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El libro tiene una mirada integral y busca apoyar los procesos de construcción de puentes entre ciencia y política, plantea y desarrolla una iniciativa en base al Proyecto de Resiliencia y Ordenamiento Territorial del agua y Servicios Ecosistémicos en la Amazonía de Perú, Bolivia y Brasil (PRO-Agua) de The Natural Capital Project (NatCap) de la Universidad de Stanford. Establece el paisaje amazónico trinacional de Madre de Dios (Perú), Acre (Brasil) y Pando (Bolivia) como ámbito de estudio, así como identificar los servicios ecosistémicos hidrológicos como el eje del mismo, ofrece la oportunidad de llevar adelante un análisis con enfoque multidisciplinario y territorial de gestión integrada de cuenca. Este paisaje amazónico conocido como MAP por las iniciales de los ámbitos subnacionales que lo componen, permite visibilizar un mismo ecosistema bajo tres miradas de gestión y gobierno, dependiendo de las estructuras institucionales y legales de cada país; ofreciendo además la oportunidad de armonizar la toma de decisiones con una visión de cuenca transfronteriza, basada en ciencia. El libro presenta el aporte del trabajo realizado en el marco del proyecto PRO Agua permite avanzar en la agenda del conocimiento, proveyendo de data e información analizada de manera multidisciplinaria respecto de los servicios ecosistémicos y su importancia. Se exploran los ciclos hidrológicos del ámbito de estudio (las cuencas de los ríos Madre de Dios, Acre y Purús), asi como la gestión del territorio y las presiones antrópicas que los alteran poniendo en peligro no solo su continuidad, sino la vida y bienes de las poblaciones que enfrentan, entre otros riesgos, inundaciones atípicas por el cambio de uso de suelo (con un enfoque específico pero no excluyente, en los sectores de Puerto Maldonado – Mazuko y Tahuamanu – Cobija). El rediseño de los paisajes amazónicos, se enfrenta a un crecimiento poblacional reflejado en nuevos asentamientos urbanos y el crecimiento de ciudades que deberían hacerlo en armonía con el entorno; así como a presiones antrópicas producto de una ocupación no planificada del suelo o producto de actividades ilegales e informales que priorizan el retorno económico del cambio de uso de suelo, sobre la sostenibilidad de la actividad planteada o del entorno. Otro aspecto clave del presente trabajo reflejado en el libro, está dado por la mirada prospectiva del mismo, al plantear una gama de escenarios a futuro que reflejan la vulnerabilidad de los ecosistemas estudiados, trabajar en el desarrollo de un Índice integral de Servicios Hidrológicos (ISH), ofrecer acceso a la información obtenida y organizada a través de un portal web que permite visualizarla y de ser el caso monitorear su evolución, además de identificar oportunidades de mejora a través de modelamientos que permitirían la recuperación y regeneración de ámbitos altamente intervenidos, poniendo como ejemplo uno de los más deteriorados e internacionalmente conocidos como es el caso de La Pampa en Madre de Dios (Perú). Una mirada integral de la información y escenarios presentados, asi como el análisis de los mismos, permite diseñar estrategias de corto, mediano y largo plazo a ser plasmadas en políticas públicas de diverso nivel de decisión, desde lo local a lo nacional e incluso como insumo para coordinaciones binacionales o trinacionales en el caso del ámbito del MAP. Un aspecto final y fundamental del proyecto, reflejado en el libro, es que se haya realizado entre investigadores del la Universidad de Stanford e investigadores locales permitiendo asi, compartir capacidades y conocimientos mutuos, que se materializarán en beneficio de la consolidación y fortalecimiento de la toma de decisiones local. Incidir en la generación de conocimiento, su difusión y apropiación a nivel local, asi como su canalización como sustento en la toma de decisiones para el diseño de políticas públicas, es un aspecto clave en el que debería visibilizarse el esfuerzo de cada trabajo de investigación.

La pequeña saltarina Dardarina gaucha Mielke, 1980, hasta ahora conocida solamente para su localidad tipo en el sur de Brasil y un espécimen recolectado dieciocho años atrás en el noreste de Argentina cerca del Río Uruguay, ha sido encontrada cerca de la costa del Río de La Plata. Unos pocos individuos vivos pudieron ser identificados de forma confiable mediante fotografías. Posiblemente llegaron allí por medio de vegetación flotante. Se discute brevemente la biología y ecología de la especie.

Resumo O presente trabalho analisou como as notícias sobre suicídio são veiculadas em jornal eletrônico brasileiro e avaliou se as recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) foram atendidas nessas publicações. Estudo quantitativo, documental e retrospectivo que investigou 89 notícias publicadas sobre suicídio no ano de 2017 no jornal brasileiro de maior circulação. Foi utilizada estatística descritiva e testes de associação para análise dos dados. A maioria das matérias não continha tanto aspectos contraindicados quanto aspectos recomendados pela OMS. As características mais frequentes dos casos noticiados não correspondem diretamente ao perfil epidemiológico do comportamento suicida, mas a interesses midiáticos. São necessárias ações favoreçam o envolvimento da mídia na prevenção do suicídio, divulgação de recursos e estratégias de apoio e redução de estigma e efeito contágio. Abstract This study analyzed how news coverage about suicides is published in the Brazilian electronic media and evaluated if the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) were complied with in the online media. This quantitative, documentary and retrospective study investigated 89 published news items about suicide in 2017 in the Brazilian newspaper sites with the largest circulation. Descriptive statistics and tests of association were used for data analysis. The majority of news items contained neither content to be avoided nor aspects recommended by the WHO. The most frequent characteristics of the reported cases do not correspond directly to the epidemiological profile of suicidal behavior, but to media interests. Actions are needed to foster media involvement in suicide prevention, dissemination of resources and strategies to support and reduce stigma and the contagion effect.

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Ceará. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências da Saúde.Unidade de Doenças Infecciosas. Vitória, ES, Brasil / Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul. Laboratório de Parasitologia Biomédica. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Parasitoses Intestinais, Esquistossomose e Malacologia. Secção de Parasitologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto René Rachou. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Medicina. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Yale University, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. New Haven, CT, USA. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Educação em Ambiente e Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Background: The World Health Organization recommends reliable point-of-care (POC) diagnostic testing to eliminate schistosomiasis. Lateral flow immunoassay that detects schistosome circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) in urine to establish prevalence thresholds for intervention in endemic areas is recommended. Stored urine may be useful if surveying at-risk populations is delayed or interrupted by unforeseen circumstances, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study evaluated the manufacturer’s claim that Schistosoma mansoni infection can be reliably diagnosed in urine samples stored at -20°C for one year. Methods: Two-hundred-forty-two subjects from an endemic site in Brazil provided one urine sample each for testing with URINE CCA (SCHISTO) ECO TESTE® (POC-ECO) and one stool sample each for testing with Kato-Katz (KK) and Helmintex® (HTX) as a robust reference standard for infection status. At least 2 ml of urine from each participant was stored at -20°C; after one year, 76 samples were randomly selected for POC-ECO retesting. Results: The POC-ECO agreement between freshly collected and stored urine was inadequate considering trace results as positive (Cohen’s kappa coefficient κ = 0.08) and negative (κ = 0.36). POC-ECO accuracy was not significantly greater than that of routine KK (54%; 95% confidence interval: 42.1%-65.5%). Conclusions: The precision and accuracy of POC-ECO have to be optimized in both freshly collected and stored urine before it can be recommended for use in control programs in Brazil.

Objective: to analyze the strategies proposed in the scientific literature for the promotion of active aging in the Brazilian scenario, and to identify the possible gaps that prevent it from becoming a reality. Method: integrative review carried out in the Scientific Electronic Library (Scielo), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (Lilacs), and Pubmed databases, in September 2020, with the descriptors; healthy aging, ageing well, aging healthy, aging successfully and good aging, in the Portuguese, Spanish and English languages, published between 2016 and 2020 that addressed at least one of the dimensions of the factors determined by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the development of active aging. Results: Seventeen studies were integrated into the research because they addressed the dimensions defined by the WHO for the development of active aging, and a single dimension was addressed in most of them: the social dimension is widely addressed in 11, cultural and leisure dimension in 1; the other 4 address two dimensions together, and none address the economic dimension. Conclusion: The scientific literature has demonstrated ways to promote active aging, however, many dimensions are still little explored. Objetivo: analizar las estrategias propuestas en el entorno científico para la promoción del envejecimiento activo en el escenario brasileño e identificar las posibles carencias que impiden que se convierta en una realidad. Método: revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos de la Biblioteca Electrónica Científica (Scielo), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (Lilacs) y Pubmed, en septiembre de 2020, con los descriptores; envejecimiento saludable, buen envejecimiento, envejecimiento bueno, envejecimiento saludable, envejecimiento exitoso y envejecimiento saludable, en los idiomas portugués, español e inglés, publicados entre 2016 y 2020 que abordaban al menos una de las dimensiones de los factores determinados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para el desarrollo del envejecimiento activo. Resultados: En la investigación se integraron diecisiete estudios porque abordaron las dimensiones definidas por la OMS para el desarrollo del envejecimiento activo, y en la mayoría de ellos se abordó una dimensión única: la dimensión social se aborda ampliamente en 11, dimensión cultural y de ocio en 1; los otros 4 abordan dos dimensiones juntas, y ninguna aborda la dimensión económica. Conclusión: La literatura científica ha demostrado formas de promover el envejecimiento activo, sin embargo, muchas dimensiones todavía son poco exploradas. Objetivo: analisar as estratégias propostas no meio científico para a promoção do envelhecimento ativo no cenário brasileiro, e identificar as possíveis lacunas que o impedem de se tornar uma realidade. Método: revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), e Pubmed, em Setembro 2020, com os descritores; envelhecimento saudável, bom envelhecimento, envelhecer bem, envelhecer saudável, envelhecimento bem-sucedido e envelhecimento sadio, nos idiomas Português, Espanhol e Inglês, publicadas entre 2016 e 2020, que abordassem pelo menos uma das dimensões dos fatores determinados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para o desenvolvimento do envelhecimento ativo. Resultados: Dezessete estudos foram integrados à pesquisa pois abordavam as dimensões definidas pela OMS para o desenvolvimento do envelhecimento ativo, sendo uma única dimensão abordada na maior parte deles: a dimensão social é amplamente abordada em 11, a cultural e de lazer em 1; os outros 4 abordam duas dimensões conjuntamente, e nenhum aborda a dimensão econômica. Conclusão: A literatura científica tem demonstrado formas de promover o envelhecimento ativo, porém, muitas importantes dimensões ainda são pouco exploradas.

