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The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiver sity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxo nomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world’s known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world’s most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend be yond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still un equally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the coun try. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora. Fil: Gomes da Silva, Janaina. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Fil: Filardi, Fabiana L.R. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Barbosa, María Regina de V. Universidade Federal da Paraíba: Joao Pessoa; Brasil Fil: Baumgratz, José Fernando Andrade. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: de Mattos Bicudo, Carlos Eduardo. Instituto de Botânica. Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia; Brasil Fil: Cavalcanti, Taciana. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia; Brasil Fil: Coelho, Marcus. Prefeitura Municipal de Campinas; Brasil Fil: Ferreira da Costa, Andrea. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Costa, Denise. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Dalcin, Eduardo C. Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute; Brasil Fil: Labiak, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Parana; Brasil Fil: Cavalcante de Lima, Haroldo. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Lohmann, Lucia. Universidade de São Paulo; Brasil Fil: Maia, Leonor. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Brasil Fil: Mansano, Vidal de Freitas. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Menezes, Mariângela. Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional. Department of Botany; Brasil Fil: Morim, Marli. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Moura, Carlos Wallace do Nascimento. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana. Department of Biological Science; Brasil Fil: Lughadha, Eimear NIck. Royal Botanic Gardens; Reino Unido Fil: Peralta, Denilson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brazil Fil: Prado, Jefferson. Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais; Brasil Fil: Roque, Nádia. Universidade Federal da Bahia; Brasil Fil: Stehmann, Joao. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: da Silva Sylvestre, Lana. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa. Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina; Brasil Fil: Walter, Bruno Machado Teles. EMBRAPA Cenargen Brasília; Brasil Fil: Zimbrão, Geraldo. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Forzza, Rafaela C. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro; Brasil Fil: Morales, Matías. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Recursos Biológicos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Morón. Facultad de Agronomía y Ciencias Agroalimentarias; Argentina

Background: Chagas disease (CD) continues to be a neglected infectious disease with one of the largest burdens globally. Despite the modest cure rates in adult chronic patients and its safety profile, benznidazole (BNZ) is still the drug of choice. Its current recommended dose is based on nonrandomized studies, and efficacy and safety of the optimal dose of BNZ have been scarcely analyzed in clinical trials.Methods/design: MULTIBENZ is a phase II, randomized, noninferiority, double-blind, multicenter international clinical trial. A total of 240 patients with Trypanosoma CD in the chronic phase will be recruited in four different countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Spain). Patients will be randomized to receive BNZ 150 mg/day for 60 days, 400 mg/day for 15 days, or 300 mg/day for 60 days (comparator arm). The primary outcome is the efficacy of three different BNZ therapeutic schemes in terms of dose and duration. Efficacy will be assessed according to the proportion of patients with sustained parasitic load suppression in peripheral blood measured by polymerase chain reaction. The secondary outcomes are related to pharmacokinetics and drug tolerability. The follow-up will be 12 months from randomization to end of study participation. Recruitment was started in April 2018.Conclusion: This is a clinical trial conducted for the assessment of different dose schemes of BNZ compared with the standard treatment regimen for the treatment of CD in the chronic phase. MULTIBENZ may help to clarify which is the most adequate BNZ regimen in terms of efficacy and safety, predicated on sustained parasitic load suppression in peripheral blood. Fil: Molina Morant, D.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Hospital Vall D' Hebron; España Fil: Fernández, M. L.. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud “Dr. C. G. Malbrán”. Instituto Nacional de Parasitología "Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben”; Argentina Fil: Bosch Nicolau, P.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Hospital Vall D' Hebron; España Fil: Sulleiro, E.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Hospital Vall D' Hebron; España Fil: Bangher, M.. Instituto de Cardiologia de Corrientes Juana Francisca Cabral.; Argentina Fil: Salvador, F.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Hospital Vall D' Hebron; España Fil: Sanchez Montalva, A.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Hospital Vall D' Hebron; España Fil: Ribeiro, A.L.P.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: De Paula, A.M.B.. Universidad Federal de Montes Claros; Brasil Fil: Eloi, S.. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Oliveira Correa, Ronaldo. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil Fil: Villar, J. C.. Instituto de Cardiología; Colombia Fil: Sosa-Estani, Sergio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Epidemiología y Salud Pública; Argentina Fil: Molina, I.. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. Hospital Vall D' Hebron; España

