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Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Recent research indicates that human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may be linked to carcinogenesis, but the data remain controversial., Methods: HERVs' expression was evaluated to show the differences between breast cancer and control samples, and their associations with clinicopathological parameters. Gene expression of 12 HERVs, i.e., ERVE-4, ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, ERVV-1, ERV3-1, ERVH48-1, ERVMER34-1, ERVK-7, ERVK13-1, ERVK11-1, ERVK3-1, and HCP5, was analyzed by qPCR and/or TCGA datasets for breast cancer., Results: ERV3-1, ERVFRD-1, ERVH48-1, and ERVW-1 provided data to support their tumor suppressor roles in breast cancer. ERV3-1 evinced the best performing diagnostic data based on qPCR, i.e., , Auc: 0.819 (p < 0.0001), sensitivity of 72.41%, and specificity of 89.66%. Lower levels of ERV3-1 were noted in advanced stage and higher grades, and significant negative association was found in relation to Ki-67 levels. Oncogenic roles may be inferred for ERVK13-1, ERVV-1, and ERVMER34-1. Data for ERVK-7, ERVE-4, ERVK11-1, and HCP5 remain inconclusive., Conclusion: Differential HERV expression may be applicable to evaluate novel biomarkers for breast cancer. However, more research is needed to reveal their real clinical impact, the biological roles, and regulatory mechanisms in breast carcinogenesis., (© 2024 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer worldwide and is the main cause of death from cancer in women. Novel biomarkers are highly warranted for this disease., Objective: Evaluation of novel long non-coding RNAs biomarkers for breast cancer., Methods: The study comprised the analysis of the expression of 71 candidate lncRNAs via screening, six of which (four underexpressed, two overexpressed) were validated and analyzed by qPCR in tumor tissues associated with NST breast carcinomas, compared with the benign samples and with respect to their clinicopathological characteristics., Results: The results indicated the tumor suppressor roles of PTENP1, GNG12-AS1, MEG3 and MAGI2-AS3. Low levels of both PTENP1 and GNG12-AS1 were associated with worsened progression-free and overall survival rates. The reduced expression of GNG12-AS1 was linked to the advanced stage. A higher grade was associated with the lower expression of PTENP1, GNG12-AS1 and MAGI2-AS3. Reduced levels of both MEG3 and PTENP1 were linked to Ki-67 positivity. The NRSN2-AS1 and UCA1 lncRNAs were overexpressed; higher levels of UCA1 were associated with multifocality., Conclusions: The results suggest that the investigated lncRNAs may play important roles in breast cancer and comprise a potential factor that should be further evaluated in clinical studies.

Background: Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Most cases are invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (NST breast carcinomas)., Methods and Results: In this prospective, multicentric biomarker discovery study, we analyzed the expression of small non-coding RNAs (mainly microRNAs) in plasma by qPCR and evaluated their association with NST breast cancer. Large-scale expression profiling and subsequent validations have been performed in patient and control groups and compared with clinicopathological data. Small nuclear U6 snRNA, miR-548b-5p and miR-451a have been identified as candidate biomarkers. U6 snRNA was remarkably overexpressed in all the validations, miR-548b-5p levels were generally elevated and miR-451a expression was mostly downregulated in breast cancer groups. Combined U6 snRNA/miR-548b-5p signature demonstrated the best diagnostic performance based on the ROC curve analysis with AUC of 0.813, sensitivity 73.1% and specificity 82.6%. There was a trend towards increased expression of both miR-548b-5p and U6 snRNA in more advanced stages. Further, increased miR-548b-5p levels have been partially associated with higher grades, multifocality, Ki-67 positivity, and luminal B rather than luminal A samples. On the other hand, an association has been observed between high miR-451a expression and progesterone receptor positivity, lower grade, unifocal samples, Ki-67-negativity, luminal A rather than luminal B samples as well as improved progression-free survival and overall survival., Conclusions: Our results indicated that U6 snRNA and miR-548b-5p may have pro-oncogenic functions, while miR-451a may act as tumor suppressor in breast cancer., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Background: This paper summarizes current knowledge about clinically important aspects of gynecological care in female breast cancer patients. Despite the overall positive acceptance of oral contraceptives and hormone replacement drugs, hormone therapy may raise fears of developing breast cancer. Specifics of gynecological care of fertile patients are discussed as these patients face ovarian failure when undergoing oncological treatment of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is used in adjuvant therapy of breast cancer, in metastatic breast cancer or as prophylaxis of breast cancer in high-risk patients., Aim: We aim to study the influence of hormonal treatment on breast cancer development in women with and without congenital predisposition. The main risk factors for developing breast cancer are family history, increased density of breast tissue, atypical hyperplasia of the breast and previous radiotherapy to the chest area. All these factors increase the relative risk of cancer more than four times. Contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy show generally less than two-fold or no increase at all (RR 0.96-1.6). We concentrate with safety of hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients after they finish breast cancer treatment in pre- and postmenopausal period. We discuss fertility-sparing methods for preservation of ovarian function due to oncological treatment. Those methods are cryopreservation of embryos, oocytes in metaphase II and ovarian tissue. Simultaneous administration of GnRH agonists may protect ovarian function before gonadotoxic chemotherapy. We describe in detail the effects of tamoxifen on gynecological organs in both pre- and postmenopausal women in relation to the potential risk of developing secondary malignancy. In premenopausal women, tamoxifen has no increased risk of cancer of the uterine body. In postmenopausal patients, the risk after five years of tamoxifen is increased 2-3 times. Transvaginal sonography is not the screening tool for detection of the pathology in the uterine cavity during tamoxifen therapy, and so we only recommend looking for symptoms. Hysteroscopy is the golden standard for the examination of the uterine cavity in symptomatic postmenopausal patients using tamoxifen., Conclusion: This paper summarizes the current knowledge in areas where oncological and gynecological cares for breast cancer patients mingle. It should lead to greater understanding and deepening cooperation between clinical oncologists and oncogynecologists for the benefit of our patients.Key words: adjuvant hormonal therapy - fertility preservation - GnRH analogs - contraceptives - endometrial hyperplasia - hormone replacement therapy - breast neoplasm - tamoxifenThis work was supported by the Czech Ministry of Health - RVO (FNBr, 65269705).The authors declare they have no potential confl icts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study.The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.Submitted: 6. 6. 2016Accepted: 22. 7. 2016.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women in the Czech Republic. According to data from the National Cancer Registry (NOR) in 2007, the incidence is 122.7 cases of breast cancer in 100 000 women per year. Czech Republic occupies in the incidence of women breast cancer 26th place in the world and 17th place in Europe. Annually it has been diagnosed 6500 these tumors, 1700-1900 women die for him in the Czech Republic (data from 2007). The incidence show long-term upward trend (an increase of 32% in 2007 compared to 1995), while mortality has long been stabilized. In this favorable outcome involved the introduction of systematic screening of mammography in women over 45 years of age, diagnosis of early stages of disease, effective adjutant therapy and treatment of metastatic disease. In an international comparison of mortality, the Czech Republic belongs to 71th place in the world and the 27th place in Europe. Malignant neoplasm of breast cancer often affects women of working age, nearly 43% of patients are younger than 60 years. Long-term increasing incidence and stable mortality lead to a further increase in prevalence, which in 2007 reached more than 55 000 women living with breast cancer or its history. The various modalities of treatment include surgery, radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and targeted biological therapy. Fastest-growing issues in breast cancer management is the sentinel nodes and non-invasive breast cancers. This entity was newly assigned and represented by a lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). DCIS as noninvasive cancer of the breast is generally 15-20% of breast cancers diagnosed and the number is growing.

Objective: Presentation of the file prognostically highly unfavourable group cancers of breast., Design: Retrospective analysis., Setting: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and Faculty Hospital, Brno., Methods: In the study, we retrospectively analyzed 47 patients with triple negative breast cancer, who have undergone in the period 2005-2008 complete treatment and then follow-up in Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and Faculty Hospital, Brno. 2/3 patients underwent primary surgery followed by adjuvant therapy, 1/3 patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and eventually adjuvant therapy. Then patients were transferred to follow-up., Results: Approximatelly 2/3 patients were diagnosed in early stages I and IIA FIGO, other patients in advanced stages, even though almost 90% of women participated regularly in mammography screening. With neoadjuvant chemotherapy was achieved complete pathological remission in 15% patients, in 70% patients reduction volume of the tumor at least 50%, other patients were resistant to chemotherapy. Recurrence of disease was detected by almost 39% of patients on condition follow-up at least 30 months after completion of primary treatment. Patients, who were diagnosed and treated in early stages, suffered more frequently from local recurrence and interval of recurrence from completion of primary treatment was longer. Patients, who were diagnosed and treated in advanced stages, suffered more frequently from remote metastasis and interval of recurrence from completion primary treatment was shorter., Conclusion: Triple negative cancers of breast are highly aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. They often are associated with lymphadenopathy and characterized by frequent occurrence of local recurrences and high risk of remote metastases. These tumors represent a large part of so-called interval cancers. Tumors often occurs in young women with BRCA1 mutations. Elementary systemic treatment is chemotherapy. Together continues the effort of highly targeted therapy, based on new findings in genomics and proteomics and on detection of many markers expressed by this version of breast cancer.