in three breeds of cattle. Fifteen animals of each of the Nelore, Pantaneiro and Curraleiro Pe-Duro breeds, of approximately two years of age, were evaluated. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal and surface temperature of animals as well as soil temperature were recorded at 8:30 and 15:30 on six days. Variance, correlation, principal factors and canonical analyses were carried out. There were significant differences in the rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rate between breeds (p < 0.001). Nelore and Pantaneiro breeds had the highest rectal temperatures and the lowest respiratory rate (p < 0.001). Breed was also significant for surface temperatures (p < 0.05) showing that this factor significantly affected the response of the animal to heat tolerance in different ways. The Curraleiro Pe-Duro breed had the lowest surface temperatures independent of the period evaluated, with fewer animals that suffered with the climatic conditions, so this may be considered the best adapted when heat challenged under the experimental conditions. Thermography data showed a good correlation with the physiological indexes, and body area, neck and rump were the main points.

In this study, a multivariate analysis of morphological and physiological characteristics was performed on clinically healthy rams from six breeds (Santa Ines, Bergamasca, Dorper, Texel, Ile de France and Hampshire Down) to determine if these characteristics were able to separate and determine the most important variables in the differentiation of breeds for heat adaptation. To characterize the thermal environment, mean temperature was 23°C and relative humidity ranged between 30.6-55.6%. Morphological and physiological data were subjected to multivariate statistical tests including principal components (PRINCOMP), clustering (CLUSTER), discriminant (DISCRIM), step-by-step (STEPDISC) and canonical (CANDISC) analyses, using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS®). A multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) was carried out with the variables defined as important by the discriminant analysis. The principal components analysis for biometric characteristics and scrotum-testicle, for physiological characteristics and body temperature as well as the characteristics of the skin and hair explained 60, 70 and 67 % of the total variation, respectively. The dendrogram showed a clear separation between the breeds studied and the existence of two distinct groups, one formed by the Texel and the other by the other breeds, considering all the characteristics used in the study. The most useful morphological parameters to explain heat tolerance were diameter of hair, layer thickness of hair at withers, 12th thoracic vertebra and rump, withers height, thoracic and scrotal circumferences, body weight, anterior and posterior shin perimeters, hair and epidermis brightness as well as the content of red and yellow in the epidermis. Among physiological characteristics, respiratory rate was better than rectal temperature and heart rate to explain changes caused by thermal stress. From the multivariate and variance analyzes it can be concluded that the Santa Ines breed was the most tolerant to heat stress as it presented a highly pigmented epidermis, a shorter hair of larger diameter, the lower layer thickness of hair at withers, 12th thoracic vertebra and rump, the lower temperatures in the testicle and at the 12th thoracic vertebra as well as the lower respiratory rate and rectal temperature value.

Santa Ines is the most common hair sheep breed in Brazil and probably has the highest genetic diversity among sheep breeds in this country. Successful breeding programs for Brazilian sheep breeds are not common for various reasons, including a lack of control of parentage in the flocks. We developed an allele frequency database for 23 STR loci for the Santa Ines breed based on 285 animals sampled from five populations distributed across the central-western and north-eastern regions of Brazil. The marker set included seven microsatellites used in the 2011 International Society for Animal Genetics sheep genotyping comparison tests and all eight microsatellites currently approved by the Brazilian Agricultural Ministry laboratory accreditation guidelines for sheep identification. The microsatellites had an average of 10 alleles and a mean expected heterozygosity of 0.745. Combined paternity exclusion probabilities when no parent or one parent was known were >99.99%. A small proportion (5.8%) of the existing genetic variation was found to be among the Santa Ines populations, possibly derived from genetic drift and selection. We found that the marker panel proposed by the Agricultural Ministry, although generally useful, should be enhanced by including more markers for improved exclusionary power in parentage testing. This database provides a useful tool for parentage testing of this major Brazilian breed, contributing to improved management and breeding of existing herds.

In this work, linear body measures were taken and production indices calculated for 100 Cuban Creole goats and 100 crossbred goats in order to aid in the characterization of animal genetic resources in Cuba. Low variation was found for all indices of the Creole goats, showing homogeneity between the groups of animals studied. Most of the functional indices are related to the milk biotype which is in agreement the possible origin of the breed from animals of the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands. The crossbreds were more varied, mostly due to undesigned disorganized crossing. These data may help in identifying a commercial niche for the breed and contribute to in situ conservation of the Cuban Creole goat.