Affirmative action in higher education may lead to mismatch, a situation where students benefiting from preferential admission struggle with their college-level work because of poor precollege academic preparation. In the United States, those students can switch majors if they underperform in the originally intended major. Only in the extreme may they drop out. What happens when major switching is not allowed? In this paper, we examine the margins of adjustment for beneficiaries of affirmative action in a top university in Brazil, where prospective students must choose a major prior to the entrance test, and cannot switch it while in college. Surprisingly, we do not find a larger effect on dropout rates relative to the United States, and also provide evidence of strong catching up for students who remain in school. Because they fail more courses early on, to successfully graduate students benefiting from preferential admission end up reducing the number of credit hours taken in the first and second college years, but compensate by taking more credit hours in the final years.

Issues of governance, collaboration, and participation are at the forefront of much tourism public management on finding new alternatives to tourism destinations development. This paper aims to diagnose the performance of social participation in the Brazilian Tourism Regionalization Program from 2004 to 2020. This research has a qualitative approach with data collected through bibliographic and documentary research covering 2004 to 2020. The data collected were analyzed according to categories defined by the literature. We analyzed eleven Tourism Regionalization Program documents and 13 specific published articles on tourism governance instances in the Tourism Regionalization Program. As a result, we observe that social participation went from a fundamental issue in 2004 to a prerequisite for integrating a tourist region in 2020. And they are now suppressed by the targeting of protagonism for the private sector. The results of this research advance the theoretical discussions regarding social participation in Brazilian tourism's regionalization. The synthesis of the analyses and discussions promoted the need to rethink organizing tourism governance in the Brazilian case to meet the demand for social participation and the regional development of tourism, Las cuestiones de gobernanza, colaboración y participación están a la vanguardia de gran parte de la gestión pública del turismo en la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas al desarrollo de destinos turísticos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo diagnosticar el desempeño de la participación social en el Programa de Regionalización Turística Brasileña de 2004 a 2020. Esta investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo con datos recolectados a través de investigaciones bibliográficas y documentales que abarcan 2004 a 2020. Los datos recolectados fueron analizados según categorías definidas la literatura. Analizamos once documentos del Programa de Regionalización Turística y 13 artículos publicados específicos sobre instancias de gobernanza turística en el Programa de Regionalización Turística. Como resultado, observamos que la participación social pasó de ser un tema fundamental en 2004 a un requisito previo para la integración de una región turística en 2020. Y ahora están reprimidos por la focalización del protagonismo del sector privado. Los resultados de esta investigación avanzan las discusiones teóricas sobre la participación social en la regionalización del turismo brasileño. La síntesis de los análisis y discusiones promovió la necesidad de repensar la organización de la gobernanza turística en el caso brasileño para atender la demanda de participación social y el desarrollo regional del turismo

The purpose of this article is to provide new evidence about the sources of regional income inequalities in Brazil along the wage distribution, taking into account the regional differentials in purchasing power. We use a unique and recent regional purchasing power index to adjust nominal values of the Brazilian metropolitan regions and consider recentred influence function (RIF) regressions to measure the contributions of different determinants of wages to the inequality between the São Paulo metropolitan region in the Southeast (the richest one, apart from Brasília) and each of the most important metropolitan regions of the Northeast (Fortaleza, Recife, and Salvador).

Peers play an essential role in cognitive and non-cognitive skills formation. Ordinal rank may also change incentives and environment, impacting students' efforts. Using two rich administrative data sets and a rule of admission at one top university in Brazil, we apply a regression discontinuity design to study the effect of class allocation on academic performance and labour market outcomes. The rule creates two potential effects on students: peer and ranking effects. The last student of the first class will have higher-ability peers, but at the same time will have a lower ordinal rank than the first student of the second class. These effects usually play in different directions. The rich data also allows conducting all the analyses separately for affirmative action students and regular students. The main results suggest that affirmative action students, a group of disadvantaged Black and mixed-race students from low-income families and with lower levels of education, are the most negatively impacted by being the last student of the first class. They have a lower GPA in the first semester, in the first year, and when they graduate. They also have a higher number of failures. Students in STEM majors drive results. However, the class allocation has no impact on employment and income.

