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Purpose: This study aimed to describe the clinical response to five-step systematic therapy (FSST) in the management of plugged ducts and mastitis. FSST was a comprehensive milk stasis dredging treatment, which contained five steps to make the milk out of the plugged duct. Methods: This retrospective study included 922 breastfeeding women, 714 with plugged ducts, and 208 with mastitis who received FSST from June to September 2017. The breast pain score, swelling degree, and range of breast induration were recorded pre-FSST and post-FSST. Results: After a single FSST, pain score and swelling degree were significantly improved (both p

Unwanted pregnancy in many adolescents raises physical, psychological and social problems. One of the problems of unwanted pregnancy in adolescents is reluctance to breastfeed. The purpose of this study was to obtain an in-depth overview of breastfeeding practice experiences in teenage mothers with unwanted pregnancies. This research is a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach in adolescent mothers in the working area of the Gunungkidul District Health Center. Research participants were selected by purposive sampling with convenience sampling. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, FGDs and observations of field notes on eight participants of teenage mothers based on interview guidelines and conducted data analysis. The results of this study the majority of teenage mothers have experience of good breastfeeding practice. Almost all teenage mothers understand exclusive breastfeeding. There are several factors that influence teenage mothers when breastfeeding, such as the experience of facing difficulties early breastfeeding. Breastfeeding decision making in adolescents is strongly influenced by parents. Experience when dealing with physical problems, such as the initial illness of breastfeeding, a little milk comes out, nipples blisters and breast swelling. Family support and health workers make teenage mothers maintain breastfeeding practices. Another factor is the information of parents, the environment, peers, health workers and the experience of people around based on the observations they make. Conclusion breastfeeding practices in adolescent mothers with unwanted pregnancies gained experience facing difficulties early breastfeeding, decision-making experiences that are strongly influenced by family members, experiences when dealing with physical problems breastfeeding.

Fluid collection surrounding breast implants, called seroma, is a frequent issue that has diverse etiologies. We describe a 48‐year‐old woman with an acute onset of bilateral breast swelling occurring 5 years after aesthetic surgery and 10 days after a second SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccine dose. At breast ultrasound, we found an abundant bilateral peri‐implant seroma. Our patient noticed symptom improvement 48 h after nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug treatment, complete disappearance of symptoms after 10 days with seroma disappearance documented by ultrasound. We hypothesized a breast implant seroma as post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccine side effect, as different other diagnosis had been excluded.

Background Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a clinical diagnosis. Here, we examined the association of a “classic” triad of clinical signs, swollen involved breast, nipple change, and diffuse skin change, with overall survival (OS). Method Breast medical photographs from patients enrolled on a prospective IBC registry were scored by two independent reviewers as classic (triad above), not classic, and difficult to assign. Chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test were used to assess differences between patient groups. Kaplan–Meier estimates and the log‐rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression were used to assess the OS. Results We analyzed 245 IBC patients with median age 54 (range 26–81), M0 versus M1 status (157 and 88 patients, respectively). The classic triad was significantly associated with smoking, post‐menopausal status, and metastatic disease at presentation (p = 0.002, 0.013, and 0.035, respectively). Ten‐year actuarial OS for not classic and difficult to assign were not significantly different and were grouped for further analyses. Ten‐year OS was 29.7% among patients with the classic sign triad versus 57.2% for non‐classic (p, Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a clinical diagnosis. Here, we examined the association of a “classic” triad of clinical signs, swollen involved breast, nipple change, and diffuse skin change, with overall survival (OS). Our study concluded for the first time that a triad of classic IBC signs independently predicted OS in patients diagnosed with IBC.

We report a case of a male infant who underwent resection of a unilateral breast mass with a histopathological diagnosis of a fibrous hamartoma of infancy (FHI) combined with a pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH). Breast lumps are uncommon in infants and children, especially in boys. FHI and PASH are very rare causes of breast lumps, especially in infants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a combination of both pathologies in 1 lesion in the breast of an infant.

In this chapter fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a breast swelling in a 41 -year female with 1 year duration is discussed.

In this chapter fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a case of breast swelling with jaundice and weakness in a young female is discussed.

In this chapter fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of a breast swelling in a young patient is discussed.

