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Analisa duas concepções antagônicas sobre a constituição do campo psiquiátrico. A perspectiva prevalente no Brasil, a foucaultiana, é contrastada com a perspectiva de Gauchet e Swain. Para a tarefa são abordadas duas obras de Foucault, A história da loucura e O poder psiquiátrico, e a obra de Gauchet e Swain, Madness and democracy. Propõe que as concepções de base sobre o que é e como se construiu o campo teórico psiquiátrico definem as estratégias políticas e assistenciais de uma sociedade na sua relação com a loucura. Aponta as consequências diversas que essas abordagens trazem para a reforma psiquiátrica brasileira.The article analyzes two opposing views of the formation of the psychiatric field: the Foucauldian perspective, which holds sway in Brazil, and the perspective of Gauchet and Swain. Two works by Foucault (History of Madness and Psychiatric Power) are contrasted with Madness and Democracy, by the latter authors. It is argued that a society's political and assistance strategies about madness are shaped by the conceptual bases defining what constitutes the field of psychiatric theory and how it was formed. The article calls attention to the diverse consequences that these two approaches may have on the reform of Brazilian psychiatry.

Este artigo analisa, em especial, um dos instrumentos de anamnese produzido e aplicado pelos médicos do Asilo de São João de Deus, em Salvador (Bahia), a partir de 1874, ano da sua instalação. A pesquisa localizou, no Arquivo do Estado da Bahia e no da Santa Casa da Misericórdia da cidade do Salvador, acervo documental importante para a compreensão não só da história asilar, mas da história da psiquiatria na Bahia. Entre esses documentos foram encontrados cerca de vinte questionários preenchidos pelos médicos baianos daqueles dias. O nosso interesse nesses questionários, desenvolvidos pelos alienistas baianos, é analisar o conhecimento médico sobre a loucura e o seu tratamento, como também identificar as maneiras engendradas na condução do cotidiano asilar, numa tentativa hermenêutica de privilegiar o simbólico do passado tendo em vista o presente.The article relies on a collection of documents located at the Bahia State Archives and the city of Salvador's Santa Casa da Misericórdia Archives to gain an understanding of the history of asylums and of psychiatry in Bahia. The analysis is centered on one of the tools applied in taking anamneses, designed and employed by Bahian alienists at the São João de Deus Asylum in Salvador, Bahia, starting when the institute opened its doors in 1874. In a hermeneutic effort to view the symbolism of the past in light of the present, the article uses twenty of these questionnaires as a way of analyzing medical knowledge of madness and its treatment and further of identifying the methods devised for guiding daily life in an asylum.

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Copyright of História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos is the property of Casa de Oswaldo Cruz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)