Background To work towards reaching the WHO goal of eliminating soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections as a public health problem, the total number of children receiving anthelmintic drugs has strongly increased over the past few years. However, as drug pressure levels rise, the development of anthelmintic drug resistance (AR) is more and more likely to appear. Currently, any global surveillance system to monitor drug efficacy and the emergence of possible AR is lacking. Consequently, it remains unclear to what extent the efficacy of drugs may have dropped and whether AR is already present. The overall aim of this study is to recommend the best diagnostic methods to monitor drug efficacy and molecular markers to assess the emergence of AR in STH control programs. Methods A series of drug efficacy trials will be performed in four STH endemic countries with varying drug pressure (Ethiopia and Brazil: low drug pressure, Lao PDR: moderate drug pressure and Tanzania: high drug pressure). These trials are designed to assess the efficacy of a single oral dose of 400 mg albendazole (ALB) against STH infections in school-aged children (SAC) by microscopic (duplicate Kato-Katz thick smear, Mini-FLOTAC and FECPAKG2) and molecular stool-based diagnostic methods (quantitative PCR (qPCR)). Data will be collected on the cost of the materials used, as well as the time required to prepare and examine stool samples for the different diagnostic methods. Following qPCR, DNA samples will also be submitted for pyrosequencing to assess the presence and prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the β-tubulin gene. These SNPs are known to be linked to AR in animal STHs. Discussion The results obtained by these trials will provide robust evidence regarding the cost-efficiency and diagnostic performance of the different stool-based diagnostic methods for the assessment of drug efficacy in control programs. The assessment of associations between the frequency of SNPs in the β-tubulin gene and the history of drug pressure and drug efficacy will allow the validation of these SNPs as a marker for AR in human STHs. Trial registration The trial was retrospectively registered the 7th of March 2018 on Clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT03465488)., Author summary Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) affect 1.4 billion people worldwide and cause significant morbidity when the intensity of infection is high. Currently, these infections are controlled in school-aged children by preventive chemotherapy with the benzimidazole drugs albendazole (ALB) or mebendazole (MEB). However, for the success of these control programs, it is essential to keep track of the efficacy of these drugs and to screen parasite populations for a possible rise of anthelmintic resistance (AR). In this light, a series of trials will be performed to assess the efficacy of ALB treatment against STH in four endemic countries with varying drug pressure. Both microscopic and molecular stool-based diagnostic methods will be used to evaluate drug efficacy. DNA samples will also be analysed for the presence and prevalence of mutations in a gene that was previously linked to AR in animal STHs. The results of these trials will provide evidence on the efficacy of ALB, help select the optimal diagnostic method to assess drug efficacy and provide information regarding the usefulness of genetic markers for AR detection in human STHs.

Can students' rank in the ability distribution of their class impact their academic achievement? We aim to answer this question using a discontinuity generated by a rule for the distribution of students between classes at a prestigious Brazilian university. The rule means that in almost 30 per cent of its courses, the Federal University of Bahia allocates 50 per cent of the best students in the university entrance exam to the group that starts in the first semester, and the other 50 per cent to the group that starts in the second semester. We also explore the fact that the Federal University of Bahia was the first federal university in Brazil to adopt affirmative action for low-income individuals. In general, the results indicate that coming last among the best students of the first class negatively impacts student performance, and this effect is greater when considering students from affirmative action programmes and for courses in the field of technology. But the results in the labour market are not unique. Being in the first class could have positive or negative effects in terms of the labour market, depending on whether the students are part of the affirmative action quota or not.