This study aims to investigate the effect of breed and slaughter weight on fatty the acid profile of the Longissimus dorsi muscle in lambs. Twenty-four Santa Ines (SI), 24.5 Ile de France × 0.5 Santa Ines (Ile × SI) and 12.5 Texel × 0.5 Santa Ines (Te × SI), slaughtered at different weights (30, 35, 40, and 45 kg), were evaluated. The animals were reared with creep feeding to weaning and were feedlot finished, receiving a diet composed of 30% hay and 70% concentrate. The analyses of fatty acids were carried out on the Longissimus muscle of the 13th rib. The experiment was in a three by four factorial design. The total mean saturated fatty acid level was 44.88%, with 43.30% monounsaturated fats and 1.72% polyunsaturated. The major fatty acids found included oleic (43%), palmitic (22%), and stearic (18%). The concentration of desirable fatty acids varied from 61.56% to 66.78%, with Te × SI (66.78%) having the highest levels (P < 0.05). The slaughter weight affected (P < 0.05) the saturated and unsaturated (both mono and poly) fatty acid profiles. The 35-kg slaughter weight showed the most desirable fatty acid profile. The saturated myristic and stearic fatty acids decreased with an increase in the slaughter weight, but oleic acid increased. In the conditions of the present study, the meat from Santa Ines and Texel × Santa Ines lambs had fatty acid profiles more beneficial for human health due to the higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of producing crossbred lambs in feedlots, and to determine which slaughter weight is more profitable. Fifty-three male and female animals were used, from three different genetic groups: Santa Ines (SI), Ile de France x Santa Ines (ISI) and Texel x Santa Ines (TSI). The animals were slaughtered at different body weights (BW) (30, 35, 40 and 45 Kg). Only variable costs were analyzed, as other costs were presumed to be fixed. The BW operational cost per kg was R$ 4.01, R$ 3.58 and R$ 3.38 for SI, ISI and TSI, respectively. The animals slaughtered with 45 kg BW cost R$ 3.51 per kg of BW produced, which was significantly lower than other groups. With estimated revenue of R$ 3.50 per kg of BW, sheep production in the Federal District (DF) is not profitable. The use of management practices to increase the number of twin births may increase the gross profit margin of the activity. Payment for carcass weight and meat quality as well as the improvement of productivity indices and better food conversion obtained by animal breeding programs are urgently needed to guarantee sheep production profitability. KEYWORDS: Breed, profitability, slaughter weight, variable costs.

The object of this experiment was to study physicochemical and sensorial traits in the 11th and 13th ribs of 24 Santa Ines (SI), 24 1/2 Ile de France × 1/2 Santa Inês (ILE × SI) and 8 1/2 Texel × 1/2 Santa Inês (TE × SI), slaughtered at different weights (30, 35, 40 and 45 kg, respectively). Subjective measurements (marbling, colour and texture) were carried out on the Longissimus dorsi, as well as initial pH (0 h) and final pH (24 h) after slaughter. The experiment was in a 3 × 4 factorial design and analysed using general linear model and correlation procedures in SAS®. Breed group did not influence colour (3.32), shear force (3.57 kg-force (kgf)) or loss in cooking (24.05%) of the L. dorsi, but slaughter weight affected these, with stronger colour, tougher meat and greater loss in cooking as slaughter weight increased. For sensorial analysis, the L. dorsi were cut, identified and evaluated by 30 untrained judges using a linear scale. Significant differences were detected in preference (6.61 points), tenderness (6.32 points), succulence (6.33 points) and flavour (7.08 points) of the meat from different breed groups and slaughter weights. For preference, all meats were well accepted although the crossbred animals slaughtered at 45 kg were less acceptable.

Several naturalized sheep breeds in the South American continent have little objective information available and as population size is becoming smaller the need for this information becomes more critical. The objective of this study was to differentiate between naturalized breeds in Brazil, Uruguay and Colombia using morphological descriptors and compare them with commercial breeds. The amount of 928 morphometric measurements and 2918 weights were collected. Phenotypic characterization was carried out using size, weight, colour and conformation of the animals, as well as 16 morphometric measurements of the animals. Phenotypic data were analysed using PROC GLM, CORR and PRINCOMP of Statistical Analysis System (SAS ® ). The distance between breeds was carried out using morphometric and morphological data using UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Mean) method to create a dendrogram. Phenotypic characterization was shown to be an accessible and easy to use tool in conservation and breeding programs. The breed was the most important factor to differentiate between the animals measured, and adult weight most influenced by the environment. Commercial breeds were larger and Santa Ines animals from the Center-west and Southwest closer to Bergamasca than in other regions.

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare physical parameters in groups of sheep with different phenotypic characteristics in the Centre-west region of Brazil. Five groups of sheep, with nine animals per group, were selected, three groups of Santa Inês animals with different coat colours (white, brown and black), one group with crossbred animals (Santa Inês × Bergamasca) and one group with animals of the Bergamasca breed. The following traits were evaluated: coat thickness, number and length of hair, pigmentation level in the coat and the skin as well as the percentage area of sweats glands in the skin tissue, carried out by histological analysis. The number of hairs and the area of sweats glands were not significantly different between the evaluated groups. The Bergamasca breed showed low pigmentation of the skin and long hairs. The levels of pigmentation of the hair and of the skin were highly correlated. Between the Santa Inês groups, the group with white hair showed the better parameters for heat adaptation, while the brown hair group showed the lower heat adaptation when compared with another hair breed groups.