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Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), AA isoform of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-AA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in asthma. These molecules are closely associated with cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-4. This study investigates the relation between childhood asthma and levels of these mediators in exhaled breath condensate (EBC). Methods: EBC was collected from asthmatic children and controls using a disposable collection kit, and the concentrations of VEGF, PDGF-AA, EGF, TNF-α and IL-4 in EBC were measured using sandwich enzyme immunoassays. Exhaled nitric oxide concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence analyzer. Results: Thirty-five asthmatic patients aged between 7 and 18 years and 11 controls were recruited. Sixteen patients had intermittent asthma (IA) whereas 19 of them suffered from persistent asthma (PA). A significant correlation was found between IL-4 and TNF-α in EBC (ρ = 0.374, p = 0.010). PDGF-AA levels in EBC were higher in subjects with diminished FEV1 (p = 0.023) whereas IL-4 concentrations were increased in asthmatics (p = 0.007) as well as subjects with increased plasma total IgE (p = 0.033). Patients with PA receiving high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) had higher EBC IL-4 concentration than those on low-dose ICS (p = 0.007). Linear regression revealed that PDGF-AA levels in EBC were negatively associated with FEV1 percentage (β = –0.459, p = 0.006) among the asthmatic patients. Conclusions: IL-4 in EBC is increased in childhood asthma, and growth factors are detectable in a significant proportion of these children. Increased PDGF-AA is found in asthmatics with more severe airflow limitation. Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leung TF, Li CY, Lam CWK, Au CSS, Yung E, Chan IHS, Wong GWK, Fok TF. The relation between obesity and asthmatic airway inflammation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004: 15: 344–350. © 2004 Blackwell Munksgaard Epidemiologic studies suggest increased asthma prevalence in obese subjects. However, the relation between obesity and airway inflammation remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the relation between obesity indices and exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in children with asthma. Asthmatic patients aged 7–18 yr old were recruited. Weight-for-height Z score was calculated from anthropometry. ENO was measured by online single-breath method using a chemiluminescence analyzer, whereas LTB4 concentrations in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) were quantified using competitive enzyme immunoassay. Ninety-two asthmatics and 23 controls were recruited. The mean ENO and LTB4 concentrations in EBC were higher in asthmatic patients (87 p.p.b. and 40.5 pg/ml) than controls (25 p.p.b. and 18.7 pg/ml) (p < 0.0001 for both). Obesity, as defined by weight >120% median weight-for-height, was not associated with any alteration in ENO or LTB4 concentrations in patients with asthma. Besides, these inflammatory markers did not differ between asthmatics in the highest and lowest quartiles of weight-for-height Z score. On multivariate analysis, ENO showed significant correlation with age ( β = 0.511, p < 0.0001), peripheral blood eosinophil count ( β = 0.222, p = 0.019), plasma total IgE concentration ( β = 0.187, p = 0.050) and forced expiratory volume in 1-s (FEV1; β = −0.221, p = 0.014). None of the factors was associated with LTB4 concentration in EBC. In conclusion, ENO and LTB4 concentration in EBC are increased in childhood asthma. However, these inflammatory markers did not differ between obese and non-obese children with asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]