A conjuntura contemporânea, motivada pelos avanços das tecnologias tem nos proporcionado um processo de desenvolvimento jamais visto na história da humanidade. O mundo globalizado é o palco principal de todas essas transformações e mudanças profundas. Para dominar as tecnologias, o homem não pode prescindir da educação como geradora desse ambiente de prosperidade e desenvolvimento e, diga-se com toda veemência, educação de qualidade para gerar as verdadeiras aprendizagens. Os debates nesse sentido apontam que não é mais suficiente ofertar educação, mas que além de ofertá-la, esta tem que ser medida para ter-se certeza que as demandas desta sociedade contemporânea estão sendo atendidas e, atendidas a contento. Impulsionados por essa necessidade de qualidade é que vários países e estados passaram a verificar por conta própria, através de sofisticados sistemas de avaliação, o nível de proficiência de suas populações escolares. A Avaliação Educacional tem assumido posição de destaque e tem possibilitado a Governos, mediante os resultados apresentados, a elaboração, aplicação e monitoramento de políticas públicas para a educação, como foi o caso do Ceará, com a criação do Sistema Permanente de Avaliação da Educação Básica do Ceará - SPAECE. Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar as contribuições do Sistema Permanente de Avaliação da Educação Básica do Ceará - SPAECE, enquanto Política Pública, para as escolas estaduais de ensino médio da Coordenadoria Regional de Desenvolvimento da Educação – CREDE 3 - Acaraú. Se houve melhoria no desempenho dos alunos; Se aconteceram mudanças na prática docente e se houve reestruturação pedagógica da escola pública cearense. Ela está baseada na abordagem quantiqualitativa e para tal utilizou-se como estratégia metodológica de investigação a Pesquisa Bibliográfica e Documental, seguida de uma Pesquisa de Campo, mediante uso da técnica de aplicação de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas, ambos realizados nas Escolas Estaduais de Ensino Médio Caju, no município de Jijoca de Jericoacoara; e Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Carnaúba, no município de Morrinhos, tendo como público alvo os alunos das turmas de primeiro ano do ensino médio, professores e gestoras (Diretoras e Coordenadoras). Os dados foram analisados com o suporte do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Delineando a trajetória e os caminhos percorridos pelo SPAECE, especialmente no âmbito da Secretaria de Educação, desde a sua origem, em 1992, tentou-se mostrar a evolução experimentada por essa Avaliação e, ao mesmo tempo, estabelecer uma ligação entre passado e presente. A disseminação cuidadosa dos resultados do SPAECE, feita por meio de documentos elaborados com relatórios concisos, menos técnicos e mais descritivos, veio materializar as baixas médias de proficiências atingidas pelos alunos cearenses já detectadas e apresentadas pelo Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB nas disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e de Matemática, foco central da avaliação em estudo. A realização destes testes pela escola concorrem para a sua evolução, para a evolução da escola e também deste estudo, tendo em vista os entendimentos e conclusões dele resultantes. Convictos desta responsabilidade, este trabalho buscará contribuir com a Secretaria de Educação do Ceará - SEDUC através do levantamento e consolidação de informações que facilitem a caminhada e traçado de novos rumos, para assim termos mais uma possibilidade de vivenciarmos dias melhores na educação cearense., The various situations in modern life are greatly motivated by the advances in technology, which have provided us with a process of development never before seen in the history of mankind. The globalised world is the core of all these transformations and deep changes. To be able to master technologies, man cannot exclude education as a generator of this environment of prosperity and development, and as we strongly point out, quality education to generate real learning. The debates, in this sense, point out that it is not enough to just merely provide education, but, in addition to this, it has to be measured so that we can be sure that the demands of this contemporary society are being addressed and met satisfactorily. Driven by this need for quality is that several countries and States have taken into their own account, through sophisticated systems of assessment, the proficiency level of their school populations. To assess the quality of education has acquired a position of prominence and has enabled Governments, through the results presented, the preparation, application and monitoring of public policies for education, such as was the case of Ceará, with the creation of the Permanent Evaluation System of Basic Education) of the State of Ceará - SPAECE. This research aims to analyze the contributions of the Permanent Evaluation System of Basic Education of the State of Ceará - SPAECE, as a public policy, for the state schools of secondary education of the CREDE 3 - Acaraú ( Regional Coordination for the Development of Education 3). If there was an improvement in students’ academic performance; If there have been changes in teaching practice; If there has been pedagogic restructure of the State of Ceará’s public schools. It is based on the quanti qualitative research, and to undertake this study we did bibliographic research and also in documents, followed by empirical/field research, using semi structured questionnaires and interviews, applied at Caju public state school, in the Jijoca of Jericoacoara municipality and at Carnaúba public state school, in the Morrinhos municipality from the first year high school students’, teachers’ and school management’s points of view (Principals and Coordinators). The data were analyzed with the aid of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-SPSS software. By outlining the trajectory and the paths travelled by the SPAECE, especially in the context of the Department of Education since its origin in 1992, we attempted to show the evolution experienced by this assessment and, at the same time, establish a connection between the past and the present. The careful dissemination of the SPAECE results done by reading concise, less technical and descriptive reports, made it possible to materialize the lower averages of proficiency students of the State of Ceará are attaining, which had already been detected and presented by the SAEB (National Evaluation of the Basic Education System) in the Portuguese Language and Maths subjects, core focus of the referred to assessment under study. The carrying out of these tests by schools contribute towards their evaluation and evolution and also for this study, considering understanding and conclusions which result from them. Convinced of this responsability, we aim to contribute with the SEDUC (Secretary of Education of the State of Ceará), by collecting and consolidating information which will help improve and better understand the paths to be taken and thus bring on better days for the education in the State of Ceará., Orientação: Emmanuel Maria Carlos Borrego Sabino ; co-orientação: Óscar Conceição de Sousa

