1. Prodromal Parkinson disease subtypes - key to understanding heterogeneity.
- Author
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Berg D, Borghammer P, Fereshtehnejad SM, Heinzel S, Horsager J, Schaeffer E, and Postuma RB
- Subjects
- Biomarkers metabolism, Brain metabolism, Humans, Neuroimaging methods, Neuroimaging trends, Parkinson Disease metabolism, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder metabolism, Brain diagnostic imaging, Parkinson Disease diagnostic imaging, Prodromal Symptoms, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
In Parkinson disease (PD), pathological processes and neurodegeneration begin long before the cardinal motor symptoms develop and enable clinical diagnosis. In this prodromal phase, risk and prodromal markers can be used to identify individuals who are likely to develop PD, as in the recently updated International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society research criteria for prodromal PD. However, increasing evidence suggests that clinical and prodromal PD are heterogeneous, and can be classified into subtypes with different clinical manifestations, pathomechanisms and patterns of spatial and temporal progression in the CNS and PNS. Genetic, pathological and imaging markers, as well as motor and non-motor symptoms, might define prodromal subtypes of PD. Moreover, concomitant pathology or other factors, including amyloid-β and tau pathology, age and environmental factors, can cause variability in prodromal PD. Patients with REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) exhibit distinct patterns of α-synuclein pathology propagation and might indicate a body-first subtype rather than a brain-first subtype. Identification of prodromal PD subtypes and a full understanding of variability at this stage of the disease is crucial for early and accurate diagnosis and for targeting of neuroprotective interventions to ensure efficacy.
- Published
- 2021
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