Argentina y Brasil vivieron dictaduras cívico-militares durante las décadas de 1960 y 1980. En Argentina, la experiencia se dividió en dos etapas: en la primera (1966-1973) se persiguió una estrategia industrializadora; mientras que en la segunda (1976-1983), se alineó al proceso neoliberal. En Brasil, la dictadura (1964-1985) se inició en pleno auge de la etapa desarrollista y no abandonó ese patrón económico. En este artículo se analiza la evolución de ambas experiencias desde la economía política; se indaga en las formas que asumen los procesos de acumulación de capital en cada caso, al analizar cómo las dictaduras incidieron en los mismos, así como los objetivos ideológicos y de política económica que persiguieron. La comparación pone en debate aspectos como las condicionantes del mercado mundial en las dinámicas internas de cada país y las alianzas de clases sociales para entender las similitudes y diferencias entre los dos países., Argentina and Brazil experienced military civic dictatorships during the 1960s and 1980s. In Argentina, the experience is divided into two stages: in the rst one (1966-1973), the country pursued an industrializing strategy; in the second one (1976-1983), it started a neoliberal process. In Brazil, the dictatorship (1964-1985) began in the context of the developmental stage and did not abandon that economic pattern. This article analyzes the evolution of both experiences with the elements of political economy; it investigates the processes of capital accumulation in each case, by analyzing how the dictatorships a ected them, as well as the ideological and economic policy objectives they searched. This comparison discusses aspects such as the conditions of the world market in the internal dynamics of each country and social class alliances to understand the similarities and di erences between both countries., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

One of the least understood aspects in atmospheric chemistry is how urban emissions influence the formation of natural organic aerosols, which affect Earth’s energy budget. The Amazon rainforest, during its wet season, is one of the few remaining places on Earth where atmospheric chemistry transitions between preindustrial and urban-influenced conditions. Here, we integrate insights from several laboratory measurements and simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the Amazon using a high-resolution chemical transport model. Simulations show that emissions of nitrogen-oxides from Manaus, a city of ~2 million people, greatly enhance production of biogenic SOA by 60–200% on average with peak enhancements of 400%, through the increased oxidation of gas-phase organic carbon emitted by the forests. Simulated enhancements agree with aircraft measurements, and are much larger than those reported over other locations. The implication is that increasing anthropogenic emissions in the future might substantially enhance biogenic SOA in pristine locations like the Amazon., It remains unclear how urban emissions influence the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA), including in the Amazon forest. Here, the authors simulate the formation of SOAs in the Amazon using a high-resolution regional chemical transport model. They find that urban emissions of NOx from Manaus enhance the production of biogenic SOA by 60–200%.

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) from the Amazon forest region represent the largest source of organic carbon emissions to the atmosphere globally. These BVOC emissions dominantly consist of volatile and intermediate-volatility terpenoid compounds that undergo chemical transformations in the atmosphere to form oxygenated condensable gases and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). We collected quartz filter samples with 12 h time resolution and performed hourly in situ measurements with a semi-volatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) at a rural site ("T3") located to the west of the urban center of Manaus, Brazil as part of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign to measure intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile BVOCs and their oxidation products during the wet and dry seasons. We speciated and quantified 30 sesquiterpenes and 4 diterpenes with mean concentrations in the range 0.01-6.04 ng m(-3) (1670 ppq(v)). We estimate that sesquiterpenes contribute approximately 14 and 12% to the total reactive loss of O-3 via reaction with isoprene or terpenes during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This is reduced from similar to 50-70% for within-canopy reactive O-3 loss attributed to the ozonolysis of highly reactive sesquiterpenes (e.g., beta-caryophyllene) that are reacted away before reaching our measurement site. We further identify a suite of their oxidation products in the gas and particle phases and explore their role in biogenic SOA formation in the central Amazon region. Synthesized authentic standards were also used to quantify gas-and particle-phase oxidation products derived from beta-caryophyllene. Using tracer-based scaling methods for these products, we roughly estimate that sesquiterpene oxidation contributes at least 0.4-5% (median 1 %) of total submicron OA mass. However, this is likely a low-end estimate, as evidence for additional unaccounted sesquiterpenes and their oxidation products clearly exists. By comparing our field data to laboratory-based sesquiterpene oxidation experiments we confirm that more than 40 additional observed compounds produced through sesquiterpene oxidation are present in Amazonian SOA, warranting further efforts towards more complete quantification. NSF ACP grant [1332998]; DOE ASR grant [DE-SC0014040]; National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF) [CHE-1607640]; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) SBIR grant [DE-SC0004698]; Central Office of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA); Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA); Universidade do Estado do Amazonia (UEA); local foundation FAPEAM; Office of Biological and Environmental Research; University of California Berkeley Chancellor's Postdoctoral Fellowship; NSF Graduate Research FellowshipNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DGE 1106400]; U. S. EPA STAR Graduate FellowshipUnited States Environmental Protection Agency [FP-91761701-0]; DOE (BER/ASR)United States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0016559]; EPA-STARUnited States Environmental Protection Agency [83587701-0]; NSF Graduate Research FellowshipsNational Science Foundation (NSF); NSF GROW award; National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth and Space (NASA ESS) Fellowship; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; P. E. O. Scholar Award The UC Berkeley team was supported for the GoAmazon2014/15 field campaign by NSF ACP grant no. 1332998 and for further analysis of the dataset by DOE ASR grant no. DE-SC0014040. The Northwestern University team was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant no. CHE-1607640. The instrument as deployed was developed through support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) SBIR grant DE-SC0004698. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Central Office of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), the Universidade do Estado do Amazonia (UEA), and the local foundation FAPEAM. The work was conducted under 001030/2012-4 of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). We acknowledge logistical support from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science user facility sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research. ARM-collected data, including ozone and meteorology, were obtained from MAOS. Lindsay D. Yee acknowledges support from a University of California Berkeley Chancellor's Postdoctoral Fellowship. Gabriel Isaacman-VanWertz acknowledges support from an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (no. DGE 1106400). Brett B. Palm acknowledges support from a U. S. EPA STAR Graduate Fellowship (FP-91761701-0). The University of Colorado group acknowledges support from DOE (BER/ASR) DE-SC0016559 and EPA-STAR 83587701-0. Ariana Gray Be and Mary Alice Upshur gratefully acknowledge support from NSF Graduate Research Fellowships. Mary Alice Upshur also acknowledges an NSF GROW award, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth and Space (NASA ESS) Fellowship, and a P. E. O. Scholar Award. Franz M. Geiger gratefully acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

We examined whether variations in photosynthetic capacity are linked to variations in the environment and/or associated leaf traits for tropical moist forests (TMFs) in the Andes/western Amazon regions of Peru. We compared photosynthetic capacity (maximal rate of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax), and the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax)), leaf mass, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) per unit leaf area (Ma, Na and Pa, respectively), and chlorophyll from 210 species at 18 field sites along a 3300-m elevation gradient. Western blots were used to quantify the abundance of the CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco. Area- and N-based rates of photosynthetic capacity at 25°C were higher in upland than lowland TMFs, underpinned by greater investment of N in photosynthesis in high-elevation trees. Soil [P] and leaf Pa were key explanatory factors for models of area-based Vcmax and Jmax but did not account for variations in photosynthetic N-use efficiency. At any given Na and Pa, the fraction of N allocated to photosynthesis was higher in upland than lowland species. For a small subset of lowland TMF trees examined, a substantial fraction of Rubisco was inactive. These results highlight the importance of soil- and leaf-P in defining the photosynthetic capacity of TMFs, with variations in N allocation and Rubisco activation state further influencing photosynthetic rates and N-use efficiency of these critically important forests. © 2016 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2016 New Phytologist Trust