Lymphedema of the breast, secondary to treatment for breast cancer, is difficult to assess due to the shape of the breast and the nature of the tissue. Ultrasound measurement of dermal thickness has been previously used to assess breast swelling; however, the reliability of the measurements, or what should be considered an abnormal thickness, is currently known.Thirty-eight women with breast edema were recruited and underwent assessment using ultrasound. During the assessment, the four quadrants (superior, inferior, medial, and lateral) of the affected and unaffected breasts were imaged three times each. Dermal thickness was then measured by two assessors, on two occasions for each captured image. The interimage, intrarater, and inter-rater reliability was all found to be excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.995; ICCDermal thickness measurements can be reliably completed on breasts with edema secondary to breast cancer. Future study is needed to determine the utility of the dermal thickness thresholds established as well as to investigate changes in dermal thickness as a response to treatment of breast edema.

Background . Severe breast engorgement can cause substantial discomfort for mothers and interfere with an infant’s ability to feed at the breast. Aim of the study was to clarify the possibility of the influence of percutaneous the progesterone-containing gel (progestogel) to eliminate strong postpartum engorgement of the breast in lactating women. Materials and methods . 23 patients were examined. The progestogel for transdermal therapy in an amount of 2.5-3 g was applied to the breast. Before application and after 20 min application progestogel measured the density of the mammary glands with the help of tonometer. Results . According to our observations, application of 2.5-3g of the progestogel on the breast skin is not leading to reduction of breast swelling, engorgement and tenderness. Conclusions . Transdermal application progestogel does not reduce the degree of engorgement of the mammary glands in the postpartum period.

Mammary ductal ectasia (MDE) with bloody nipple discharge (BND) appears to be exceptionally rare and presents a challenge for management to the consulting physician. We report A 5-month-old boy presented with a 3 weeks history of unilateral breast enlargement associated with intermittent spontaneous bloody nipple discharge. Ultrasound evaluation showed a 1.0 cm × 0.57 cm cystic mass in the right subareolar region with dilated ducts. Cytological evaluation of nipple discharge showed no malignant cells. The breast swelling and nipple discharge resolved spontaneously after 1 months without recurrence during the following 7 months. We conclude that mammary ductal ectasia is a benign and self-limited disorder in infancy and can be manged conservatively without any specific treatment to avoid unnecessary invasive surgical intervention.

Background : Breastfeeding problems are caused by breast problems which are one of the factors that loss of the interest mothers to breastfeed. A third of women aged 25 years do not breastfeed because of breast swelling. In addition, inverted nipple, flat nipple, clogged duct, mastitis, and breast abscess are also cause mother’s reluctance to breastfeed. General practitioner at Public Health Center as primary care physicians should have a good knowledge how to troubleshoot breastfeeding problems. A good knowledge will help general practitioner to resolve the cases of confession. One way to increase to knowledge by using learning media. Today almost everyone has a smartphone. It is encouraged to use electronic based learning media in the form of e-booklet . This research aims to determine The Effectiveness of E-booklet on Breastfeeding Problems to Increase the Knowledge of General Practitioner at Public Health Center Malang City. Methods : This type of research is the quantitative, using the quasi experiment method with the research design One Group Pretest-Posttest Design with total sampling. The population is known for 35 that is all the general practitioners working at Public Health Center with inclusion creteria, like general practitioners who are willing to be respondents and functional physicians who work in public health center of Malang city. Sample obtained as many as 23 people. Questionnaires were given to measure knowledge before and after the giving of e-booklet . Datas were analyzed by paired sample t test (p < 0,05). Results : There is an average difference between the value before and after the e-booklet s. Average posttest value is higher than pretest. Conclusion : E-booklet is effectively improve general practitioner’s knowledge of breastfeeding problems. Keywords : Knowledge , General Practitioner, E-booklet , Breastfeeding Problems, Public Health Center

Background: Severe breast engorgement can cause substantial discomfort for mothers and interfere with an infant's ability to feed at the breast. The aim of the study was to clarify the possibility that the percutaneous progesterone-containing gel (Progestogel) can eliminate severe postpartum breast engorgement in lactating women. Subjects and Methods: Twenty three patients were examined. The Progestogel for transdermal therapy in an amount of 2.5–3 g was applied to the breast. Before application and 20 min after application the density of the mammary glands was measured by a tonometer. Results: According to our observations, within 20 min application of 2.5–3 g of the Progestogel on the breast skin does not result in reducing breast swelling, engorgement and tenderness. Conclusions: After 20 minutes, transdermal application of Progestogel does not reduce the degree of engorgement of the mammary glands in the postpartum period.