We present here evidence for an early Holocene case of decapitation in the New World (Burial 26), found in the rock shelter of Lapa do Santo in 2007. Lapa do Santo is an archaeological site located in the Lagoa Santa karst in east-central Brazil with evidence of human occupation dating as far back as 11.712.7 cal kyBP (95.4% interval). An ultra-filtered AMS age determination on a fragment of the sphenoid provided an age range of 9.19.4 cal kyBP (95.4% interval) for Burial 26. The interment was composed of an articulated cranium, mandible and first six cervical vertebrae. Cut marks with a v-shaped profile were observed in the mandible and sixth cervical vertebra. The right hand was amputated and laid over the left side of the face with distal phalanges pointing to the chin and the left hand was amputated and laid over the right side of the face with distal phalanges pointing to the forehead. Strontium analysis comparing Burial 26"s isotopic signature to other specimens from Lapa do Santo suggests this was a local member of the group. Therefore, we suggest a ritualized decapitation instead of trophy-taking, testifying for the sophistication of mortuary rituals among hunter-gatherers in the Americas during the early Archaic period. In the apparent absence of wealth goods or elaborated architecture, Lapa do Santo"s inhabitants seemed to use the human body to express their cosmological principles regarding death.

We aimed to estimate the heritability and genetic correlation between glucose homeostasis and adiposity traits in a population in a rural community in Brazil. The Jequitinhonha Community Family Study cohort consists of subjects aged ≥18 years residing in rural areas in Brazil. The data on the following traits were assembled for 280 individuals (51.7% women): body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, waist and mid-upper arm circumferences, triceps skinfold, conicity index, insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), triglycerides and C-reactive protein. Extended pedigrees were constructed up to the third generation of individuals using the data management software PEDSYS. The heritability and genetic correlations were estimated using a variance component method. The age- and sex-adjusted heritability values estimated for insulin (h(2) = 52%), glucose (h(2) = 51%), HDLc (h(2) = 58%), and waist circumference (WC; h(2) = 49%) were high. Significantly adjusted genetic correlations were observed between insulin paired with each of the following phenotypes; (BMI; ρg = 0.48), WC (ρg = 0.47) and HDLc (ρg = -0.47). The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was genetically correlated with BMI (ρg = 0.53) and HDLc (ρg = -0.58). The adjusted genetic correlations between traits were consistently higher compared with the environmental correlations. In conclusion, glucose metabolism and adiposity traits are highly heritable and share common genetic effects with body adiposity traits.

The objective of this paper is to identify and quantify socioeconomic determinants of Schistosoma mansoni infection in the rural area of Virgem das Graças in Minas Gerais State of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in relation to socioeconomic characteristics of the households. Log-binomial regression analysis was used to examine the data on both the household and individual levels, analyzing the prevalence ratios for the association of schistosomiasis and socioeconomic variables related to the head of the household. Multiple comparisons through mixed effect modeling were used to examine the relationship between intensity of infection (geometric mean egg counts) and different levels of socioeconomic variables, respectively. In the univariate analysis, place of residence, number of persons per room, and lack of motorized transport were associated with schistosomiasis at the household level and age and unsafe water contact at the individual level. Age, unsafe water contact, number of persons per room, household possessions and lack of education of head of household remained significant predictors of schistosomiasis in the multivariable analysis. Only age was significantly associated with intensity of infection of individuals. It is concluded that widespread poverty, the rural environment, and weak socioeconomic differentiation that result in intense contact with infective water appear to minimize the protective effect of piped water supply and other socioeconomic parameters on schistosomiasis found in other studies. The potential role of socioeconomic development in conjunction with schistosomiasis control is described and areas for further studies are identified.