International audience; The atmospheric chemistry of isoprene contributes to the production of a substantial mass fraction of the particulate matter (PM) over tropical forests. Isoprene epoxydi-ols (IEPOX) produced in the gas phase by the oxidation of isoprene under HO 2-dominant conditions are subsequently taken up by particles, thereby leading to production of secondary organic PM. The present study investigates possible perturbations to this pathway by urban pollution. The measurement site in central Amazonia was located 4 to 6 h downwind of Manaus, Brazil. Measurements took place from February through March 2014 of the wet season, as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. Mass spectra of organic PM collected with an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer were analyzed by positive-matrix factorization. One resolved statistical factor (" IEPOX-SOA factor ") was associated with PM production by the IEPOX pathway. The IEPOX-SOA factor loadings correlated with independently measured mass concentrations of tracers of IEPOX-derived PM, namely C 5-alkene triols and 2-methyltetrols (R = 0.96 and 0.78, respectively). The factor loading, as well as the ratio f of the loading to organic PM mass concentration, decreased under polluted compared to background conditions. For an increase in NO y concentration from 0.5 to 2 ppb, the factor loading and f decreased by two to three fold. Overall, sulfate concentration explained 37 % of the variability in the factor loading. After segregation of factor loading into subsets based on NO y concentration, the sulfate concentration explained up to 75 % of the variability. Considering both factors, the data sets show that the suppressing effects of increased NO concentrations dominated over the enhancing effects of higher sulfate concentrations. The pollution from Manaus elevated NO y concentrations more significantly than sulfate concen-Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 6612 S. S. de Sá et al.: Influence of urban pollution on the production of organic particulate matter trations relative to background conditions. In this light, increased emissions of nitrogen oxides, as anticipated for some scenarios of Amazonian economic development, could significantly alter pathways of PM production that presently prevail over the tropical forest, implying changes to air quality and regional climate.

Descripción del estado de situación en Argentina, Brasil y Canadá respecto de la contribución de las PyMES al PBI y Empleo. Organismos o políticas de Apoyo a las PyMES. Incubadoras de Negocios. Durante los últimos 15 años, Argentina muestra muy pocas PyMES y bajo PBI comparada con Brasil y Canadá aún cuando se contemplen paralelismos geopolíticos, similitudes en PBI per Cápita (Argentina-Brasil) o PEA (Argentina-Canadá), entre otras muchas otras variables. Argentina no cuenta con una red federal PyME ni estrategias de fomento y política PyME conforme análisis de necesidades regionales tanto en productos como servicios innovadores, sostenibles y sustentables propias del SXXI. Importancia de la incubación y aceleración de PyMEs a fin de asegurar su desarrollo exitoso y reducir su riesgo financiero. PyMEs y su impacto en el crecimiento económico y empleo en Argentina. Líneas de investigación y desarrollo futuras: Conectividad, cualidad transaccional especial de las PyMES, y su crecimiento exponencial. Redes neuronales y análisis combinatorio u otro para verificar la posible relación entre éstas y su alta contribución al PBI y Empleo de las naciones., Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

The importance of Zika virus (ZIKV) has increased noticeably since the outbreak in the Americas in 2015, when the illness was associated with congenital disorders. Although there is evidence of sexual transmission of the virus, the mosquito Aedes aegypti is believed to be the main vector for transmission to humans. This species of mosquito has not only been found naturally infected with ZIKV, but also has been the subject of study in many vector competence assays that employ different strains of ZIKV around the world. In Argentina, the first case was reported in February 2016 and a total of 278 autochthonous cases have since been confirmed, however, ZIKV virus has not been isolated from any mosquito species yet in Argentina. In order to elucidate if Argentinian Ae. aegypti populations could be a possible vector of ZIKV, we conducted vector competence studies that involved a local strain of ZIKV from Chaco province, and a Venezuelan strain obtained from an imported case. For this purpose, Ae. aegypti adults from the temperate area of Argentina (Buenos Aires province) were fed with infected blood. Body, legs and saliva were harvested and tested by plaque titration on plates of Vero cells for ZIKV at 7, 11 and 14 days post infection (DPI) in order to calculate infection, transmission, and dissemination rates, respectively. Both strains were able to infect mosquitoes at all DPIs, whereas dissemination and transmission were observed at all DPIs for the Argentinian strain but only at 14 DPI for the Venezuelan strain. This study proves the ability of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes from Argentina to become infected with two different strains of ZIKV, both belonging to the Asian lineage, and that the virus can disseminate to the legs and salivary glands., Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores

Metropolization has become a global phenomenon of urbanization. In a highly urbanized country like Brazil this process is visible in mega cities as well as in regional metropoles, leading to vast urbanized areas stretching from the core cities to formerly distant neighborhood municipalities. Enormous urban agglomerations like the Macrometropole Paulista are the impressive result, however coming with significant challenges in governing such huge but highly fragmented areas. Especially the most populous Brazilian metropolitan areas have to deal with peri-urban development challenges like the lack of infrastructure and public security or new forms of fragmentation that come along with social and ecological problems. Overcoming these challenges is a remarkable task for the municipal, regional and national level. Based on a classification of different phases of peri-urban development that can be distinguished since the 1960s this paper analyses the development of Brazil’s metropolitan areas. Different forms of governance as well as concepts of sustainable approaches to deal with urban challenges are assessed based on the cases of Sao Paulo, Curitiba and Recife. A metropolização tornou-se um fenomeno mundial de urbanização. No Brasil, com um alto nível de urbanização, esta tendência está sendo bem visível em mega cidades como também em centros regionais, levando a criação de grandes áreas urbanizadas que se extendem dos municípios centrais até cidades vizinhas, antigamente distantes. A criação de aglomerações urbanas enormes como a Macrometropole Paulista são o resultado de uma configuração nova de uma entidade urbana e com desafios significativos em governar estes enormes e altamente fragmentadas áreas urbanas. Principalmente nas regiões metropilitanas mais populosas o desenvolvimento peri-urbano mostra problemas enormes com a falta de infraestrutura como também de segurança pública além de novas formas de fragmentação que estão acompanhados por problemas sociais e ecológicas. Resolver todos estes desafios é uma tarefa notável para o nível municipal, regional e nacional. Baseado numa classificação de diferentes fases do desenvolvimento peri-urbano a partir dos anos 60 do século XX analisamos o desenvolvimento das áreas metropolitanas do Brasil. Tanto formas diferentes de governança urbana quanto abordagens sustentáveis para lidar com os desafios urbanos são avaliadas em estudos de caso sobre São Paulo, Curitiba e Recife. La métropolisation est devenue un phénomène mondial de l’urbanisation. Au Brésil, ou les taux d’urbanisation sont élevés, cette tendance est visible dans les mégalopoles comme dans les centres régionaux, conduisant à la formation de grands périmêtres urbanisés qui s’étendent des communes centrales aux villes voisines, autrefois éloignées des centres. La formation d’énormes agglomérations urbaines, comme la Macrométropole Paulista, sont le résultat d’une configuration urbaine nouvelle, associé à des défis significatifs en ce qui concerne la gouvernance de ces énormes périmètres urbanisés et fragmentés. Le développement périurbain dans les regions métropolitaines les plus peuplées est confronté à de graves problèmes, comme l’inexistence d’infrastructures, notamment de sécurité publique, en plus de nouvelles formes de fragmentation qui sont accompagnées de problèmes sociaux et environnementaux. Résoudre ces problèmes est un défi énorme, aussi bien au niveau communal que pour les niveaux regional et national. Cette contribution se propose d’analiser le développement des regions métropolitaines au Brésil sur la base d’une systématisation des différentes phases du développement périurbain, à partir des années soixante. Des formes différentes de gouvernance urbaine ainsi que des approches durables pour maîtriser les défis urbains sont évalués dans des études de cas á São Paulo, Curitiba e Recife.

With the Dutch presence in northeastern Brazil has for the first time painters with an academic formation in America in the first part of the seventeenth century, the Dutch painter Albert Eckhout of the court of Maurice of Nassau painted, among other works, a group of eight large canvases of couples, men and women, that is, a typology about the inhabitants of Brazil: Homem Negro, Mulher Negra, Homem Mulato, Mulher Mameluca, Homem Tupi, Mulher Tupi, Homem Tapuia e Mulher Tapuia Dom Miguel de Castro, emissário do Rei do Congo, Servo de D. Miguel de Castro com Cesto decorado, Servo de D. Miguel de Castro com presa de elefante, he dedicated himself to the described painting of catalogs of Brazilian animals and plants. Eckhout's works bring novelties that have changed since then, the forms of representation. In an analysis, their great screens present, through the European vision, a look of appreciation of the exotic that is an understanding of the time, giving a rupture with the American imaginary that there was, innovating the perspective of beauty on America emphasizing its colors, luminosities and ethnic traits. This work have used the high school books available in PNLD Brazilian's catalog, to see how the exotic vision present in narratives and lessons on school books are being influenced by the permanence of this Eurocentric view of Public History and help with it Com a invasão holandesa no Nordeste, na primeira metade do século XVII, tivemos a presença de pintores de formação pela primeira vez na América. O artista holandês Albert Eckhout, da Corte de Maurício de Nassau, pintou, entre outras obras, um grupo de oito grandes telas de casais, homens e mulheres, isto é, uma tipologia sobre os habitantes do Brasil, Homem Negro, Mulher Negra, Homem Mulato, Mulher Mameluca, Homem Tupi, Mulher Tupi, Homem Tapuia e Mulher Tapuia, Dom Miguel de Castro, Emissário do Rei do Congo, Servo de D. Miguel de Castro com Cesto decorado, Servo de D. Miguel de Castro com presa de elefante, também se dedicou à pintura descrita de catálogos de plantas e animais. As pinturas de Eckhout estabeleceram várias novidades que mudaram os esquemas de representação que predominavam até aquele momento. À primeira vista, as suas enormes telas apresentam, por meio de uma visão europeia, uma concepção de valorização do exótico e a concepção, na perspectiva da época, de rompimento com o imaginário americano, inaugurando um ideal de beleza sobre a América e destacando suas cores, luminosidades e traços étnicos. Procuramos, por meio de uma pesquisa nos livros didáticos no catálogo PNLD, enxergar como essa visão do exótico está presente nas narrativas e atividades do livro didático influênciado pelas permanências do olhar eurocêntrico da história pública e colaborando com ela