Background: Almost all women experience at least mild degree of one or more premenstrual symptoms during the days before menstruation. Women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) experience a pattern of severe premenstrual symptoms month after month and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the extreme, predominantly psychological end of the PMS spectrum. These symptoms hinder some aspect of their family as well as social lives and also interfere their activities at work. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of PMS among reproductive aged Myanmar women from medical field and to investigate the frequency and severity of symptoms experience by the women with PMS. Materials and Methods: All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire derived from Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences (COPE) for two consecutive menstrual cycle to diagnose PMS and PMDD. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 400 reproductive aged women (between 15 - 45 years) among the medical students, doctors and nurses. Results: Out of 400 subjects, 149 women (37.3%) met DSM-IV criteria for PMS and 251 women (62.7%) did not have PMS. Among PMS women, 81 women (54.4%) had PMDD. The most frequent PMS symptoms were poor concentration (88.6%), irritability (87.3%), ache and pain (81.9%), increased appetite (79.2%) and breast swelling (75.8%). The most frequent symptom in mild and moderate PMS is physical symptom (ache and pain) and that in PMDD was psychological symptom (poor concentration). Conclusion: The prevalence of PMS with high PMDD proportion was found in reproductive aged Myanmar women from medical field. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(4) 2016 39-43

Breast reconstruction represents one of the most common operations performed by plastic surgeons in the United States. In 2013, nearly 100,000 breast reconstruction operations were performed with almost 80% utilizing implant-based techniques.1 As our experience with this technique continues to increase, reconstruction is being offered to progressively comorbid patients.2 With these trends, other surgical specialties have likely been increasingly exposed to patients with a history of implant-based breast reconstruction, which may impact surgical approaches. In this case report, we describe a fluid collection around a breast implant from the migration of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter. The goal of this case report is to present an unusual case of breast swelling and improve awareness of this potential problem.

Breast cancer is uncommon in pregnancy, but obstetrical care providers should nevertheless be familiar with the presenting signs and symptoms. The incidence of breast cancer in pregnancy and the postpartum period ranges from 2.3 to 40 cases per 100 000 women. Over 90% of patients with breast cancer in pregnancy or during lactation present with a palpable mass, and most often (84%) these are self-reported by patients. Less frequently, breast cancer will present as breast erythema, breast swelling, bloody nipple discharge, or local or distant metastasis. The histology of tumours appears to be similar in women who are pregnant or recently delivered and in age-matched women who are not pregnant. However, the stage of disease at diagnosis is more advanced in women who are pregnant or recently delivered and consequently incurs a worst prognosis, likely due to a delay in diagnosis. Although the majority of palpable breast masses are benign, breast examinations should routinely be performed in pregnant women, and identified masses should be promptly evaluated.

We present a case of left breast abscess in a young male patient who presented with acute onset swelling left breast. Imaging studies helped in accurate diagnosis and the case was managed by subareolar incision and drainage. Subareolar breast abscess is an uncommon entity in male and should be kept as a differential diagnosis for male breast swellings.

Superior vena cava syndrome is defined by a set of signs and symptoms secondary to superior vena cava obstruction caused principally by malignant diseases. The present report describes the case of an unusual clinical manifestation of this syndrome with bilateral breast swelling, and emphasizes the relevance of knowledge on mammographic signs of systemic diseases.

Leiomyomas are benign smooth muscle neoplasm. They can occur in any organ, but the most common forms occur in the uterus, small bowel and the esophagus. Leiomyomas of breast are rare benign non epithelial tumor. Only 21 cases of solitary parenchymal leiomyoma of the breast have been reported. This is the first case of multiple breast leiomyomas being reported in the literature. Here we report a case of a 38-year-old woman who presented to us with a painless right sided breast swelling. Histopathology revealed a growth pattern of interlacing fascicles of smooth-muscle cells consistent with leiomyoma of breast. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of multiple intraparenchymal leiomyomas of the breast reported in the literature.

