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Berms deployed at the toe of conventional breakwaters may be needed to reduce bottom settlements and to limit scour in front of the structure due to coastal currents. In the mean time, they may be effective in increasing the stability of the armor layer and also in minimizing the wave overtopping discharge compared to straight sloped conventional breakwaters without a berm. This research aims to provide a new design criterion for the armor layer of conventional breakwaters with submerged berms marked by small thickness compared to water depth. Indeed, past researches focused on the influence of relatively high berms on the stability of the armor layer. The design of the berm itself is not tackled herein. The effects of submerged berms on the incident waves transformation have been evaluated by means of a numerical model, validated by using experimental data. Then, a parametric correction factor of the incident significant wave height at the toe of the structure is provided and included in well established design criteria. The experimental comparison confirms the reliability of the proposed method by highlighting the importance to use design criteria within their validity ranges, in order to avoid an unsafe dimensioning of the armor elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper aims at investigating the intensity of the load applied by non-breaking waves on the recurved parapet wall of vertical breakwaters. For this purpose, 2-D experiments were carried out on a simple vertical breakwater physical model with four different geometries of the parapet (with an "exit angle" of recurve of 0°, 45°, 60° and 90°), under both regular and irregular waves. The tests showed the presence of loads of a quasi-static nature and loads with a typical church roof impulsive behaviour, depending on the (non breaking) wave characteristics and on the shape of the parapet. This impulsive force resulted significantly larger than the quasi-static load of the pure vertical wall case. The maximum measured total force under regular waves was compared with the one obtained by a numerical model based on IHFOAM. For irregular waves with H s equal to 80% of the freeboard, the maximum measured horizontal load on a 90° recurved wall is equivalent to the force applied by a constant pressure of order 5 ρ gH s. It was found, by analysing waves near the leading edge of a wave-group, that history effects are important, i.e., in certain circumstances, a high wave preceded by lower waves generated a larger force than if it had been preceded by waves of the same height. For regular tests, the largest impulsive forces occurred basically at the beginning of the tests, during the initial transient ramp-up period. The irregular wave overtopping was also measured, showing good agreement with the existing predictive formulae and confirming the significant reduction of mean discharge with increasing exit angle and overhanging extension of the parapet. Highlights • Four geometries of the parapet were tested, with exit angle 0°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. • Regular (RW) and irregular waves (IW) were generated. • Under IW, impulsive loads (IL) were 5 times larger for 90° parapet than for 0°. • Under RW, IL were smaller than under IW, except for the initial transient phase. • The measured loads were predicted with satisfaction by numerical simulations. • The overtopping was in good agreement with the existing predictive formulae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes 2-D numerical simulations of velocity and pressure fields generated by non-breaking waves on a vertical breakwater with a recurved parapet wall. The influence of the geometrical characteristics of the parapet is investigated. An impulsive pressure force is identified and discussed with respect to the pure vertical wall case. This force is generated by the seaward flow confinement induced by the surging wave crest. We refer to this impulsive impact as “confined-crest impact”. A large part of the vertical wall is affected by an impulsive increase in pressure caused by pulsating wave, compared to the case where the parapet is completely vertical. The maximum values of the impulsive pressures are localized under the recurved parapet. The total force increase on the entire structure may be significant when compared to the pure vertical wall case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]