The conservation of tropical forests is recognized as one of the most important challenges for forestry, ecology and politics. Besides strict protection, the sustainable management of natural forests should be enhanced as a key part of the foundation for the maintenance of tropical rain forest ecosystems. Due to methodological reasons it has been complicated to attain reliable growth data to plan sustainable felling cycles and rotation periods. Tree ring analyses enable the estimation of growth rates over the entire life span of trees and their age as well as giving hints from forest dynamics in previous centuries. For tree ring analysis, stem disk samples were taken from three important commercial tree species (Cariniana micrantha, Caryocar villosum and Manilkara huberi) in the upland (terra firme) forests of the Precious Woods Amazon logging company near Itacoatiara, Brazil. Based on radiocarbon estimates of individual growth zones, the annual nature of tree rings was proven for the three species. Tree rings were measured and the results used together with height estimates to model diameter, height and volume growth. The age of the eldest tree, a C. micrantha, was 585 yrs with 165 cm in diameter. The species’ diameter increments range from 0.20±0.12 cm yr-1 to 0.29±0.08 cm yr-1. At first sight, this is considerably lower than increments reported from other Amazonian or African timber species. Considering the respective wood density there is no significant difference in growth performance of dominant timber species across continents. The interpretation of lifetime tree ring curves indicate differences in shadow tolerance among species, the persistence of individuals in the understory for up to 150 years and natural stand dynamics without major disturbances. Management criteria should be adapted for the measured growth rates as they differed considerably from the Brazilian standards fixed by laws (felling cycle of 25–35 years and a common minimum logging diameter of 50 cm). Felling cycles should be increased to 32–51 years and minimum logging diameters to 63–123 cm depending on the species. © 2019 Worbes, Schöngart. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária apresentada à Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro

Objetivo: analisar as estratégias propostas no meio científico para a promoção do envelhecimento ativo no cenário brasileiro, e identificar as possíveis lacunas que o impedem de se tornar uma realidade. Método: revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs), e Pubmed, em Setembro 2020, com os descritores; envelhecimento saudável, bom envelhecimento, envelhecer bem, envelhecer saudável, envelhecimento bem-sucedido e envelhecimento sadio, nos idiomas Português, Espanhol e Inglês, publicadas entre 2016 e 2020, que abordassem pelo menos uma das dimensões dos fatores determinados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para o desenvolvimento do envelhecimento ativo. Resultados: Dezessete estudos foram integrados à pesquisa pois abordavam as dimensões definidas pela OMS para o desenvolvimento do envelhecimento ativo, sendo uma única dimensão abordada na maior parte deles: a dimensão social é amplamente abordada em 11, a cultural e de lazer em 1; os outros 4 abordam duas dimensões conjuntamente, e nenhum aborda a dimensão econômica. Conclusão: A literatura científica tem demonstrado formas de promover o envelhecimento ativo, porém, muitas importantes dimensões ainda são pouco exploradas.

Brazil has a monitoring system to track annual forest conversion in the Amazon and most recently to monitor the Cerrado biome. However, there is still a gap of annual land use and land cover (LULC) information in all Brazilian biomes in the country. Existing countrywide efforts to map land use and land cover lack regularly updates and high spatial resolution time-series data to better understand historical land use and land cover dynamics, and the subsequent impacts in the country biomes. In this study, we described a novel approach and the results achieved by a multi-disciplinary network called MapBiomas to reconstruct annual land use and land cover information between 1985 and 2017 for Brazil, based on random forest applied to Landsat archive using Google Earth Engine. We mapped five major classes: forest, non-forest natural formation, farming, non-vegetated areas, and water. These classes were broken into two sub-classification levels leading to the most comprehensive and detailed mapping for the country at a 30 m pixel resolution. The average overall accuracy of the land use and land cover time-series, based on a stratified random sample of 75,000 pixel locations, was 89% ranging from 73 to 95% in the biomes. The 33 years of LULC change data series revealed that Brazil lost 71 Mha of natural vegetation, mostly to cattle ranching and agriculture activities. Pasture expanded by 46% from 1985 to 2017, and agriculture by 172%, mostly replacing old pasture fields. We also identified that 86 Mha of the converted native vegetation was undergoing some level of regrowth. Several applications of the MapBiomas dataset are underway, suggesting that reconstructing historical land use and land cover change maps is useful for advancing the science and to guide social, economic and environmental policy decision-making processes in Brazil.

As part of the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon 2014/5) Experiment, detailed aerosol and trace gas measurements were conducted near Manaus, a metropolis located in the central Amazon Basin. Measurements of aerosol particles and trace gases were done downwind Manaus at the sites T2 (Tiwa Hotel) and T3 (Manacapuru), at a distance of 8 and 70 km from Manaus, respectively. Based on in-plume measurements closer to Manaus (site T2), the chemical signatures of city emissions were used to improve the interpretation of pollutant levels at the T3 site. We derived chemical and physical properties for the city's atmospheric emission ensemble, taking into account only air masses impacted by the Manaus plume at both sites, during the wet and dry season Intensive Operating Periods (IOPs). At T2, average concentrations of aerosol number (CN), CO and SO2 were 5500 cm−3 (between 10 and 490 nm), 145 ppb and 0.60 ppb, respectively, with a typical ratio ΔCN/ΔCO of 60–130 particles cm−3 ppb−1. The aerosol scattering (at RH < 60%) and absorption at 637 nm at T2 ranged from 10 to 50 M m−1 and 5–10 M m−1, respectively, leading to a mean single scattering albedo (SSA) of 0.70. In addition to identifying periods dominated by Manaus emissions at both T2 and T3, the plume transport between the two sampling sites was studied using back trajectory calculations. Results show that the presence of the Manaus plume at site T3 was important mainly during the daytime and at the end of the afternoons. During time periods directly impacted by Manaus emissions, an average aerosol number concentration of 3200 cm−3 was measured at T3. Analysis of plume evolution between T2 and T3 indicates a transport time of 4–5 h. Changes of submicron organic and sulfate aerosols ratios relative to CO (ΔOA/ΔCO and ΔSO4/ΔCO, respectively) indicate significant production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), corresponding to a 40% mass increase in OA and a 30% in SO4 mass concentration. Similarly, during air mass arrival at T3 the SSA increased to 0.83 from 0.70 at T2, mainly associated with an increase in organic aerosol concentration. Aerosol particle size distributions show a strong decrease in the Aitken nuclei mode (10–100 nm) during the transport from T2 to T3, in particular above 30 nm, as a result of efficient coagulation processes into larger particles. A decrease of 30% in the particle number concentration and an increase of about 50 nm in geometric mean diameter were observed from T2 to T3 sites. The study of the evolution of aerosol properties downwind of the city of Manaus improves our understanding of how coupling of anthropogenic and biogenic sources may be impacting the sensitive Amazonian atmosphere. © 2018 The Authors

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of pregnant women is associated with pathologic complications of fetal development. Here, we infect pregnant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with a minimally passaged ZIKV isolate from Rio de Janeiro, where a high rate of fetal development complications was observed. The infection of pregnant macaques with this virus results in maternal viremia, virus crossing into the amniotic fluid (AF), and in utero fetal deaths. We also treated three additional ZIKV-infected pregnant macaques with a cocktail of ZIKV-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) at peak viremia. While the nmAbs can be effective in clearing the virus from the maternal sera of treated monkeys, it is not sufficient to clear ZIKV from AF. Our report suggests that ZIKV from Brazil causes fetal demise in non-human primates (NHPs) without additional mutations or confounding co-factors. Treatment with a neutralizing anti-ZIKV nmAb cocktail is insufficient to fully stop vertical transmission., Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in pregnant women has been associated with fetal developmental defects. Here, the authors show that a Brazilian ZIKV isolate causes fetal demise in non-human primates and that antibody treatment at time of peak viremia is insufficient to clear ZIKV replication from amniotic fluid.