Postmenopausal women who choose hormone replacement therapy (HRT) often discontinue this therapy within 1 year. Few studies have considered why older women (agedor =65 years) discontinue therapy. To investigate this question and its relationship to HRT-related side effects, we analyzed data collected during the 3-month open-label (active HRT and alendronate placebo) run-in phase of a clinical trial for osteoporosis prevention and treatment in older women. Among women discontinuing the trial, we ascertained a primary reason based on the patients' records and classified it as related or unrelated to HRT. The incidence of specific HRT-related side effects reported during the run-in phase was abstracted from the trial database and compared between patients continuing in the trial and those discontinuing for HRT-related reasons. Of the 485 women who began the 3-month run-in phase, 112 (23%) discontinued the trial. Specifically, 73 (15%) women discontinued for reasons considered HRT related. Breast swelling/tenderness (26 women) and bloating (9 women) were more often primary reasons for discontinuation than were bleeding or spotting (7 women). Comparing all reported side effects, bloating was more common in women discontinuing because of HRT than in women continuing in the trial (18% versus 3%, por = 0.001), whereas other complaints were similar or lower: breast swelling/tenderness (59% versus 67%, p0.05), bleeding (16% versus 17%, p0.05), spotting (23% versus 41%, por = 0.05). Bloating, of which women discontinuing complained significantly more often, and breast swelling/tenderness, the most frequently cited primary reason for discontinuation, may be more important factors than bleeding or spotting in an older woman's decision to discontinue HRT.

Silicone-gel breast implants are widely used throughout the world for breast augmentation and reconstruction, and complications associated with long-term in vivo presence are well reported, particularly in relation to implant rupture. We report an unusual and atypical clinical presentation of large intracapsular seroma formation, not previously reported with silicone-gel breast prosthesis rupture.

Background: Pneumomastia is air within the breast parenchyma. A number of causes have been reported for this condition. This case report describes a new cause and details of the management strategy applied, together with a review of the literature. Case Report: We describe a case of acute breast swelling in a 40-year-old woman and its subsequent successful conservative management. Conclusion: Bronchopleural fistula after thoracotomy is a risk, and can cause pneumomastia. This is more likely to occur after redo thoracic surgery. Pneumomastia after repeat thoracotomy can be managed conservatively, even in the presence of a bronchopleural fistula.

A 27-year-old man presented with bilateral painful breast enlargement and recent onset right testicular swelling. After appropriate evaluation, a radical orchiectomy was performed, and a Leydig cell tumor was found. The various urologic etiologies for gynecomastia are presented, as are the potential interventions. A rational approach to the patient with new onset breast swelling is presented.

A 32-year-old previously healthy female smoker was admitted to hospital after presenting with a sudden onset of painful bilateral breast swelling and chest pain that occurred when she was resting. Her pain was nonpleuritic, with no associated shortness of breath, diaphoresis, nausea or radiation. On

Aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of the combined use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell-block in the diagnosis of different breast lesions. Patient and methods: This study was a prospective study of 310 cases (301 females and 9 males) with breast swelling, coming to cytopathology unit, faculty of medicine, Zagazig University. FNAC and cell-block were performed. Cytological findings of smears and cell-blocks were correlated to histopathological results. Results: Most of cases were diagnosed as benign lesions or normal findings. The majority of FNAC samples was diagnosed as fibrocystic disease (160 cases, 51.6%), followed by fibroadenoma in 54 cases (17.4%). Positive cases for malignancy, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and false negative cases were encountered in 50 cases (16.1%). Studying the histopathological results showed that true positive cases by FNAC and cell-block were 47 in number (15.16%) and true negative ones were 247 cases (82.90%). False positive cases were 3 in number (0.96%) and false negative ones were also 3 cases (0.96%). Sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 98%. Positive predictive and negative predictive values were 94% and 98%, respectively. False positive and false negative rates were 1.15% and 6% respectively. Total accuracy was 98%. Conclusion: It is advised to perform cell-blocks for each case of breast FNAC to decrease the pitfalls and to improve the diagnosis and management of breast lumps.

A 21-year-old female with mixed connective tissue disease presented with bilateral tender breast swelling associated with oedema and erythaema. Histological examination of submitted skin revealed oedema and a marked dermal perivascular lymphocytic infiltration composed almost exclusively of T cells. The breast tissue, while odematous and fibroadenotic, was devoid of an inflammatory cell infiltrate. The condition was responsive to high dose steroids.

