1. Increased disease severity of parasite-infected TLR2-/- mice is correlated with decreased central nervous system inflammation and reduced numbers of cells with alternatively activated macrophage phenotypes in a murine model of neurocysticercosis.
- Author
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Gundra UM, Mishra BB, Wong K, and Teale JM
- Subjects
- Animals, Arginase metabolism, B-Lymphocytes, Brain parasitology, Brain pathology, CD11b Antigen analysis, Cestode Infections parasitology, Cestode Infections pathology, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte, Cytokines metabolism, Disease Models, Animal, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Flow Cytometry, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Inflammation, Inflammation Mediators metabolism, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins analysis, Macrophages metabolism, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Knockout, Microglia immunology, Neurocysticercosis parasitology, Neurocysticercosis pathology, T-Lymphocytes, Toll-Like Receptor 2 biosynthesis, Toll-Like Receptor 2 genetics, Toll-Like Receptor 2 metabolism, Brain immunology, Cestode Infections immunology, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages immunology, Mesocestoides, Neurocysticercosis immunology, Toll-Like Receptor 2 immunology
- Abstract
In a murine model for neurocysticercosis (NCC), intracranial inoculation of the helminth parasite Mesocestoides corti induces multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs), among which TLR2 is upregulated first and to a relatively high extent. Here, we report that TLR2(-/-) mice displayed significantly increased susceptibility to parasite infection accompanied by increased numbers of parasites in the brain parenchyma compared to infection in wild-type (WT) mice. This coincided with an increased display of microglial nodule formations and greater neuropathology than in the WT. Parasite-infected TLR2(-/-) brains exhibited a scarcity of lymphocytic cuffing and displayed reduced numbers of infiltrating leukocytes. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses revealed significantly lower numbers of CD11b(+) myeloid cells, γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and B cells in the brains of parasite-infected TLR2(-/-) mice. This correlated with significantly reduced levels of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), CCL2, CCL3, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the central nervous system (CNS) of TLR2(-/-) mice. As TLR2 has been implicated in immune regulation of helminth infections and as alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are thought to play a profound regulatory role in such infections, induction of AAMs in infected TLR2(-/-) mice was compared with that in WT mice. Parasite-infected WT brains showed larger numbers of macrophages/microglia (CD11b(+) cells) expressing AAM-associated molecules such as YM1, Fizz1 (found in inflammatory zone-1 antigen), and arginase 1 than TLR2(-/-) brains, consistent with a protective role of AAMs during infection. Importantly, these results demonstrate that TLR2-associated responses modulate the disease severity of murine NCC.
- Published
- 2011
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