Funding Information: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Grant/Award Number: NE/ N004655/1; NERC Consortium Grants “AMAZONICA”; BIO‐RED; European Research Council (ERC); The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme, Grant/ Award Number: 282664; Royal Society, Grant/Award Number: CH160091; Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. Most of the planet's diversity is concentrated in the tropics, which includes many regions undergoing rapid climate change. Yet, while climate-induced biodiversity changes are widely documented elsewhere, few studies have addressed this issue for lowland tropical ecosystems. Here we investigate whether the floristic and functional composition of intact lowland Amazonian forests have been changing by evaluating records from 106 long-term inventory plots spanning 30 years. We analyse three traits that have been hypothesized to respond to different environmental drivers (increase in moisture stress and atmospheric CO2 concentrations): maximum tree size, biogeographic water-deficit affiliation and wood density. Tree communities have become increasingly dominated by large-statured taxa, but to date there has been no detectable change in mean wood density or water deficit affiliation at the community level, despite most forest plots having experienced an intensification of the dry season. However, among newly recruited trees, dry-affiliated genera have become more abundant, while the mortality of wet-affiliated genera has increased in those plots where the dry season has intensified most. Thus, a slow shift to a more dry-affiliated Amazonia is underway, with changes in compositional dynamics (recruits and mortality) consistent with climate-change drivers, but yet to significantly impact whole-community composition. The Amazon observational record suggests that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is driving a shift within tree communities to large-statured species and that climate changes to date will impact forest composition, but long generation times of tropical trees mean that biodiversity change is lagging behind climate change. Publisher PDF

O presente trabalho busca investigar as causas da recessão brasileira iniciada em 2014. Se por um lado o diagnóstico convencional atribui a crise a um descontrole das finanças públicas, outras interpretações dão conta de atribuir a crise a choques externos e a um excesso de endividamento do setor privado. Nossa hipótese é que a deterioração das contas públicas é uma consequência da crise e não a sua causa. O primeiro capítulo deste trabalho expõe as mais diversas visões sobre a crise, tanto o mainstream como as interpretações heterodoxas. O segundo capítulo expõe formalmente o modelo de três balanços de Cripps e Godley (1976), evidenciando as interações entre os resultados do setor público, setor privado e setor externo. O terceiro capítulo lança mão do procedimento de Toda e Yamamoto (1995) para analisar estatisticamente a direção de causa entre os resultados dos setores no período de novembro de 2002 até junho de 2017. Os resultados apontaram que o setor externo e o setor privado causam no sentido de Granger a trajetória do setor público, validando a hipótese do trabalho. The present study aims to investigate the causes of the Brazilian recession that began in 2014. If the conventional diagnosis attributes the crisis to a lack of control of public finances, other interpretations attribute the crisis to external shocks and to an excess of indebtedness of the private sector. Our hypothesis is that the deterioration of public accounts is a consequence of the crisis and not its cause. The first chapter of this paper exposes the most diverse views on the crisis, both mainstream and heterodox interpretations. The second chapter formally exposes the three-balance model of Cripps and Godley (1976), showing the interactions between the results of the public sector, private sector and external sector. The third chapter draws on the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) procedure to statistically analyze the direction of cause between the results of the sectors from November 2002 to June 2017. The results pointed out that the external sector and the private sector cause in the sense of Granger the trajectory of the public sector, validating the hypothesis of the work.

An understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas-and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the "T3" research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented 79 +/- 7% of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration on average, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. However, the organic PM1 was considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73 +/- 15% of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27 +/- 15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct air mass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25% to 200% under polluted compared with background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of preexisting atmospheric PM can be accelerated. This combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests. Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility; United States Department of Energy (DOE), Office of ScienceUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-SC0006680]; Office of Biological and Environmental Research; Atmospheric System Research (ASR), program of that office [DE-SC0011115, DE-SC0011105]; Amazonas State Research Foundation [FAPEAM 062.00568/2014, 134/2016]; Sao Paulo State Research FoundationFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) [FAPESP 2013/05014-0]; USA National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [1106400, 1332998]; Brazilian Scientific Mobility Program (CsF/CAPES); US EPA STAR Graduate FellowshipUnited States Environmental Protection Agency [FP-91761701-0]; Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [001030/2012-4] Institutional support was provided by the Central Office of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), and Amazonas State University (UEA). We acknowledge support from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility, a user facility of the United States Department of Energy (DOE; grant no. DE-SC0006680), Office of Science, sponsored by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, and support from the Atmospheric System Research (ASR; grant no. DE-SC0011115, DE-SC0011105) program of that office. Additional funding was provided by the Amazonas State Research Foundation (grant no. FAPEAM 062.00568/2014 and 134/2016), the Sao Paulo State Research Foundation (grant no. FAPESP 2013/05014-0), the USA National Science Foundation (grant nos. 1106400 and 1332998), and the Brazilian Scientific Mobility Program (CsF/CAPES). Suzane S. de Sa. acknowledges support from the Faculty for the Future Fellowship of the Schlumberger Foundation. Brett B. Palm is grateful for a US EPA STAR Graduate Fellowship (grant no. FP-91761701-0). The authors thank Paulo Castillo for his assistance in quality checking the black carbon data from MAOS. Data access from the Sistema de Protecao da Amazonia (SIPAM) is gratefully acknowledged. The research was conducted under scientific license 001030/2012-4 of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).

How a changing energy matrix for electricity production affects air quality is considered for an urban region in a tropical, forested environment. Manaus, the largest city in the central Amazon Basin of Brazil, is in the process of changing its energy matrix for electricity production from fuel oil and diesel to natural gas over an approximately 10-year period, with a minor contribution by hydropower. Three scenarios of urban air quality, specifically afternoon ozone concentrations, were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-Chem) model. The first scenario used fuel oil and diesel for electricity production, which was the reality in 2008. The second scenario was based on the fuel mix from 2014, the most current year for which data were available. The third scenario considered nearly complete use of natural gas for electricity production, which is the anticipated future, possibly for 2018. For each case, inventories of anthropogenic emissions were based on electricity generation, refinery operations, and transportation. Transportation and refinery operations were held constant across the three scenarios to focus on effects of power plant fuel switching in a tropical context. The simulated NOx and CO emissions for the urban region decrease by 89 and 55% respectively, after the complete change in the energy matrix. The results of the simulations indicate that a change to natural gas significantly decreases maximum afternoon ozone concentrations over the population center, reducing ozone by > 70% for the most polluted days. The sensitivity of ozone concentrations to the fuel switchover is consistent with a NOx-limited regime, as expected for a tropical forest having high emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, high water vapor concentrations, and abundant solar radiation. There are key differences in a shifting energy matrix in a tropical, forested environment compared to other world environments. Policies favoring the burning of natural gas in place of fuel oil and diesel have great potential for ozone reduction and improved air quality for growing urban regions located in tropical, forested environments around the world. © 2017 Author(s). This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Fil: Emiliozzi, María Valeria. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

Tropical bird assemblages display patterns of high alpha and beta diversity and, as tropical birds exhibit strong habitat specificity, their spatial distributions are generally assumed to be driven primarily by environmental heterogeneity and interspecific interactions. However, spatial distributions of some Amazonian forest birds are also often restricted by large rivers and other large-scale topographic features, suggesting that dispersal limitation may also play a role in driving species' turnover. In this study, we evaluated the effects of environmental characteristics, topographic and spatial variables on variation in local assemblage structure and diversity of birds in an old-growth forest in central Amazonia. Birds were mist-netted in 72 plots distributed systematically across a 10,000 ha reserve in each of three years. Alpha diversity remained stable through time, but species composition changed. Spatial variation in bird-assemblage structure was significantly related to environmental and topographic variables but not strongly related to spatial variables. At a broad scale, we found bird assemblages to be significantly distinct between two watersheds that are divided by a central ridgeline. We did not detect an effect of the ridgeline per se in driving these patterns, indicating that most birds are able to fly across it, and that differences in assemblage structure between watersheds may be due to unmeasured environmental variables or unique combinations of measured variables. Our study indicates that complex geography and landscape features can act together with environmental variables to drive changes in the diversity and composition of tropical bird assemblages at local scales, but highlights that we still know very little about what makes different parts of tropical forest suitable for different species. © 2017 Menger et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

International audience; During the Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) campaign, size-resolved cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) spectra were characterized at a research site (T3) 60 km downwind of the city of Manaus, Brazil, in central Amazonia for 1 year (12 March 2014 to 3 March 2015). Particle hygroscopicity (κ CCN) and mixing state were derived from the size-resolved CCN spectra, and the hygroscopicity of the organic component of the aerosol (κ org) was then calculated from κ CCN and concurrent chemical composition measurements. The annual average κ CCN increased from 0.13 at 75 nm to 0.17 at 171 nm, and the increase was largely due to an increase in sulfate volume fraction. During both wet and dry seasons, κ CCN , κ org , and particle composition under background conditions exhibited essentially no diel variations. The constant κ org of ∼ 0.15 is consistent with the largely uniform and high O : C value (∼ 0.8), indicating that the aerosols under background conditions are dominated by the aged regional aerosol particles consisting of highly oxygenated organic compounds. For air masses strongly influenced by urban pollution and/or local biomass burning, lower values of κ org and organic O : C atomic ratio were observed during night, due to accumulation of freshly emitted particles, dominated by primary organic aerosol (POA) with low hygroscopicity, within a shallow nocturnal boundary layer. The O : C, κ org , and κ CCN increased from the early morning hours and peaked around noon, driven by the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and dilution of POA emissions into a deeper Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 11780 R. Thalman et al.: CCN activity and organic hygroscopicity of aerosols downwind of an urban region boundary layer, while the development of the boundary layer, which leads to mixing with aged particles from the residual layer aloft, likely also contributed to the increases. The hy-groscopicities associated with individual organic factors, derived from PMF (positive matrix factorization) analysis of AMS (aerosol mass spectrometry) spectra, were estimated through multivariable linear regression. For the SOA factors, the variation of the κ value with O : C agrees well with the linear relationship reported from earlier laboratory studies of SOA hygroscopicity. On the other hand, the variation in O : C of ambient aerosol organics is largely driven by the variation in the volume fractions of POA and SOA factors, which have very different O : C values. As POA factors have hygroscop-icity values well below the linear relationship between SOA hygroscopicity and O : C, mixtures with different POA and SOA fractions exhibit a steeper slope for the increase in κ org with O : C, as observed during this and earlier field studies. This finding helps better understand and reconcile the differences in the relationships between κ org and O : C observed in laboratory and field studies, therefore providing a basis for improved parameterization in global models, especially in a tropical context.