Esta tese é composta por dois ensaios sobre a educação superior no Brasil. O primeiro ensaio estuda os efeitos do programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras (CSF) na trajetória de vida de seus exbeneficiários em resultados relacionados ao mercado de trabalho formal, empreendedorismo e pós-graduação no Brasil. O CSF foi um programa federal de larga escala que financiou bolsas de estudo para mais de 90 mil alunos de graduação das áreas de Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática (STEM) realizarem parte dos seus estudos no exterior e que foi previsto para durar quatro anos (2011-2014). Nossos resultados mostram que um dos objetivos centrais do programa, qual seja, promover o ingresso de jovens brasileiros na pós-graduação, não parece ter sido alcançado no curto prazo. Além disso, não encontramos evidências de que os ex-beneficiários tenham imediatemente se beneficiado de maior empregabilidade, salário e propensão ao empreendedorismo formais em decorrência da participação no programa. Os resultados sugerem ainda que os candidatos aprovados para o programa levaram mais tempo para se graduar do que os não aprovados, o que pode, em parte, explicar o resultado negativo com relação ao ingresso na pós-graduação. A fuga de cerébros (brain drain) também pode ser um mecanismo importante para explicar os resultados, mas não temos dados para testar essa hipótese. O segundo ensaio, por sua vez, estuda os efeitos da decisão de policy makers brasileiros de expandir a educação terciária através da construção de novos campi federais no país entre 2001 e 2019. Com isso, o número de microregiões com presença de campi federais passou de 25.9% em 2000 para 75.8% em 2019. Os resultados indicam que a chegada dos campi federais aumentou a taxa bruta de matrícula e graduação no ensino superior entre pessoas com idade entre 15 e 24 anos. Os achados mostram ainda que a instalação de campi federais oferecendo cursos superiores presenciais gratuitos não parece ter levado os residentes a aumentar o esforço para ingressar na universidade, considerando-se, entre outras variáveis, as notas médias do ENEM a nível das microregiões. Além disso, constatamos que a expansão federal pode ter reduzido matrículas em escolas estaduais no nível do ensino médio e em instituições privadas no nível de pós-graduação. Também aparentemente contribuiu para uma redução do número de beneficiários do PROUNI e do FIES nas microregiões que receberam os campi federais no período. Os resultados, por fim, também mostram que, caso existam, os impactos microregionais no mercado de trabalho formal, número de empresas formais abertas anualmente e depósitos de patentes podem levar mais de dez anos para se materializar. This thesis is composed of two essays about higher education (HE) in Brazil. The first essay studies the effects of the Science Without Borders (SwB) program on the career decisions of its former beneficiaries in outcomes related to the formal labor market, entrepreneurship, and postgraduate education in Brazil. SwB was a large-scale federal program that funded scholarships for over 90 thousand undergraduate students in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields to carry out part of their studies abroad and which was intended to last four years (2011-2014). Our results show that one of the main program goals, namely to promote entrance in postgraduate programs in Brazil, does not seem to have been achieved in the short run. Moreover, we find no evidence that former beneficiaries have immediately benefited from increased formal employability, wages, and entrepreneurship as a result of the program participation. The results also suggest that approved candidates took longer to graduate than their not approved counterparts, what may, in part, explain the negative effect on postgraduate education entrance. Brain drain may also be an important mechanism to explain the findings, but we have no data to test this hypothesis. The second essay, in turn, studies the effects of Brazilian policy makers’ decision to expand tertiary education by building new federal campuses between 2001 and 2019. As a consequence, the number of microregions with federal campuses increased from 25.9% in 2000 to 75.8% in 2019. Our results indicate that the arrival of federal campuses increased the HE gross enrollment (GER) and graduation rates (GGR) among people aged 15-24. The findings also show that the installation of federal campuses offering tuition-free, on-site undergraduate programs does not seem to have led residents to increase effort to enter university as measured, among other variables, by the microregion-level ENEM average scores. In addition, we find that the federal expansion appears to have crowded out state schools at the secondary level and private institutions at the postgraduate level. It also seemingly contributed to a reduction in the number of both PROUNI and FIES beneficiaries in hosting microregions. Finally, the results indicate that, if any, the microregion-level effects on the formal labor market, number of formal firms created yearly and patent deposits may take more than ten years to materialize.