In a recent communication to this Journal, Bauer and Goodwin (1) reported 3 cases of gynecomastia appearing in patients treated with radioactive iodine for Graves’ disease. This symptom was considered as a complication of such therapy. We wish to call attention to tender breast enlargement as one manifestation of the symptomatology of Graves’ disease itself and to present 4 such cases in males observed in the past one and a half years among a total of 45 cases of hyperthyroidism examined during this period. In 2 of the cases, the appearance of breast symptoms antedated therapy of any kind. In 1 case, gynecomastia was first noted shortly after institution of therapy with Tapazole (1 methyl 2 mercaptoimidazole) but before significant clinical response was evident. In the fourth case, tender breast swelling was first noted later in the course of therapy, at a time when the patient had improved considerably. In all cases, remission of breast symptoms coincided with the return of function to the euthyroid state.

In a double-blind study vs bromocriptine, 30 women who wished to interrupt breast-feeding after a physiological delivery and at least 3 months of nursing were given at random 10 mg dihydroergocristine capsules or 2.5 mg bromocriptine capsules twice a day for 5 days, then 3 times a day for 5 days if treatment had failed to produce an effect. The parameters considered were PRL plasma levels, which were measured at baseline, on the 5th day and, where necessary, on the 10th day of treatment. Milk secretion, breast swelling and pain were recorded at baseline and daily during treatment. The appearance of any side-effect was accurately reported. A prolactin decrease was observed in both groups (p less than 0.01). After 5 days milk secretion was reduced more significantly in the dihydroergocristine group; after 10 days of treatment 6 cases treated with bromocriptine and 1 case treated with dihydroergocristine still revealed a low milk secretion. Breast congestion and pain were absent in both groups. As regards side-effects, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (standing position) was reported in the bromocriptine group. Other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, insomnia and headache, were reported in 8 patients in the bromocriptine group vs 6 patients in the dihydroergocristine group.

Background The current breastfeeding initiation rate in Canada is approximately 87%. By one month, about 21% of women have stopped breastfeeding. Engorgement and edema in breast tissue can lead to breastfeeding challenges which may contribute to early weaning. The aims of this pilot research study were to explore the relationship between intrapartum intravenous fluids given to mothers and postpartum breast swelling in the first 10 days postpartum and to determine if a larger study was warranted and feasible. Methods A prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort pilot study with repeated measures and a within-subjects design was completed. Participants were first time mothers who have a single, healthy newborn and had a spontaneous vaginal birth. Daily data collection from admission into the study until postpartum day 10 took place. Descriptive statistics are reported and linear regression analysis was used to model the relationship between IV therapy and postpartum breast edema. Results Women who received intravenous fluids during labour had higher levels of breast edema postpartum and rated their breasts as firmer and more tender than women who did not receive intravenous fluids. Participants who had intravenous fluids described patterns of fullness that appeared to be related to edema as opposed to fullness associated with engorgement and lactogenesis II. Conclusions The findings demonstrate that mothers in this pilot study who received intravenous fluids in labour and postpartum had higher levels of breast edema. These results suggest a larger study is warranted to more fully examine the effects of intravenous fluids on postpartum breast swelling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13006-015-0043-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) of the breast is a rare type of localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is usually of the B-cell. The majority of breast lymphoma present as a unilateral painless breast masses in an older woman, average age at diagnosis 55-60. A less common but distinctive presentation is a young woman of childbearing age who presents during or immediately after pregnancy. We present a 23-year-old postpartum woman with bilateral breast swelling. After surgical drainage and debridement and pathologic examination, the diagnosis of breast Burkitt lymphoma (BL) was confirmed. Chemotherapy was immediately started for her and the patient showed a good response with complete remission.

We examined the prevalence of selected premenstrual symptoms among 520 Connecticut women in relation to demographic, reproductive, contraceptive, and medical characteristics. The prevalence ranged from 39 per cent for breast swelling to 81 per cent for premenstrual weight gain. Socioeconomic status, race, history of benign breast disease, bra cup size, and history of abortions were some of the factors associated with premenstrual symptoms.