El régimen esclavista fue, sin la menor duda, uno de los pilares del sistema colonial en la América española y portuguesa. La importación de esclavos africanos destinados, en su mayoría, al trabajo en las plantaciones, empezó en la primera mitad del siglo XVI y no se suspendió sino a mediados del siglo XIX. Este trabajo analiza las bases de pensamiento y cultura en general que sustentaron las rebeliones de los esclavos en el Caribe y Brasil, los dos países que recibieron una mayor cantidad de esclavos, a finales del s. XVIII y principios del XIX., IBEROAMERICANA, Vol. 3, Núm. 12 (2003)

People with different economic levels may have peculiar characteristics with respect to patterns of engagement in leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). This information is crucial to improving public policies. The objective of this study was to describe the patterns of engagement (type, companionship, and setting) in LTPA by gender, according to income strata in workers. Cross-sectional study conducted from 2006 to 2008 in 23 of the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District (n=46,981). The sample consisted of workers who reported engaging in LTPA (n=25,479). A standardized self-completion questionnaire was applied. The following variables were investigated: type of LTPA - sports, walking, cycling/running, fitness, and others; companionship for LTPA - alone, with a partner, or in a group; and setting - clubs/gyms, streets/parks, and others, according to monthly family income (low, middle and high). We analyzed frequency distribution and applied a 95% confidence interval. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Sports was the activity most engaged in by low- (50.2%) and middle-income (42.3%) workers, while walking predominated in high-income individuals (31.0%). LTPA in groups was greater in low- (52.0%) and middle-income (50.4%) workers, and lower intheir high-income counterparts (38%). Low- (47.0%) and middle-income (41.2%)workers used streets/parks more frequently, whereas high-income workers reported primarily using clubs/gyms (40.4%). It was concluded that low- and middle-income workers reported engaging in sports, in LTPA in groups, and using mainly public settings, while those with high-incomes engaged more in walking, in LTPA in groups or alone, and used more private settings. Pessoas com diferentes níveis econômicos podem ter características peculiares relacionadas a padrões de envolvimento em atividades físicas no tempo de lazer (AFL). Tais informações são cruciais para melhorar políticas públicas. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever padrões de engajamento (tipo,companhia, e espaço para a prática) em AFL geral e por gênero, segundo os estratos de renda em trabalhadores. Estudo transversal realizado de 2006 a 2008 em 23 dos 26 estados brasileiros e o Distrito Federal (n=46.981). Neste estudo foram analisados trabalhadores que praticavam AFL (n=25.479). Aplicou-se um questionário padronizado. As variáveis investigadas foram tipo de AFL -esportes, caminhada, ciclismo/corrida, fitness, e outras; companhia para prática de AFL - sozinho, com parceiro, e em grupo; e local de prática -clubes/academias, ruas/parques, e outros, por renda familiar mensal (baixa, médiae alta). Prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% foram calculados. Esporte foi a atividade mais reportada por trabalhadores com renda baixa(50,2%) e média (42,3%), e a caminhada (31,0%) foi predominante naqueles de alta renda. AFL em grupo foi maior nos trabalhadores com baixa (52,0%) e média renda (50,4%), e menor naqueles com elevada renda (38,0%). Trabalhadores debaixa (47,0%) e média (41,2%) renda usavam mais ruas/parques, enquanto os derenda alta usavam mais clubes/academias (40,4%). Pode-se concluir que os trabalhadores com renda baixa e média reportaram engajar mais em esportes, em AFL em grupos, e usar mais locais públicos, enquanto os de maior renda engajavammais em caminhada, faziam atividades em grupo ou sozinhos e usavam mais em caminhada, faziam atividades em grupo ou sozinhos e usavam mais locais privados.

Interactions with boats can cause several behavioural changes in cetaceans. The purpose of this research is to analyse if Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis , change their surfacing patterns in the presence of different boat categories, and their contact distances to boats at Port of Malhado, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil. Data were collected from a fixed point from September 2008 to August 2009 and totalled 362.6 h of sampling effort and 213.22 h of effective effort. The number of dolphin breathing events was recorded during one minute periods, every time a boat passed nearby, and the same measurements were performed during periods of boat absence (control). Dolphin group composition was classified into groups with calves and groups without calves. Boat types were classified as inboard motor (IM), outboard motor (OM), ships (S) and without a motor (WM). Distances between the dolphins and passing boats were classified as near, intermediate and far. In total, 365 samples of one minute observations in absence of boats, and 379 observations in their presence were collected. Inboard motorboats had the highest occurrence in the study area (n = 478) and in interactions with Guiana dolphins (n = 260). However, outboard motorboats were mainly responsible for the reduction in surface patterns with an average of 1.82 and median of 2.2. In groups with calves, the number of breaths decreased significantly with an average of 2.13 per minute. There were no significant variations concerning the distances in the breathing pattern for any of the boat categories. The variation in the S. guianensis breathing pattern in the presence of boats may be a strategy of boat avoidance or a response to the difficulty of communication between animals.

O jornalismo internacional tem o papel de reportar sobre outros países e culturas, contribuindo, assim, para a construção de um olhar estrangeiro sobre diversos aspectos nacionais. A Copa do Mundo 2014, por sua vez, foi um momento abundante na formação de imagens sobre o país-sede e seus habitantes, já que os holofotes da mídia estavam voltados para o Brasil. Diante destas considerações, este trabalho foca no estudo das representações sobre a relação dos brasileiros com o futebol no The Guardian, tema que se destacou na cobertura do megaevento esportivo no jornal inglês. Utilizando a Análise de Conteúdo, verificou-se que a emotividade e o futebol como algo que significa mais do que um esporte são fatores-chave para o entendimento estrangeiro da relação Brasil x futebol. Esta visão passional, no entanto, não se estende a outros assuntos abordados no período, sugerindo que a postura editorial dos veículos pode influenciar as representações midiáticas tanto quanto seus históricos ou os próprios acontecimentos.

Fil: Del Bello, Juan C. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina; Argentina. Fil: Quiroga, Juan M. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Centro de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo (CITECDE); Argentina Fil: Versino, Mariana S. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Fil: Lugones, Manuel. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Centro de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo (CITECDE); Argentina Fil: Moscoso, Javier. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Fil: Abeledo, Carlos. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Fil: Aristimuño, Francisco J. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Centro de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo (CITECDE); Argentina Fil: Niembro, Andrés. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Centro de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo (CITECDE); Argentina Fil: Roca, Alejandra. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Fil: Aguiar, Diego S. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Andina. Centro de Estudios en Ciencia, Tecnología, Cultura y Desarrollo (CITECDE); Argentina Fil: Senejko, María P. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentina. La mayoría de los países industrializados tienen políticas de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (PCTI) que comparten el fundamento de que el desarrollo socio-económico es producto de una compleja red de actores del sector público y privado que interactúan en un entorno sistémico que debe ser propiciado por el Estado. El interés en el análisis de programas, instrumentos, instituciones y PCTI ha ido creciendo desde la década de 1980. Este crecimiento se basó en la preocupación por los procedimientos de evaluación utilizados en la asignación de fondos por parte de las agencias públicas y en la creciente demanda, por parte de la sociedad y del sistema político, por estudiar los efectos de las PCTI en el desarrollo, la industrialización y la calidad de vida de la población. En esta investigación se analizan las experiencias de algunos países que cuentan con PCTI de este tipo, con el fin de identificar los entramados institucionales, los instrumentos de CTI y los resultados de su implementación. Se seleccionó Brasil, Chile, Nueva Zelanda, Sudáfrica y España, con el criterio que los mismos comparten algunas características de sus tramas productivas con las de Argentina y porque han desarrollado senderos evolutivos con impactos positivos en su desarrollo socio-económico e institucional. El análisis sistemático en dichos países del proceso de planeamiento, formulación, toma de decisión, implementación y evaluación de las PCTI y el estudio del papel desempeñado por los diferentes actores (agentes gubernamentales, comunidad de investigación, empresarios, políticos, tecnólogos, entre otros) en dicho proceso permite generar insumos para elevar el grado de eficacia y articulación de las PCTI en el país. Cabe desatacar que en la Argentina ya han transcurrido tres décadas de gobiernos democráticos y de PCTI ejecutadas en ese escenario. Durante ese período se han operado transformaciones significativas en diferentes niveles: PCTI, instituciones de ejecución del complejo de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CTI), instituciones de promoción de la actividad de CTI y el rol de los diferentes grupos relevantes (Oteiza, 1992; Del Bello, Codner, Aguiar et al., 2005; Anlló y Peirano, 2005; Del Bello y Abeledo 2007; Versino, Buschini y Di Bello, 2013; Del Bello, 2014; Aguiar, Aristimuño y Magrini, 2015, Aristimuño y Aguiar, 2016, entre otros). Por lo tanto, este parece un momento adecuado para estudiar qué trayectorias en PCTI han seguido otros países y qué resultados han Página 11 de 417 obtenido en las últimas décadas con el fin de tener insumos sobre el diseño de políticas, los entramados institucionales e instrumentos de CTI que puedan replicarse -atendiendo a los objetivos y contexto locales- en nuestro país.