Submitted by Glauber de Assunção Moreira (glauber.moreira@ufba.br) on 2020-05-07T17:47:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Silva, Marcelo Renato Siquara.pdf: 1633046 bytes, checksum: 17f515bbc84ad3a4ae8562525bc820c6 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Ana Portela (anapoli@ufba.br) on 2020-06-05T20:35:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Silva, Marcelo Renato Siquara.pdf: 1633046 bytes, checksum: 17f515bbc84ad3a4ae8562525bc820c6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-06-05T20:35:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE Silva, Marcelo Renato Siquara.pdf: 1633046 bytes, checksum: 17f515bbc84ad3a4ae8562525bc820c6 (MD5) Após a Revolução do Porto (1820), a província da Bahia vivenciou uma nova dinâmica política. O antigo súdito do Império português, alçado a condição de cidadão, passou a desfrutar as benesses facultadas pelo liberalismo constitucional. No exercício político dos seus direitos e deveres, amparados nas Bases Constitucionais elaboradas pelas Cortes de Lisboa, e refletindo sobre um conjunto de conceitos esquadrinhados pelo Catecismo Político que circulou em Salvador, o cidadão português passou a sugerir mudanças e a questionar antigos problemas que afligiam a sociedade. A profusão de impressos e manuscritos, e as discursões suscitadas a partir da publicização de seus conteúdos, favoreceu a ampliação dessa participação. Além disso, o olhar crítico do cidadão sobre os projetos políticos defendidos pela maioria dos congressistas portugueses, que resultou na formação de partidos distintos na província, contribuiu para o agravamento no quadro de tensões. Cabe ressaltar que, a princípio, a luta pela independência brasileira esteve vinculada a manutenção da unidade do Império português, amparada no princípio da paridade de direitos. Porém, este desejo inicial sofreu uma viragem a partir do momento em que a proposta de construção do novo pacto social passou a ser percebida como um escuso projeto de recolonização. A partir de então, a opção pela ruptura, sob os auspícios do príncipe dom Pedro, tornou-se um caminho sem volta. De toda sorte, a vinculação da província da Bahia neste circuito de mudanças resultou na incidência de um conjunto de alterações – de ordem política, econômica, social e cultural. Enfim, diante do exposto, defendo que o estudo da cultura letrada na Bahia (1821-1823), a partir da análise da experiência da independência brasileira, será capaz de ampliar a percepção sobre o processo histórico que resultou na separação entre os reinos irmãos. Acredito que essa abordagem histórica produzirá respostas que expliquem as relações estabelecidas entre o Estado e a sociedade em um contexto liberal e constitucional. A análise e o confronto de variadas fontes – primárias e secundárias –, em arquivos brasileiros e portugueses, tende a contribuir para o sucesso dessa empreitada. After the Oporto Revolution (1820), the province of Bahia experienced a new political dynamic. The old subject of the portuguese Empire, elevated to the condition of citizen, happened to enjoy the blessings provided by the constitutional liberalism. In the political exercise of their rights and duties, based on the Constitutional Bases elaborated by the Lisbon Cortes, and reflecting on a set of concepts scanned by the Political Catechism that circulated in Salvador, the Portuguese citizen began to suggest changes and to question old problems that afflicted the society. The profusion of forms and manuscripts, and the discursions aroused from the publicity of its contents, favored the expansion of this participation. Moreover, the critical look of the citizen on the political projects defended by the majority of the Portuguese congressmen, that resulted in the formation of distinct parties in the province, contributed to the aggravation in the tensions. It is important to emphasize that, in principle, the struggle for Brazilian independence was linked to the maintenance of the unity of the portuguese Empire, supported by the principle of parity of rights. However, this initial desire has undergone a turning point since the proposal of construction of the new social pact came to be perceived as an obscure project of recolonization. From then on, the option for the rupture, under the auspices of prince dom Pedro, became a path with no return. In any case, the linking of the province of Bahia to this circuit of change has resulted in a series of changes – political, economic, social and cultural. Finally, in the light of the foregoing, I argue that the study of the literate culture in Bahia (1821-1823), based on the analysis of the experience of Brazilian independence, will be able to broaden the perception about the historical process that resulted in the separation of the brother kingdoms. I believe that this historical approach will produce answers that explain the relations established between the State and society in a liberal and constitutional context. The analysis and confrontation of various sources – primary and secondary – in Brazilian and Portuguese archives tends to contribute to the success of this endeavor.