The collapse of a mine tailings dam and subsequent flood in SE Brazil on 5 November 2015 was preceded by a small-magnitude seismic sequence. In this report, we explore the spatiotemporal associations between the seismic events and the accident and discuss their possible connection. We also analyze the signals generated by the turbulent mudflow, as recorded by the Brazilian Seismographic Network (RSBR). In light of our observations, we propose as possible contributing factor for the dam collapse either ground shaking and/or soil liquefaction triggered by the earthquakes. The possibility of such a small-magnitude earthquake contributing to the collapse of a tailings dam raises important concerns regarding safety and related legislation of dams in Brazil and the world. ©2016. American Geophysical Union., H.A.D. and M.A. acknowledge support from Sao Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP grant 2014/09455-3 and CNPq grant 30.6547/2013-9.

Using numerical modeling, this work estimates sediment dispersion patterns caused by the incidence of waves in five distinct coastline contours of the Jequitinhonha River delta plain during the Late Holocene. For this study, a wave cliate odel based on the construction of ave refraction diagras relative to the current boundary conditions as defined and assumed to be valid for the five coastlines. Numerical modeling from the refraction diagrams was carried out considering the angle of incidence and wave height along the coastline. This work has allowed us to reproduce past and current patterns of net longshore sediment drift defined by a conceptual model developed from the integration of sediment cores, aerial photograph interpretation, C14 datings and geomorphic indicators of longshore drift. These results show that, on average, current wave conditions in the east-northeastern Brazilian region seem to have remained characteristically the same from approximately 5100 years BP until the present time. This type of information can be important when attempting to simulate possible future situations in terms of the long-term general behavior of the east-northeastern Brazilian coastal region.O presente trabalho apresenta uma estimativa, por modelagem numérica, dos padrões de dispersão de sedimentos causados pela incidência de ondas em cinco distintos contornos de linhas de costa da planície deltaica do Rio Jequitinhonha durante o Holoceno Tardio. Para isso, um modelo de clima de ondas baseado na construção de diagramas de refração de onda, em função das condições de contorno atuais, foi definido e assumido ser válido para as cinco linhas de costa. A modelagem numérica, a partir dos diagramas de refração, foi feita considerando o ângulo de aproximação e a altura da onda ao longo da linha de costa. O trabalho permitiu reproduzir os padrões pretéritos e atuais da deriva litorânea efetiva de sedimentos, definidos por um modelo conceitual desenvolvido a partir da integração de testemunhos de sedimentos, interpretação de fotos aéreas e datações de C14, bem como por indicadores geomórficos de deriva. Estes resultados mostram que, em média, em relação à região leste-nordeste brasileira as condições de onda atuais parecem ter permanecido com as mesmas características desde aproximadamente 5.100 anos A.P. até o tempo atual. Esse tipo de informação pode ser importante para tentativas de simulação de possíveis situações futuras em termos do comportamento genérico de longa duração das regiões costeiras leste-nordeste brasileira.

Obligate river dolphins occur only in the rivers of Asia and South America, where they are increasingly subject to damaging pressures such as habitat degradation, food competition and entanglement in fishing gear as human populations expand. The Amazon basin hosts two, very different, dolphins—the boto or Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) and the smaller tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis). Both species have wide geographical ranges and were once considered to be relatively abundant. Their IUCN Red List conservation status of Data Deficient (DD), due to limited information on threats, ecology, population numbers and trends, did not initially cause alarm. However, the development of dolphin hunting to provide fish bait at around the beginning of this millennium broadly coincided with the onset of a widespread perception that numbers of both species were in decline. Consequently, the need for population trend data to inform conservation advice and measures became urgent. This paper presents a 22-year time series of standardised surveys for both dolphins within the Mamirauá Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil. Analysis of these data show that both species are in steep decline, with their populations halving every 10 years (botos) and 9 years (tucuxis) at current rates. These results are consistent with published, independent information on survival rates of botos in this area, which demonstrated a substantial drop in annual survival, commencing at around the year 2000. Mamirauá is a protected area, and is subject to fewer environmental pressures than elsewhere in the region, so there is no reason to suspect that the decline in dolphins within the Reserve is more pronounced than outside it. If South America’s freshwater cetaceans are to avoid following their Asian counterparts on the path to a perilous conservation status, effective conservation measures are required immediately. Enforcement of existing fishery laws would greatly assist in achieving this. © 2018 F. da Silva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

With the publication of a cover article in Nature by a group of Brazilian researchers, it has been suggested that science in Brazil has "progressed" to a level comparable to that of more developed countries. We argue that Brazil's contribution to the world scientific circuit is otherwise not very significant, even if more biological journals are published there than in other countries of continental dimensions, such as Australia, Canada and Russia. Com a publicação de um artigo de capa na Nature por um grupo de pesquisadores brasileiros, foi propagado que a ciência no Brasil tem progredido a um nível comparável ao de países desenvolvidos. Argumentamos que as contribuições do Brasil para o circuito científico internacional não são expressivas, mesmo que mais revistas biológicas sejam publicadas no Brasil do que em outros países continentais, como Austrália, Canadá e Rússia.

O registro de pinturas rupestres no Brasil é antigo. Vem da época colonial e ·já nos "Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil", escrito em 1598, aparece, seguramente, a primeira referência histórica desta arte tndígena. Posteriormente, alguns autores citaram a arte parietal brasileira, em lmaginosos trabalhos que identificavam as pinturas indígenas como escritas antigas e testemunho de passadas civilizações. The record of cave paintings in Brazil is ancient. It comes from the colonial era and, already in the "Diálogos das Grandezas do Brasil", written in 1598, surely appears the first historical reference of this indigenous art. Subsequently, some authors cited Brazilian parietal art, in magnificent works that identified indigenous paintings as ancient writings and testimony of past civilizations.

Membrane vesicles production is a ubiquitous process in Gram-negative and rampositive bacteria. Research on membrane vesicles increased during the last 10 years, but it is mainly focused on human pathogens. Also, in most studies only bacterial pure cultures are investigated. With the advance of proteomics, several new functions are now associated with membrane vesicles. Yet, so far no study has isolated membrane vesicles from rumen fluid, or assessed their capacity to hydrolase substrate. Thus, as a first study, outer membrane vesicles were isolated from an axenic culture of Prevotella ruminicola, using a protocol used to isolate outer membrane vesicles from pathogenic bacteria, and hydrolytic activity from the samples was assessed. The protocol was successfully employed as no bacterial contamination was observed on cross-section transmission electron microscopy. The protein profile from the whole culture, washed culture, outer membrane vesicle-free supernatant, and outer membrane vesicles were distinct as observed on SDS-PAGE. Proteolytic activity was assessed on gelatin zymograms and outer membrane vesicle samples had distinct and clearer bands compared to whole culture, washed culture, and outer membrane vesicle-free supernatant. Protease inhibitors to assess protease classes were added to the samples but no clear effect could be observed. Furthermore, no activity could be observed on carboxymethylcellulose and starch zymograms. Although a greater enzymatic activity was expected, results provide evidence that some proteolytic enzymes from P. ruminicola are selectively loaded into outer membrane vesicles from this bacterium. As a second study, membrane vesicles were isolated using rumen liquor and particulate matter from the rumen. Fractions using solid-attached bacteria and liquid-associated bacteria were used to further improve membrane vesicle characterization. Three cows were sampled but only samples from one cow were imaged with negative staining transmission electron microscopy. Protein profiles of samples were similar when assessed on SDS-PAGE, but proteolytic activity was diverse on gelatin and casein zymograms. Furthermore, activity on carboxymethylcellulose and starch zymograms was diverse across the samples. These results provide evidence that membrane vesicles in the rumen have been overlooked as in some cases more activity was observed in vesicle samples compared to within the microorganisms. Understanding fundamentals from microbiome is key to improve feed use in ruminants and research using membranes vesicles isolated from the rumen might add knowledge on rumen microbiome function. A formação de vesículas de membrana é um processo ubíquo em bactérias Gramnegativas e Gram-positivas. O número de pesquisas em relação as vesículas de membrana aumentou na última década, entretanto o foco são àquelas realacionadas a patógenos humanos. Além disso, na maioria dos estudos apenas culturas puras são utilizadas. Com o avanço da proteômica, várias funções foram atribuídas às vesículas de membrana. No entanto, até o momento nenhum estudo isolou vesículas de membrana do líquido ruminal, nem avaliou a possível capacidade de hidrolisar substratos. Assim, como primeiro estudo, vesículas de membrana externa foram isoladas de uma cultura axênica de Prevotella ruminicola, por meio de protocolo usualmente empregado para isolar vesículas de membrana externa em bactérias patogênicas, para avaliar a atividade hidrolítica das amostras. O protocolo foi empregado com sucesso e nenhuma contaminação bacteriana foi observada quando se utilizou microscopia de transmissão eletrônica de seção transversal. Foram distintos os perfis de proteínas da cultura pura, células lavadas, sobrenadante livre de vesículas e vesículas de membrana externa, como observado por SDS-PAGE. Atividade proteolítica foi avaliada em zimograma de gelatina e amostras de vesículas de membrana externa apresentaram bandas distintas e nítidas em relação à cultura pura, células lavadas e sobrenadante livre de vesículas. Inibidores de protease foram adicionados às amostras, mas nenhum efeito claro pôde ser observado. Nenhuma atividade pôde ser observada em zimogramas de carboximetilcelulose e amido. Embora fosse esperada maior atividade enzimática, os resultados fornecem evidências de que algumas enzimas de P. ruminicola são seletivamente transportadas nas vesículas de membrana externa. Como segundo estudo, as vesículas de membrana foram isoladas utilizando líquido ruminal e material sólido do rúmem. Foram separadas as frações de bactérias anexas à fibra e bactérias associadas ao líquido para melhorar a caracterização das vesículas de membrana. Três vacas foram amostradas, mas apenas amostras de uma vaca foram utilizadas para gerar imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão com coloração negativa. O perfil proteico foi semelhante entre as amostras quando avaliado em SDS-PAGE, mas a atividade proteolítica foi bastante diversa quando observado em zimogramas de gelatina e caseína. Ainda, a atividade em zimogramas com carboximetilcelulose e amido foi bastante diversa em todas as amostras. Estes resultados fornecem evidência de que vesículas de membrana no rúmen foram negligenciados pois em alguns casos houve mais atividade enzimática nas amostras de membranas de vesícula quando comparado com microrganismos somente. Compreender os fundamentos do microbioma é ponto chave para melhorar o uso de alimentos por ruminantes e pesquisas que utilizam vesículas de membrana isoladas do rúmen pode agregar conhecimento sobre as interações de microrganismos no rúmem. xx, 93 f

Background: The anti-malarials quinine and artemisinin were isolated from traditionally used plants (Cinchona spp. and Artemisia annua, respectively). The synthetic quinoline anti-malarials (e.g. chloroquine) and semi-synthetic artemisinin derivatives (e.g. artesunate) were developed based on these natural products. Malaria is endemic to the Amazon region where Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax drug-resistance is of concern. There is an urgent need for new anti-malarials. Traditionally used Amazonian plants may provide new treatments for drug-resistant P. vivax and P. falciparum. Herein, the in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of medicinal plant extracts were investigated. Methods: Sixty-nine extracts from 11 plant species were prepared and screened for in vitro activity against P. falciparum K1 strain and for cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts and two melanoma cell lines. Median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were established against chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum W2 clone using monoclonal anti-HRPII (histidine-rich protein II) antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Extracts were evaluated for toxicity against murine macrophages (IC50) and selectivity indices (SI) were determined. Three extracts were also evaluated orally in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Results: High in vitro antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 6.4-9.9 μg/mL) was observed for Andropogon leucostachyus aerial part methanol extracts, Croton cajucara red variety leaf chloroform extracts, Miconia nervosa leaf methanol extracts, and Xylopia amazonica leaf chloroform and branch ethanol extracts. Paullinia cupana branch chloroform extracts and Croton cajucara red variety leaf ethanol extracts were toxic to fibroblasts and or melanoma cells. Xylopia amazonica branch ethanol extracts and Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae branch chloroform extracts were toxic to macrophages (IC50 = 6.9 and 24.7 μg/mL, respectively). Andropogon leucostachyus extracts were the most selective (SI >28.2) and the most active in vivo (at doses of 250 mg/kg, 71 % suppression of P. berghei parasitaemia versus untreated controls). Conclusions: Ethnobotanical or ethnopharmacological reports describe the anti-malarial use of these plants or the antiplasmodial activity of congeneric species. No antiplasmodial activity has been demonstrated previously for the extracts of these plants. Seven plants exhibit in vivo and or in vitro anti-malarial potential. Future work should aim to discover the anti-malarial substances present. © 2015 Lima et al.

The Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) Experiment was carried out in the environs of Manaus, Brazil, in the central region of the Amazon basin during two years from 1 January 2014 through 31 December 2015. The experiment focused on the complex interactions among vegetation, atmospheric chemistry, and aerosol production on the one hand and their connections to aerosols, clouds, and precipitation on the other. The objective was to understand and quantify these linked processes, first under natural conditions to obtain a baseline and second when altered by the effects of human activities. To this end, the pollution plume from the Manaus metropolis, superimposed on the background conditions of the central Amazon basin, served as a natural laboratory. The present paper, as the Introduction to the GoAmazon2014/5 Special Issue, presents the context and motivation of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment. The nine research sites, including the characteristics and instrumentation of each site, are presented. The sites range from time point zero (T0) upwind of the pollution, to T1 in the midst of the pollution, to T2 just downwind of the pollution, to T3 furthest downwind of the pollution (70 km). In addition to the ground sites, a low-altitude G-159 Gulfstream I (G1) observed the atmospheric boundary layer and low clouds, and a high-altitude Gulfstream G550 (HALO) operated in the free troposphere. During the two-year experiment, two Intensive Operating Periods (IOP1 and IOP2) also took place that included additional specialized research instrumentation at the ground sites as well as flights of the two aircraft. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP1 was carried out from 1 February to 31 March 2014 in the wet season. GoAmazon2014/5 IOP2 was conducted from 15 August to 15 October 2014 in the dry season. The G1 aircraft flew during both IOP1 and IOP2, and the HALO aircraft flew during IOP2. In the context of the Amazon basin, the two IOPs also correspond to the clean and biomass burning seasons, respectively. The Manaus plume is present year round, and it is transported by prevailing northeasterly and easterly winds in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This Introduction also organizes information relevant to many papers in the Special Issue. Information is provided on the vehicle fleet, power plants, and industrial activities of Manaus. The mesoscale and synoptic meteorologies relevant to the two IOPs are presented. Regional and long-range transport of emissions during the two IOPs is discussed based on satellite observations across South America and Africa. Fire locations throughout the airshed are detailed. In conjunction with the context and motivation of GoAmazon2014/5, as presented herein in this Introduction, research articles published in this Special Issue are anticipated in the near future to describe the detailed results and findings of the GoAmazon2014/5 Experiment.

Este trabajo tiene por objeto comparar interpretaciones liberal-conservadoras de grupos políticos de Minas Gerais y sectores de la gran prensa de Buenos Aires sobre el Estado Novo, entre su proclamación en octubre de 1937 y su caída a finales de 1945. Se espera que este trabajo contribuya a un mejor conocimiento de los vínculos existentes –y las representaciones cruzadas- entre las elites políticas e intelectuales de ambos países en este período. Los análisis que efectuaron se respaldaban en una particular lectura del pasado nacional y americano así como en los problemáticos contextos nacionales e internacionales. Las lecturas del pasado apuntaban a representar al Estado Novo como ajeno a las tradiciones republicanas americanas, y por el contrario, emparentado con ideologías alejadas a la vida de Brasil en particular y de Sudamérica en general. Brasileños y argentinos hicieron usos del pasado para identificarse y establecer paralelismos y asimilaciones. Este artigo tenta comparar as interpretações liberal-conservadoras de grupos políticos de Minas Gerais e da grande imprensa de Buenos Aires, sobre o Estado Novo, entre sua proclamação em outubro de 1937 e sua queda no final de 1945. Procura-se colaborar para uma melhor compreensão dos vínculos –e as representações cruzadas- entre as elites políticas e intelectuais de ambos os países nesse período. As análises que esses atores fizeram do Estado Novo se baseavam numa particular leitura do passado nacional e americano, assim como nos complexos contextos nacionais e internacionais. As leituras do passado representavam ao Estado Novo como alheio as tradições republicanas americanas, e pelo contrario, muito vinculado com ideologias afastadas da história do Brasil e de América do Sul em geral. Brasileiros e argentinos fizeram diversos usos desse passado para gerar identificações e estabelecer paralelismos e assimilações. Fil: Bohoslavsky, Ernesto Lazaro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina Fil: Vicente, Martin Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento; Argentina

Les chercheurs caractérisent fréquemment la relation à l’espace des tsiganes brésiliens selon l’opposition sédentarité/nomadisme. Or une approche historique et ethnographique de leurs modes de vie montre que l’on objective ainsi des catégories des sciences sociales mais qu’on ne parvient pas à rendre compte de leurs sociabilités ni des significations qu’ils donnent à leur spatialité. Le monde des Tsiganes calon de Bahia est structuré par des principes spécifiques de parenté, par des caractérisations de la personne sociale, par leur manière de saisir les opportunités économiques et par les divisions que la violence introduit. Várias evidências históricas e etnográficas demonstram que as caracterizações da espacialidade Cigana no Brasil como sendo “sedentária” ou “nômade”, tal como frequentamente elaboradas por acadêmicos, contribuem para objetificar categorias do pensamento social e científico, mas falham em apreender a socialidade e os significados que se encontram por trás da espacialidade dos Ciganos. O mundo dos Ciganos Calon na Bahia é estruturado de acordo com princípios específicos de parentesco, noções próprias sobre pessoa, oportunidades econômicas e fragmentação por meio de violência. Scholars frequently characterize Brazilian Gypsies’ relationship to space via the opposition of sedentariness/nomadism. Yet, an historical and ethnographic approach to their lifestyles shows that whereas we visualizes categories this way in the social sciences, we do not manage to give full account of either their sociability or the meanings they give to their spatiality. The world of the Calon Romani in Bahia is structured by specific principals of kinship, by characterizations of the social person, by the manner in which they seize economic opportunities, and by divisions brought on by violence.